• 撤销修改


    自然,你是不会犯错的。不过现在是凌晨两点,你正在赶一份工作报告,你在readme.txt中添加了一行:

    $ cat readme.txt
    Git is a distributed version control system.
    Git is free software distributed under the GPL.
    Git has a mutable index called stage.
    Git tracks changes of files.
    My stupid boss still prefers SVN.
    

    在你准备提交前,一杯咖啡起了作用,你猛然发现了“stupid boss”可能会让你丢掉这个月的奖金!

    既然错误发现得很及时,就可以很容易地纠正它。你可以删掉最后一行,手动把文件恢复到上一个版本的状态。如果用git status查看一下:

    $ git status
    # On branch master
    # Changes not staged for commit:
    #   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
    #   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
    #
    #       modified:   readme.txt
    #
    no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
    

    你可以发现,Git会告诉你,git checkout -- file可以丢弃工作区的修改:

    $ git checkout -- readme.txt
    

    命令git checkout -- readme.txt意思就是,把readme.txt文件在工作区的修改全部撤销,这里有两种情况:

    一种是readme.txt自修改后还没有被放到暂存区,现在,撤销修改就回到和版本库一模一样的状态;

    一种是readme.txt已经添加到暂存区后,又作了修改,现在,撤销修改就回到添加到暂存区后的状态。

    总之,就是让这个文件回到最近一次git commitgit add时的状态。

    现在,看看readme.txt的文件内容:

    $ cat readme.txt
    Git is a distributed version control system.
    Git is free software distributed under the GPL.
    Git has a mutable index called stage.
    Git tracks changes of files.
    

    文件内容果然复原了。

    git checkout -- file命令中的--很重要,没有--,就变成了“切换到另一个分支”的命令,我们在后面的分支管理中会再次遇到git checkout命令。

    现在假定是凌晨3点,你不但写了一些胡话,还git add到暂存区了:

    $ cat readme.txt
    Git is a distributed version control system.
    Git is free software distributed under the GPL.
    Git has a mutable index called stage.
    Git tracks changes of files.
    My stupid boss still prefers SVN.
    
    $ git add readme.txt
    

    庆幸的是,在commit之前,你发现了这个问题。用git status查看一下,修改只是添加到了暂存区,还没有提交:

    $ git status
    # On branch master
    # Changes to be committed:
    #   (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
    #
    #       modified:   readme.txt
    #
    

    Git同样告诉我们,用命令git reset HEAD file可以把暂存区的修改撤销掉(unstage),重新放回工作区:

    $ git reset HEAD readme.txt
    Unstaged changes after reset:
    M       readme.txt
    

    git reset命令既可以回退版本,也可以把暂存区的修改回退到工作区。当我们用HEAD时,表示最新的版本。

    再用git status查看一下,现在暂存区是干净的,工作区有修改:

    $ git status
    # On branch master
    # Changes not staged for commit:
    #   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
    #   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
    #
    #       modified:   readme.txt
    #
    no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
    

    还记得如何丢弃工作区的修改吗?

    $ git checkout -- readme.txt
    
    $ git status
    # On branch master
    nothing to commit (working directory clean)
    

    撤销修改

    阅读: 236339

    自然,你是不会犯错的。不过现在是凌晨两点,你正在赶一份工作报告,你在readme.txt中添加了一行:

    $ cat readme.txt
    Git is a distributed version control system.
    Git is free software distributed under the GPL.
    Git has a mutable index called stage.
    Git tracks changes of files.
    My stupid boss still prefers SVN.
    

    在你准备提交前,一杯咖啡起了作用,你猛然发现了“stupid boss”可能会让你丢掉这个月的奖金!

    既然错误发现得很及时,就可以很容易地纠正它。你可以删掉最后一行,手动把文件恢复到上一个版本的状态。如果用git status查看一下:

    $ git status
    # On branch master
    # Changes not staged for commit:
    #   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
    #   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
    #
    #       modified:   readme.txt
    #
    no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
    

    你可以发现,Git会告诉你,git checkout -- file可以丢弃工作区的修改:

    $ git checkout -- readme.txt
    

    命令git checkout -- readme.txt意思就是,把readme.txt文件在工作区的修改全部撤销,这里有两种情况:

    一种是readme.txt自修改后还没有被放到暂存区,现在,撤销修改就回到和版本库一模一样的状态;

    一种是readme.txt已经添加到暂存区后,又作了修改,现在,撤销修改就回到添加到暂存区后的状态。

    总之,就是让这个文件回到最近一次git commitgit add时的状态。

    现在,看看readme.txt的文件内容:

    $ cat readme.txt
    Git is a distributed version control system.
    Git is free software distributed under the GPL.
    Git has a mutable index called stage.
    Git tracks changes of files.
    

    文件内容果然复原了。

    git checkout -- file命令中的--很重要,没有--,就变成了“切换到另一个分支”的命令,我们在后面的分支管理中会再次遇到git checkout命令。

    现在假定是凌晨3点,你不但写了一些胡话,还git add到暂存区了:

    $ cat readme.txt
    Git is a distributed version control system.
    Git is free software distributed under the GPL.
    Git has a mutable index called stage.
    Git tracks changes of files.
    My stupid boss still prefers SVN.
    
    $ git add readme.txt
    

    庆幸的是,在commit之前,你发现了这个问题。用git status查看一下,修改只是添加到了暂存区,还没有提交:

    $ git status
    # On branch master
    # Changes to be committed:
    #   (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
    #
    #       modified:   readme.txt
    #
    

    Git同样告诉我们,用命令git reset HEAD file可以把暂存区的修改撤销掉(unstage),重新放回工作区:

    $ git reset HEAD readme.txt
    Unstaged changes after reset:
    M       readme.txt
    

    git reset命令既可以回退版本,也可以把暂存区的修改回退到工作区。当我们用HEAD时,表示最新的版本。

    再用git status查看一下,现在暂存区是干净的,工作区有修改:

    $ git status
    # On branch master
    # Changes not staged for commit:
    #   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
    #   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
    #
    #       modified:   readme.txt
    #
    no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
    

    还记得如何丢弃工作区的修改吗?

    $ git checkout -- readme.txt
    
    $ git status
    # On branch master
    nothing to commit (working directory clean)
    

    现在,假设你不但改错了东西,还从暂存区提交到了版本库,怎么办呢?还记得版本回退一节吗?可以回退到上一个版本。不过,这是有条件的,就是你还没有把自己的本地版本库推送到远程。还记得Git是分布式版本控制系统吗?我们后面会讲到远程版本库,一旦你把“stupid boss”提交推送到远程版本库,你就真的惨了……

    小结:

    场景1:当你改乱了工作区某个文件的内容,想直接丢弃工作区的修改时,用命令git checkout -- file

    场景2:当你不但改乱了工作区某个文件的内容,还添加到了暂存区时,想丢弃修改,分两步,第一步用命令git reset HEAD file,就回到了场景1,第二步按场景1操作。

    场景3:已经提交了不合适的修改到版本库时,想要撤销本次提交,参考版本回退一节,不过前提是没有推送到远程库。

    附代码图:

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/jeremylee/p/5536898.html
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