• Python属性、方法和类管理系列之----元类


    元类的介绍

    请看位于下面网址的一篇文章,写的相当好。
    http://blog.jobbole.com/21351/

    实例补充

    class Meta(type):
        def __new__(meta, cls, parent, attr_dict):
            res = super(Meta, meta).__new__(meta,cls, parent, attr_dict)
            print('meta new stage, %s is %s, %s is %s' % (meta, type(meta), cls, type(cls))) 
            return res
        def __init__(self,cls, parent, attr_dict):
            super(Meta, self).__init__(cls,parent, attr_dict)
            print('meta init stage, %s is %s, %s is %s' % (self, type(self), cls, type(cls)))
        def __call__(self, *args, **kargs):
            print('meta call stage, %s is %s' % (self, type(self)))
            return super(Meta, self).__call__(*args, **kargs)
    
    def decorate(cls):
        print('decorate cls, %s is %s' % (cls, type(cls)))
        return cls
    
    @decorate
    class A(metaclass=Meta):
        def __new__(cls):
            res = super(A, cls).__new__(cls)
            print('A new stage, %s is %s' % (cls, type(cls)))
            return res
        def __init__(self):
            super(A, self).__init__()
            print('A init stage, %s is %s' % (self, type(self)))
        def test(self):
            pass
    a=A()
    print(a)
    
    

    运行结果如下:

    meta new stage, <class '__main__.Meta'> is <class 'type'>, A is <class 'str'>
    meta init stage, <class '__main__.A'> is <class '__main__.Meta'>, A is <class 'str'>
    decorate cls, <class '__main__.A'> is <class '__main__.Meta'>
    meta call stage, <class '__main__.A'> is <class '__main__.Meta'>
    A new stage, <class '__main__.A'> is <class '__main__.Meta'>
    A init stage, <__main__.A object at 0x00000000022A74E0> is <class '__main__.A'>
    <__main__.A object at 0x00000000022A74E0>
    

    说明:
    当我们自己创建一个类时,其实Python内部的运作机制如下:

    1. 看这个类中是否有设置元类,如果有,调用该元类进行初始化,如果没有,调用type进行初始化。
    2. 无论是我们自己定义的元类还是type,都有一个__new__方法,用来生成元类, 都有一个__init__用来初始化类。
    3. 查看是否有类的装饰器,如果有的话,调用之。
      其实,元类的__new____init__几乎什么都不做。
      当我们创建一个类的实例时,其实Python内部的运作机制如下:
    4. 调用元类的__call__方法,该方法会做两件事情:
    • 调用类自身的__new__方法用来创建类(如果有的话),如果我们没有显示的定义它,那么会调用从object继承过来的__new__方法。
    • 调用类自身的__init__方法(如果有的话)来初始化得到实例,如果我们没有显示的定义它,那么会调用从object继承过来的__init__方法。
      其实,object的__init__几乎什么都不做。

    应用实例

    由于我们经常在写类的内置拦截器方法时,少写下划线,或者出现拼写错误,从而怎么调试都不能发现问题所在,在浪费了很多时间以后才发现时犯的是多么低级的错误。
    下面我写了这个元类来进行检查。

    class AttrCheckMeta(type):
        def __new__(meta, cls, parent, attr_dict):
            import types
            attrs_checking_list=['__init__', '__del__', '__call__', '__str__', '__repr__', 
                        '__getattr__', '__setattr__', '__delattr__', '__getattribute__',
                        '__getitem__', '__setitem__', '__delitem__', '__iter__', '__next__',
                        '__contains__', '__get__', '__set__', '__delete__', '__lt__', 
                        '__le__', '__gt__', '__ge__', '__eq__', '__add__', '__iadd__', 
                        '__radd__', '__sub__', '__isub__', '__rsub__', '__mul__', '__imul__',
                        '__neg__', '__pos__', '__abs__', '__floordiv__', '__ifloordiv__', 
                        '__truediv__', '__itruediv__', '__mod__', '__imod__', '__imod__', 
                        '__pow__', '__ipow__', '__concat__', '__iconcat__', '__and__', 
                        '__iand__', '__or__', '__ior__', '__xor__', '__ixor__', '__inv__', 
                        '__invert__ ', '__lshift__', '__ilshift__', '__rshift__', '__irshift__ ',
                        '__bool__', '__len__', '__nonzero__', '__enter__', '__exit__',
                        '__new__', '__index__', '__oct__', '__hex__']
            for attr,value in attr_dict.items():
                #处理方法名前后都包含__,但是名字写错的情况。
                if attr[:2]=='__' and attr[-2:]=='__' and isinstance(value, types.FunctionType):
                    if attr not in attrs_checking_list:
                        print('found problem function: %s' % attr)
                #处理漏写后面__的情况,此时Python会把这个方法吗当成是需要扩张的方法。
                elif attr.startswith('_'+cls+'__') and isinstance(value, types.FunctionType):
                    print('maybe has problem: %s' % attr)
    
            return super(AttrCheckMeta, meta).__new__(meta,cls, parent, attr_dict)
        def __init__(self,cls, parent, attr_dict):
            super(AttrCheckMeta, self).__init__(cls,parent, attr_dict)
        def __call__(self, *args, **kargs):
            return super(AttrCheckMeta, self).__call__(*args, **kargs)
    
    class A(metaclass=AttrCheckMeta):
        def __new__(cls):
            return super(A, cls).__new__(cls)
        def __add(self, va, val):
            pass
        def __innit__(self):
            super(A, self).__init__()
    
    a=A()
    

    故意写了两个错误在类A中,运行结果如下:

    found problem function name: __innit__
    maybe has problem: _A__add
    

    当然,这个可以用装饰器来完成同样的任务,而且装饰器似乎更加直白、容易理解。
    代码如下:

    def check_ol(cls):
        '''the overloading function name is easily to have spelling mistake.
        It will be very hard to find the related mistakes, so i use this automethod to check
        It will print the possible mistakes once found, will do nothing if passed'''
        import types
        attrs_checking_list=['__init__', '__del__', '__call__', '__str__', '__repr__', 
                    '__getattr__', '__setattr__', '__delattr__', '__getattribute__',
                    '__getitem__', '__setitem__', '__delitem__', '__iter__', '__next__',
                    '__contains__', '__get__', '__set__', '__delete__', '__lt__', 
                    '__le__', '__gt__', '__ge__', '__eq__', '__add__', '__iadd__', 
                    '__radd__', '__sub__', '__isub__', '__rsub__', '__mul__', '__imul__',
                    '__neg__', '__pos__', '__abs__', '__floordiv__', '__ifloordiv__', 
                    '__truediv__', '__itruediv__', '__mod__', '__imod__', '__imod__', 
                    '__pow__', '__ipow__', '__concat__', '__iconcat__', '__and__', 
                    '__iand__', '__or__', '__ior__', '__xor__', '__ixor__', '__inv__', 
                    '__invert__ ', '__lshift__', '__ilshift__', '__rshift__', '__irshift__ ',
                    '__bool__', '__len__', '__nonzero__', '__enter__', '__exit__',
                    '__new__', '__index__', '__oct__', '__hex__']
        for attr,value in cls.__dict__.items():
            #处理方法名前后都包含__,但是名字写错的情况。
            if attr[:2]=='__' and attr[-2:]=='__' and isinstance(value, types.FunctionType):
                if attr not in attrs_checking_list:
                    print('found problem function name: %s' % attr)
            #处理漏写后面__的情况,此时Python会把这个方法吗当成是需要扩张的方法。
            elif attr.startswith('_'+cls.__name__+'__') and isinstance(value, types.FunctionType):
                print('maybe has problem: %s' % attr)
        return cls
    
    
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/jessonluo/p/4760059.html
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