原题链接
多项式全家桶！快乐！（好像少个除法，不过有除法好像不太快乐）
(说真的这是我第一次写exp和开根。。。水平不行。。
从最基础要实现的操作开始吧。。
多项式取模(x^n)
这个。。很简单了，把大于等于n指数的系数全改成0就好了
多项式加减法
按位加/减，复杂度(O(n))
多项式求导数
这个的话，选修2-1了解一下？
((ax^{n})’ = anx^{n - 1})
多项式求积分
同上
我们只要求一个多项式的导数是该多项式即可
列个方程可以发现
(int ax^{n} = frac{a}{n + 1}x^{n + 1})
多项式乘法
FFT了解一下？？不过这题是NTT，复杂度(O(n log n))
多项式求逆元
也就是(A(x)B(x) equiv 1 pmod{x^{2^{t}}})
我们倍增一下，当(t = 0)的时候直接求(frac{1}{A(0)})
如果不是的话有
(B(x) equiv G(x) pmod{x^{2^{t}}})
我们把(G(x))移过去
(B(x) - G(x) equiv 0 pmod {x^{2^{t}}})
两边平方一下
((B(x) - G(x))^{2} equiv 0 pmod {x^{2^{t + 1}}})
(B(x)^{2} - 2B(x)G(x) + G(x)^{2} equiv 0 pmod {x^{2^{t + 1}}})
(B(x)^{2} equiv 2B(x)G(x) - G(x)^{2} pmod {x^{2^{t + 1}}})
两边同乘一个(A(x))
(B(x) equiv 2G(x) - A(x)G(x)^{2} pmod {x^{2^{t + 1}}})
就可以算了
多项式开根
和上面的构造很类似！
(B(x)^2 = A(x) pmod{x^{2^{t}}})
当(t = 0)，我们求(sqrt{A(0)})，这个可以写cipolla
然后有
(B(x) equiv G(x) pmod{x^{2^{t}}})
(B(x) - G(x) equiv 0 pmod{x^{2^{t}}})
再平方
(B(x)^{2} - 2B(x)G(x) + G(x)^2 equiv 0 pmod{x^{2^{t + 1}}})
然后把(B(x)^2)换成(A(x))
(A(x)- 2B(x)G(x) + G(x)^2 equiv 0 pmod{x^{2^{t + 1}}})
整理一下
(B(x) equiv frac{A(x) + G(x)^2}{2G(x)} pmod{x^{2^{t + 1}}})
多项式求ln
(ln F(x) = G(x))
两边分别求导
(frac{F'(x)}{F(x)} = G'(x))
然后再两边一起积分
(int frac{F'(x)}{F(x)} = G(x))
所以多项式求ln只要求个导数，求个逆元，求个积分就好了
多项式求exp
根据牛顿迭代我们有。。
如果有个函数
(B(A_t(x)) equiv 0 pmod{x^{2^{t}}})
(A_{t + 1}(x) = A_{t}(x) - frac{B(A_t(x))}{B'(A_t(x))})
注意下面求导的主元是(A_t(x))而不是(x)
这个可以用泰勒展开展开证一下。。
(B(A_{t + 1}(x)) equiv 0 pmod{x^{2^{t + 1}}})
(0 = B(A_{t + 1}(x)) = B(A_t(x)) + frac{B'(A_t(x))(A_{t + 1}(x) - A_{t}(x))}{1!} + frac{B''(A_t(x))(A_{t + 1}(x) - A_t(x))^2}{2!}cdots)
自第三项及以后，最低项就是(x^{2^{t + 1}})
所以可以化简成
(0 = B(A_t(x)) + B'(A_{t}(x))(A_{t + 1}(x) - A_t(x)))
然后就可以得到
(A_{t + 1}(x) = A_t(x) - frac{B(A_t(x))}{B'(A_{t}(x))})
然后……
(e^{F(x)} equiv G_{t}(x) pmod{x^{2^{t}}})
然后同时取(ln)
(F(x) - ln G_t(x) equiv 0 pmod {x^{2^{t}}})
然后就是刚刚那个式子咯。。
(G_{t + 1}(x) equiv G_{t}(x) - frac{F(x) - ln(G(x))}{-frac{1}{G(x)}}pmod{x^{2^{t + 1}}})
还是刚刚那句话。。主元是(G_t(x))不是(x)，所以(F(x))相当于一个常数项。。
(G_{t + 1}(x) equiv G_{t}(x) + G_t(x)(F(x) - ln(G(x))) pmod {x^{2^{t + 1}}})
然后就可以做了
多项式快速幂
(A^{k}(x) = e^{k ln A(x)})
写的话有个小细节。。就是注意运算的时候指数取模不是对N取模，是对(2^t)取模。。
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
#define fi first
#define se second
#define pii pair<int,int>
#define mp make_pair
#define pb push_back
#define space putchar(' ')
#define enter putchar('
')
#define MAXN 20000005
#define eps 1e-10
//#define ivorysi
using namespace std;
typedef long long int64;
typedef unsigned int u32;
typedef double db;
template<class T>
void read(T &res) {
res = 0;T f = 1;char c = getchar();
while(c < '0' || c > '9') {
if(c == '-') f = -1;
c = getchar();
}
while(c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
res = res * 10 + c - '0';
c = getchar();
}
res *= f;
}
template<class T>
void out(T x) {
if(x < 0) {x = -x;putchar('-');}
if(x >= 10) {
out(x / 10);
}
putchar('0' + x % 10);
}
const int MOD = 998244353,MAXL = (1 << 21);
int W[MAXL + 5],N,K,Inv[MAXL + 5];
int inc(int a,int b) {
return a + b >= MOD ? a + b - MOD : a + b;
}
int mul(int a,int b) {
return 1LL * a * b % MOD;
}
int fpow(int x,int c) {
int res = 1,t = x;
while(c) {
if(c & 1) res = mul(res,t);
t = mul(t,t);
c >>= 1;
}
return res;
}
namespace Cipolla {
int a,s;
struct Complex {
int r,i;
Complex(int _x = 0,int _y = 0) {r = _x;i = _y;}
friend Complex operator + (const Complex &a,const Complex &b) {
return Complex(inc(a.r,b.r),inc(a.i,b.i));
}
friend Complex operator - (const Complex &a,const Complex &b) {
return Complex(inc(a.r,MOD - b.r),inc(a.i,MOD - b.i));
}
friend Complex operator * (const Complex &a,const Complex &b) {
return Complex(inc(mul(a.r,b.r),mul(mul(a.i,b.i),s)),inc(mul(a.r,b.i),mul(a.i,b.r)));
}
};
u32 Rand() {
static u32 x = 20020421;
return x += x << 2 | 1;
}
Complex Fpow(Complex x,int c) {
Complex res(1,0),t = x;
while(c) {
if(c & 1) res = res * t;
t = t * t;
c >>= 1;
}
return res;
}
int Sqrt(int N) {
while(1) {
a = Rand() % MOD;
s = inc(mul(a,a),MOD - N);
if(fpow(s,(MOD - 1) / 2) == MOD - 1) break;
}
Complex res(a,1);
res = Fpow(res,(MOD + 1) / 2);
if(res.r > MOD - res.r) res = MOD - res.r;
return res.r;
}
};
struct Poly {
vector<int> v;
Poly() {v.clear();}
Poly(int a) {v.clear();v.pb(a);}
Poly limit(int len = N) {
if(!v.size()) v.pb(0);
if(v.size() > len) v.resize(len);
int t = v.size() - 1;
while(t && v[t] == 0) {v.pop_back();--t;}
return *this;
}
friend Poly operator + (Poly a,Poly b) {
int h = max(a.v.size(),b.v.size());
a.v.resize(h);b.v.resize(h);
Poly c;
for(int i = 0 ; i < h ; ++i) {
c.v.pb(inc(a.v[i],b.v[i]));
}
return c;
}
friend Poly operator - (Poly a,Poly b) {
int h = max(a.v.size(),b.v.size());
a.v.resize(h),b.v.resize(h);
Poly c;
for(int i = 0 ; i < h ; ++i) {
c.v.pb(inc(a.v[i],MOD - b.v[i]));
}
return c;
}
friend void NTT(Poly &a,int L,int on) {
a.v.resize(L);
for(int i = 1 ,j = L >> 1 ; i < L - 1 ; ++i) {
if(i < j) swap(a.v[i],a.v[j]);
int k = L >> 1;
while(j >= k) {
j -= k;
k >>= 1;
}
j += k;
}
for(int h = 2 ; h <= L ; h <<= 1) {
int wn = W[(MAXL + MAXL / h * on) % MAXL];
for(int k = 0 ; k < L ; k += h) {
int w = 1;
for(int j = k ; j < k + h / 2 ; ++j) {
int u = a.v[j],t = mul(a.v[j + h / 2],w);
a.v[j] = inc(u,t);
a.v[j + h / 2] = inc(u,MOD - t);
w = mul(w,wn);
}
}
}
if(on == -1) {
int InvL = fpow(L,MOD - 2);
for(int i = 0 ; i < L ; ++i) a.v[i] = mul(a.v[i],InvL);
}
}
friend Poly operator * (const int &a,const Poly &b) {
Poly c;int l = b.v.size();
for(int i = 0 ; i < l ; ++i) c.v.pb(mul(a,b.v[i]));
return c;
}
friend Poly operator * (Poly a,Poly b) {
Poly c;
int t = a.v.size() + b.v.size(),l = 1;
while(l <= t) l <<= 1;
a.v.resize(l);b.v.resize(l);
NTT(a,l,1);NTT(b,l,1);
c.v.resize(l);
for(int i = 0 ; i < l ; ++i) c.v[i] = mul(a.v[i],b.v[i]);
NTT(c,l,-1);
return c.limit();
}
friend Poly inverse(Poly a,int t) {
if(t == 1) return Poly(fpow(a.v[0],MOD - 2));
a.limit(t);
Poly b = inverse(a,t >> 1);
int l = b.v.size() + b.v.size() + a.v.size();
int len = 1;
while(len <= l) len <<= 1;
NTT(b,len,1);NTT(a,len,1);
Poly c;c.v.resize(len);
for(int i = 0 ; i < len ; ++i) c.v[i] = inc(mul(2,b.v[i]),MOD - mul(mul(b.v[i],b.v[i]),a.v[i]));
NTT(c,len,-1);
return c.limit(t);
}
friend Poly Inverse(const Poly &a,int t = N) {
int l = 1;
while(l < t) l <<= 1;
return inverse(a,l).limit(t);
}
friend Poly sub_sqrt(Poly a,int t) {
if(t == 1) return Poly(Cipolla::Sqrt(a.v[0]));
a.limit(t);
Poly b = sub_sqrt(a,t >> 1);
Poly inv = 2 * b;inv.v.resize(t);inv = Inverse(inv,t);
int l = inv.v.size() + max(b.v.size() + b.v.size(),a.v.size()),len = 1;
while(len <= l) len <<= 1;
NTT(inv,len,1);NTT(b,len,1);NTT(a,len,1);
Poly c;c.v.resize(len);
for(int i = 0 ; i < len ; ++i) {
c.v[i] = mul(inc(a.v[i],mul(b.v[i],b.v[i])),inv.v[i]);
}
NTT(c,len,-1);
return c.limit(t);
}
friend Poly Sqrt(const Poly &a,int t = N) {
int l = 1;
while(l < t) l <<= 1;
return sub_sqrt(a,l).limit(t);
}
friend Poly Derivative(const Poly &a) {
Poly c;c.v.resize(a.v.size() - 1);
for(int i = 0 ; i < a.v.size() - 1 ; ++i) {
c.v[i] = mul(a.v[i + 1],i + 1);
}
return c;
}
friend Poly Integral(const Poly &a) {
Poly c;c.v.resize(a.v.size() + 1);
for(int i = 1 ; i <= a.v.size() ; ++i) {
c.v[i] = mul(a.v[i - 1],Inv[i]);
}
return c;
}
friend Poly ln(Poly a,int t = N) {
Poly c = Inverse(a,t),d = Derivative(a);
int l = c.v.size() + d.v.size(),len = 1;
while(len <= l) len <<= 1;
NTT(c,len,1);NTT(d,len,1);
Poly res;res.v.resize(len);
for(int i = 0 ; i < len ; ++i) res.v[i] = mul(c.v[i],d.v[i]);
NTT(res,len,-1);
return Integral(res).limit(t);
}
friend Poly sub_exp(Poly a,int t) {
if(t == 1) {return Poly(1);}
a.limit(t);
Poly b = sub_exp(a,t >> 1);
Poly lnb = ln(b,t);
int l = b.v.size() + max(lnb.v.size(),a.v.size()),len = 1;
while(len <= l) len <<= 1;
NTT(lnb,len,1);NTT(b,len,1);NTT(a,len,1);
Poly c;c.v.resize(len);
for(int i = 0 ; i < len ; ++i) {
c.v[i] = inc(b.v[i],mul(b.v[i],inc(a.v[i],MOD - lnb.v[i])));
}
NTT(c,len,-1);
return c.limit(t);
}
friend Poly Exp(Poly a) {
int l = 1;
while(l < a.v.size()) l <<= 1;
return sub_exp(a,l).limit();
}
friend Poly operator ^ (const Poly &a,const int &k) {
return Exp(k * ln(a)).limit();
}
friend void Print(const Poly &a) {
for(int i = 0 ; i < a.v.size() ; ++i) {
out(a.v[i]);space;
}
enter;
}
}F,G;
void Solve() {
read(N);read(K);
int a;
for(int i = 0 ; i <= N ; ++i) {
read(a);
F.v.pb(a);
}
Inv[1] = 1;W[0] = 1;W[1] = fpow(3,(MOD - 1) / MAXL);
for(int i = 2 ; i < MAXL ; ++i) {
W[i] = mul(W[i - 1],W[1]);
Inv[i] = mul(Inv[MOD % i],MOD - MOD / i);
}
int tip = N;
N++;
G = Derivative((Poly(1) + ln(Poly(2) + F - Poly(F.v[0]) - Exp(Integral(Inverse(Sqrt(F))))))^K);
G.v.resize(tip);
Print(G);
enter;
}
int main() {
#ifdef ivorysi
freopen("f1.in","r",stdin);
#endif
Solve();
}