• mysql 单表查询


    一 、单表查询的语法

    SELECT 字段1,字段2... FROM 表名
                      WHERE 条件
                      GROUP BY field
                      HAVING 筛选
                      ORDER BY field
                      LIMIT 限制条数

    二、关键字的执行优先级

    重点中的重点:关键字的执行优先级
    1、from        先找表
    2、where       拿着约束条件做筛选
    3、group by    将取出的一条条记录进行分组group by,如果没有group by,则整体作为一组
    4、having    将分组结果进行过滤
    5、select        执行select
    6、distinct    去重
    7、order by    将结果排序
    8、limit        限制显示条数

    三、简单查询

    company.employee
        员工id      id                  int             
        姓名        emp_name            varchar
        性别        sex                 enum
        年龄        age                 int
        入职日期     hire_date           date
        岗位        post                varchar
        职位描述     post_comment        varchar
        薪水        salary              double
        办公室       office              int
        部门编号     depart_id           int
    
    
    
    #创建表
    create table employee(
    id int not null unique auto_increment,
    name varchar(20) not null,
    sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', #大部分是男的
    age int(3) unsigned not null default 28,
    hire_date date not null,
    post varchar(50),
    post_comment varchar(100),
    salary double(15,2),
    office int, #一个部门一个屋子
    depart_id int
    );
    
    
    #查看表结构
    mysql> desc employee;
    +--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | Field        | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
    +--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | id           | int(11)               | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
    | name         | varchar(20)           | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
    | sex          | enum('male','female') | NO   |     | male    |                |
    | age          | int(3) unsigned       | NO   |     | 28      |                |
    | hire_date    | date                  | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
    | post         | varchar(50)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    | post_comment | varchar(100)          | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    | salary       | double(15,2)          | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    | office       | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    | depart_id    | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    +--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    
    #插入记录
    #三个部门:教学,销售,运营
    insert into employee(name,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values
    ('egon','male',18,'20170301','老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使',7300.33,401,1), #以下是教学部
    ('alex','male',78,'20150302','teacher',1000000.31,401,1),
    ('wupeiqi','male',81,'20130305','teacher',8300,401,1),
    ('yuanhao','male',73,'20140701','teacher',3500,401,1),
    ('liwenzhou','male',28,'20121101','teacher',2100,401,1),
    ('jingliyang','female',18,'20110211','teacher',9000,401,1),
    ('jinxin','male',18,'19000301','teacher',30000,401,1),
    ('成龙','male',48,'20101111','teacher',10000,401,1),
    
    ('歪歪','female',48,'20150311','sale',3000.13,402,2),#以下是销售部门
    ('丫丫','female',38,'20101101','sale',2000.35,402,2),
    ('丁丁','female',18,'20110312','sale',1000.37,402,2),
    ('星星','female',18,'20160513','sale',3000.29,402,2),
    ('格格','female',28,'20170127','sale',4000.33,402,2),
    
    ('张野','male',28,'20160311','operation',10000.13,403,3), #以下是运营部门
    ('程咬金','male',18,'19970312','operation',20000,403,3),
    ('程咬银','female',18,'20130311','operation',19000,403,3),
    ('程咬铜','male',18,'20150411','operation',18000,403,3),
    ('程咬铁','female',18,'20140512','operation',17000,403,3)
    ;
    
    #ps:如果在windows系统中,插入中文字符,select的结果为空白,可以将所有字符编码统一设置成gbk
    准备表

    1、定义显示格式

    concat()函数用于连接字符串
    用法:数据库迁移(拷贝)
    CONCAT() 函数用于连接字符串
    SELECT CONCAT('姓名: ',name,'  年薪: ', salary*12)  
    AS Annual_salary FROM employee; CONCAT_WS() 第一个参数为分隔符 SELECT CONCAT_WS(
    ':',name,salary*12) AS Annual_salary FROM employee;

     高级版
     select concat('naem:',name) as name,concat('annual_salary:',salary*12)
    as annual_salary from emp2;

    2、

    普通版: 
    select id,concat(name,':',sex,':',salary) as info from emp2;

    # 进化版
    select id,concat_ws(':',name,sex,salary) as info from emp2;

     

    2、distinct 去重

    as显示效果的区别:

    3、where约束

    where字句中可以使用:
    
        1. 比较运算符:> < >= <= <> !=
        2. between 80 and 100 值在80到100之间,包括80和100
        3. in(80,90,100) 值是80或90或100
        4. like 'egon%'
            pattern可以是%或_,
            %表示任意多字符
            _表示任意一个字符 
        5. 逻辑运算符:在多个条件直接可以使用逻辑运算符 and or not
    #1:单条件查询
        SELECT name FROM employee
            WHERE post='sale';
            
    #2:多条件查询
        SELECT name,salary FROM employee
            WHERE post='teacher' AND salary>10000;
    
    #3:关键字BETWEEN AND
        SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
            WHERE salary BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;
    
        SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
            WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;
        
    #4:关键字IS NULL(判断某个字段是否为NULL不能用等号,需要用IS)
        SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee 
            WHERE post_comment IS NULL;
    
        SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee 
            WHERE post_comment IS NOT NULL;
            
        SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee 
            WHERE post_comment=''; 注意''是空字符串,不是null
        ps:
            执行
            update employee set post_comment='' where id=2;
            再用上条查看,就会有结果了
    
    #5:关键字IN集合查询
        SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
            WHERE salary=3000 OR salary=3500 OR salary=4000 OR salary=9000 ;
        
        SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
            WHERE salary IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;
    
        SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
            WHERE salary NOT IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;
    
    #6:关键字LIKE模糊查询
        通配符’%’
        SELECT * FROM employee 
                WHERE name LIKE 'eg%';
    
        通配符’_’
        SELECT * FROM employee 
                WHERE name LIKE 'al__';

    4、分组 group by

      注意:使用分组只能查看分组的依据和聚合函数,若是查看其它信息,则默认是该组的第一条信息,这其实是没有意义的。如下:

    #1、首先明确一点:分组发生在where之后,即分组是基于where之后得到的记录而进行的
    
    #2、分组指的是:将所有记录按照某个相同字段进行归类,比如针对员工信息表的职位分组,
    或者按照性别进行分组等
    #3、为何要分组呢? 取每个部门的最高工资 取每个部门的员工数 取男人数和女人数 小窍门:‘每’这个字后面的字段,就是我们分组的依据 #4、大前提: 可以按照任意字段分组,但是分组完毕后,比如group by post,只能查看post字段,
    如果想查看组内信息,需要借助于聚合函数

    二 ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY

    #查看MySQL 5.7默认的sql_mode如下:
    mysql> select @@global.sql_mode;
    ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION
    
    #!!!注意
    ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY的语义就是确定select target list中的所有列的值都是明确语义,简单的说来,在ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY模式下,target list中的值要么是来自于聚集函数的结果,
    要么是来自于group by list中的表达式的值。
    #设置sql_mole如下操作(我们可以去掉ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY模式): mysql> set global sql_mode='STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,
    NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION
    ';

    三 GROUP BY

    # 单独使用GROUP BY关键字分组
        SELECT post FROM employee GROUP BY post;
        注意:我们按照post字段分组,那么select查询的字段只能是post,想要获取组内的其他相关信息,需要借助函数
    
    GROUP BY关键字和GROUP_CONCAT()函数一起使用
        SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) FROM employee GROUP BY post;
    #按照岗位分组,并查看组内成员名 SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) as emp_members FROM employee GROUP BY post; GROUP BY与聚合函数一起使用 select post,count(id) as count from employee group by post;
    #按照岗位分组,并查看每个组有多少人

    强调:

    如果我们用unique的字段作为分组的依据,则每一条记录自成一组,这种分组没有意义
    多条记录之间的某个字段值相同,该字段通常用来作为分组的依据

    四 聚合函数

    #强调:聚合函数聚合的是组的内容,若是没有分组,则默认一组
    示例:
        SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee;
        SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=1;
        SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employee;
        SELECT MIN(salary) FROM employee;
        SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employee;
        SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee;
        SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=3;

    五、having 过滤

    HAVING与WHERE不一样的地方在于!!!!!!

    #!!!执行优先级从高到低:where > group by > having 
    #1. Where 发生在分组group by之前,因而Where中可以有任意字段,但是绝对不能使用聚合函数。
    
    #2. Having发生在分组group by之后,因而Having中可以使用分组的字段,
    无法直接取到其他字段,可以使用聚合函数

     六、查询排序:ORDER BY

    按单列排序
        SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary;
        SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary ASC;
        SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC;
    
    按多列排序:先按照age排序,如果年纪相同,则按照薪资排序
        SELECT * from employee
            ORDER BY age,
            salary DESC;

    七、限制显示数据:LIMIT

    示例:
        SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC 
            LIMIT 3;                    #默认初始位置为0 
        
        SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
            LIMIT 0,5; #从第0开始,即先查询出第一条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条
    
        SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
            LIMIT 5,5; #从第5开始,即先查询出第6条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条

    八、使用正则表达式查询

    SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP '^ale';
    
    SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP 'on$';
    
    SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP 'm{2}';
    
    
    小结:对字符串匹配的方式
    WHERE name = 'egon';
    WHERE name LIKE 'yua%';
    WHERE name REGEXP 'on$';
    View Code
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/jassin-du/p/8059043.html
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