将所有的函数都堆在main.c文件里不是好的选择，庞大的代码文件会是你维护的障碍，明智的做法是，一种功能封装到一个库文件里。
库文件就是你代码开始部分写的#include<xxxx.h>里面的xxxx.h，让我们打开stdio.h文件看一看里面具体有什么内容。
/* Copyright (c) 2002, 2005, 2007 Joerg Wunsch All rights reserved. Portions of documentation Copyright (c) 1990, 1991, 1993 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * Neither the name of the copyright holders nor the names of contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. $Id: stdio.h,v 1.29.2.1 2008/02/23 08:59:27 dmix Exp $ */ #ifndef _STDIO_H_ #define _STDIO_H_ 1 #ifndef __ASSEMBLER__ #include <inttypes.h> #include <stdarg.h> #define __need_NULL #define __need_size_t #include <stddef.h> /** file */ /** defgroup avr_stdio <stdio.h>: Standard IO facilities code #include <stdio.h> endcode <h3>Introduction to the Standard IO facilities</h3> This file declares the standard IO facilities that are implemented in c avr-libc. Due to the nature of the underlying hardware, only a limited subset of standard IO is implemented. There is no actual file implementation available, so only device IO can be performed. Since there's no operating system, the application needs to provide enough details about their devices in order to make them usable by the standard IO facilities. Due to space constraints, some functionality has not been implemented at all (like some of the c printf conversions that have been left out). Nevertheless, potential users of this implementation should be warned: the c printf and c scanf families of functions, although usually associated with presumably simple things like the famous "Hello, world!" program, are actually fairly complex which causes their inclusion to eat up a fair amount of code space. Also, they are not fast due to the nature of interpreting the format string at run-time. Whenever possible, resorting to the (sometimes non-standard) predetermined conversion facilities that are offered by avr-libc will usually cost much less in terms of speed and code size. <h3>Tunable options for code size vs. feature set</h3> In order to allow programmers a code size vs. functionality tradeoff, the function vfprintf() which is the heart of the printf family can be selected in different flavours using linker options. See the documentation of vfprintf() for a detailed description. The same applies to vfscanf() and the c scanf family of functions. <h3>Outline of the chosen API</h3> The standard streams c stdin, c stdout, and c stderr are provided, but contrary to the C standard, since avr-libc has no knowledge about applicable devices, these streams are not already pre-initialized at application startup. Also, since there is no notion of "file" whatsoever to avr-libc, there is no function c fopen() that could be used to associate a stream to some device. (See ef stdio_note1 "note 1".) Instead, the function c fdevopen() is provided to associate a stream to a device, where the device needs to provide a function to send a character, to receive a character, or both. There is no differentiation between "text" and "binary" streams inside avr-libc. Character c \n is sent literally down to the device's c put() function. If the device requires a carriage return (c \r) character to be sent before the linefeed, its c put() routine must implement this (see ef stdio_note2 "note 2"). As an alternative method to fdevopen(), the macro fdev_setup_stream() might be used to setup a user-supplied FILE structure. It should be noted that the automatic conversion of a newline character into a carriage return - newline sequence breaks binary transfers. If binary transfers are desired, no automatic conversion should be performed, but instead any string that aims to issue a CR-LF sequence must use <tt>" "</tt> explicitly. For convenience, the first call to c fdevopen() that opens a stream for reading will cause the resulting stream to be aliased to c stdin. Likewise, the first call to c fdevopen() that opens a stream for writing will cause the resulting stream to be aliased to both, c stdout, and c stderr. Thus, if the open was done with both, read and write intent, all three standard streams will be identical. Note that these aliases are indistinguishable from each other, thus calling c fclose() on such a stream will also effectively close all of its aliases ( ef stdio_note3 "note 3"). It is possible to tie additional user data to a stream, using fdev_set_udata(). The backend put and get functions can then extract this user data using fdev_get_udata(), and act appropriately. For example, a single put function could be used to talk to two different UARTs that way, or the put and get functions could keep internal state between calls there. <h3>Format strings in flash ROM</h3> All the c printf and c scanf family functions come in two flavours: the standard name, where the format string is expected to be in SRAM, as well as a version with the suffix "_P" where the format string is expected to reside in the flash ROM. The macro c PSTR (explained in ef avr_pgmspace) becomes very handy for declaring these format strings. anchor stdio_without_malloc <h3>Running stdio without malloc()</h3> By default, fdevopen() requires malloc(). As this is often not desired in the limited environment of a microcontroller, an alternative option is provided to run completely without malloc(). The macro fdev_setup_stream() is provided to prepare a user-supplied FILE buffer for operation with stdio. <h4>Example</h4> code #include <stdio.h> static int uart_putchar(char c, FILE *stream); static FILE mystdout = FDEV_SETUP_STREAM(uart_putchar, NULL, _FDEV_SETUP_WRITE); static int uart_putchar(char c, FILE *stream) { if (c == ' ') uart_putchar(' ', stream); loop_until_bit_is_set(UCSRA, UDRE); UDR = c; return 0; } int main(void) { init_uart(); stdout = &mystdout; printf("Hello, world! "); return 0; } endcode This example uses the initializer form FDEV_SETUP_STREAM() rather than the function-like fdev_setup_stream(), so all data initialization happens during C start-up. If streams initialized that way are no longer needed, they can be destroyed by first calling the macro fdev_close(), and then destroying the object itself. No call to fclose() should be issued for these streams. While calling fclose() itself is harmless, it will cause an undefined reference to free() and thus cause the linker to link the malloc module into the application. <h3>Notes</h3> anchor stdio_note1 par Note 1: It might have been possible to implement a device abstraction that is compatible with c fopen() but since this would have required to parse a string, and to take all the information needed either out of this string, or out of an additional table that would need to be provided by the application, this approach was not taken. anchor stdio_note2 par Note 2: This basically follows the Unix approach: if a device such as a terminal needs special handling, it is in the domain of the terminal device driver to provide this functionality. Thus, a simple function suitable as c put() for c fdevopen() that talks to a UART interface might look like this: code int uart_putchar(char c, FILE *stream) { if (c == ' ') uart_putchar(' '); loop_until_bit_is_set(UCSRA, UDRE); UDR = c; return 0; } endcode anchor stdio_note3 par Note 3: This implementation has been chosen because the cost of maintaining an alias is considerably smaller than the cost of maintaining full copies of each stream. Yet, providing an implementation that offers the complete set of standard streams was deemed to be useful. Not only that writing c printf() instead of <tt>fprintf(mystream, ...)</tt> saves typing work, but since avr-gcc needs to resort to pass all arguments of variadic functions on the stack (as opposed to passing them in registers for functions that take a fixed number of parameters), the ability to pass one parameter less by implying c stdin will also save some execution time. */ #if !defined(__DOXYGEN__) /* * This is an internal structure of the library that is subject to be * changed without warnings at any time. Please do *never* reference * elements of it beyond by using the official interfaces provided. */ struct __file { char *buf; /* buffer pointer */ unsigned char unget; /* ungetc() buffer */ uint8_t flags; /* flags, see below */ #define __SRD 0x0001 /* OK to read */ #define __SWR 0x0002 /* OK to write */ #define __SSTR 0x0004 /* this is an sprintf/snprintf string */ #define __SPGM 0x0008 /* fmt string is in progmem */ #define __SERR 0x0010 /* found error */ #define __SEOF 0x0020 /* found EOF */ #define __SUNGET 0x040 /* ungetc() happened */ #define __SMALLOC 0x80 /* handle is malloc()ed */ #if 0 /* possible future extensions, will require uint16_t flags */ #define __SRW 0x0100 /* open for reading & writing */ #define __SLBF 0x0200 /* line buffered */ #define __SNBF 0x0400 /* unbuffered */ #define __SMBF 0x0800 /* buf is from malloc */ #endif int size; /* size of buffer */ int len; /* characters read or written so far */ int (*put)(char, struct __file *); /* function to write one char to device */ int (*get)(struct __file *); /* function to read one char from device */ void *udata; /* User defined and accessible data. */ }; #endif /* not __DOXYGEN__ */ /*@{*/ /** c FILE is the opaque structure that is passed around between the various standard IO functions. */ #define FILE struct __file /** Stream that will be used as an input stream by the simplified functions that don't take a c stream argument. The first stream opened with read intent using c fdevopen() will be assigned to c stdin. */ #define stdin (__iob[0]) /** Stream that will be used as an output stream by the simplified functions that don't take a c stream argument. The first stream opened with write intent using c fdevopen() will be assigned to both, c stdin, and c stderr. */ #define stdout (__iob[1]) /** Stream destined for error output. Unless specifically assigned, identical to c stdout. If c stderr should point to another stream, the result of another c fdevopen() must be explicitly assigned to it without closing the previous c stderr (since this would also close c stdout). */ #define stderr (__iob[2]) /** c EOF declares the value that is returned by various standard IO functions in case of an error. Since the AVR platform (currently) doesn't contain an abstraction for actual files, its origin as "end of file" is somewhat meaningless here. */ #define EOF (-1) /** This macro inserts a pointer to user defined data into a FILE stream object. The user data can be useful for tracking state in the put and get functions supplied to the fdevopen() function. */ #define fdev_set_udata(stream, u) do { (stream)->udata = u; } while(0) /** This macro retrieves a pointer to user defined data from a FILE stream object. */ #define fdev_get_udata(stream) ((stream)->udata) #if defined(__DOXYGEN__) /** rief Setup a user-supplied buffer as an stdio stream This macro takes a user-supplied buffer c stream, and sets it up as a stream that is valid for stdio operations, similar to one that has been obtained dynamically from fdevopen(). The buffer to setup must be of type FILE. The arguments c put and c get are identical to those that need to be passed to fdevopen(). The c rwflag argument can take one of the values _FDEV_SETUP_READ, _FDEV_SETUP_WRITE, or _FDEV_SETUP_RW, for read, write, or read/write intent, respectively. ote No assignments to the standard streams will be performed by fdev_setup_stream(). If standard streams are to be used, these need to be assigned by the user. See also under ef stdio_without_malloc "Running stdio without malloc()". */ #define fdev_setup_stream(stream, put, get, rwflag) #else /* !DOXYGEN */ #define fdev_setup_stream(stream, p, g, f) do { (stream)->put = p; (stream)->get = g; (stream)->flags = f; (stream)->udata = 0; } while(0) #endif /* DOXYGEN */ #define _FDEV_SETUP_READ __SRD /**< fdev_setup_stream() with read intent */ #define _FDEV_SETUP_WRITE __SWR /**< fdev_setup_stream() with write intent */ #define _FDEV_SETUP_RW (__SRD|__SWR) /**< fdev_setup_stream() with read/write intent */ /** * Return code for an error condition during device read. * * To be used in the get function of fdevopen(). */ #define _FDEV_ERR (-1) /** * Return code for an end-of-file condition during device read. * * To be used in the get function of fdevopen(). */ #define _FDEV_EOF (-2) #if defined(__DOXYGEN__) /** rief Initializer for a user-supplied stdio stream This macro acts similar to fdev_setup_stream(), but it is to be used as the initializer of a variable of type FILE. The remaining arguments are to be used as explained in fdev_setup_stream(). */ #define FDEV_SETUP_STREAM(put, get, rwflag) #else /* !DOXYGEN */ #define FDEV_SETUP_STREAM(p, g, f) { .put = p, .get = g, .flags = f, .udata = 0, } #endif /* DOXYGEN */ #ifdef __cplusplus extern "C" { #endif #if !defined(__DOXYGEN__) /* * Doxygen documentation can be found in fdevopen.c. */ extern struct __file *__iob[]; #if defined(__STDIO_FDEVOPEN_COMPAT_12) /* * Declare prototype for the discontinued version of fdevopen() that * has been in use up to avr-libc 1.2.x. The new implementation has * some backwards compatibility with the old version. */ extern FILE *fdevopen(int (*__put)(char), int (*__get)(void), int __opts __attribute__((unused))); #else /* !defined(__STDIO_FDEVOPEN_COMPAT_12) */ /* New prototype for avr-libc 1.4 and above. */ extern FILE *fdevopen(int (*__put)(char, FILE*), int (*__get)(FILE*)); #endif /* defined(__STDIO_FDEVOPEN_COMPAT_12) */ #endif /* not __DOXYGEN__ */ /** This function closes c stream, and disallows and further IO to and from it. When using fdevopen() to setup the stream, a call to fclose() is needed in order to free the internal resources allocated. If the stream has been set up using fdev_setup_stream() or FDEV_SETUP_STREAM(), use fdev_close() instead. It currently always returns 0 (for success). */ extern int fclose(FILE *__stream); /** This macro frees up any library resources that might be associated with c stream. It should be called if c stream is no longer needed, right before the application is going to destroy the c stream object itself. (Currently, this macro evaluates to nothing, but this might change in future versions of the library.) */ #if defined(__DOXYGEN__) # define fdev_close() #else # define fdev_close() ((void)0) #endif /** c vfprintf is the central facility of the c printf family of functions. It outputs values to c stream under control of a format string passed in c fmt. The actual values to print are passed as a variable argument list c ap. c vfprintf returns the number of characters written to c stream, or c EOF in case of an error. Currently, this will only happen if c stream has not been opened with write intent. The format string is composed of zero or more directives: ordinary characters (not c %), which are copied unchanged to the output stream; and conversion specifications, each of which results in fetching zero or more subsequent arguments. Each conversion specification is introduced by the c % character. The arguments must properly correspond (after type promotion) with the conversion specifier. After the c %, the following appear in sequence: - Zero or more of the following flags: <ul> <li> c # The value should be converted to an "alternate form". For c, d, i, s, and u conversions, this option has no effect. For o conversions, the precision of the number is increased to force the first character of the output string to a zero (except if a zero value is printed with an explicit precision of zero). For x and X conversions, a non-zero result has the string `0x' (or `0X' for X conversions) prepended to it.</li> <li> c 0 (zero) Zero padding. For all conversions, the converted value is padded on the left with zeros rather than blanks. If a precision is given with a numeric conversion (d, i, o, u, i, x, and X), the 0 flag is ignored.</li> <li> c - A negative field width flag; the converted value is to be left adjusted on the field boundary. The converted value is padded on the right with blanks, rather than on the left with blanks or zeros. A - overrides a 0 if both are given.</li> <li> ' ' (space) A blank should be left before a positive number produced by a signed conversion (d, or i).</li> <li> c + A sign must always be placed before a number produced by a signed conversion. A + overrides a space if both are used.</li> </ul> - An optional decimal digit string specifying a minimum field width. If the converted value has fewer characters than the field width, it will be padded with spaces on the left (or right, if the left-adjustment flag has been given) to fill out the field width. - An optional precision, in the form of a period . followed by an optional digit string. If the digit string is omitted, the precision is taken as zero. This gives the minimum number of digits to appear for d, i, o, u, x, and X conversions, or the maximum number of characters to be printed from a string for c s conversions. - An optional c l or c h length modifier, that specifies that the argument for the d, i, o, u, x, or X conversion is a c "long int" rather than c int. The c h is ignored, as c "short int" is equivalent to c int. - A character that specifies the type of conversion to be applied. The conversion specifiers and their meanings are: - c diouxX The int (or appropriate variant) argument is converted to signed decimal (d and i), unsigned octal (o), unsigned decimal (u), or unsigned hexadecimal (x and X) notation. The letters "abcdef" are used for x conversions; the letters "ABCDEF" are used for X conversions. The precision, if any, gives the minimum number of digits that must appear; if the converted value requires fewer digits, it is padded on the left with zeros. - c p The <tt>void *</tt> argument is taken as an unsigned integer, and converted similarly as a <tt>%#x</tt> command would do. - c c The c int argument is converted to an c "unsigned char", and the resulting character is written. - c s The c "char *" argument is expected to be a pointer to an array of character type (pointer to a string). Characters from the array are written up to (but not including) a terminating NUL character; if a precision is specified, no more than the number specified are written. If a precision is given, no null character need be present; if the precision is not specified, or is greater than the size of the array, the array must contain a terminating NUL character. - c % A c % is written. No argument is converted. The complete conversion specification is "%%". - c eE The double argument is rounded and converted in the format c "[-]d.ddde眃d" where there is one digit before the decimal-point character and the number of digits after it is equal to the precision; if the precision is missing, it is taken as 6; if the precision is zero, no decimal-point character appears. An e E conversion uses the letter c 'E' (rather than c 'e') to introduce the exponent. The exponent always contains two digits; if the value is zero, the exponent is 00. - c fF The double argument is rounded and converted to decimal notation in the format c "[-]ddd.ddd", where the number of digits after the decimal-point character is equal to the precision specification. If the precision is missing, it is taken as 6; if the precision is explicitly zero, no decimal-point character appears. If a decimal point appears, at least one digit appears before it. - c gG The double argument is converted in style c f or c e (or c F or c E for c G conversions). The precision specifies the number of significant digits. If the precision is missing, 6 digits are given; if the precision is zero, it is treated as 1. Style c e is used if the exponent from its conversion is less than -4 or greater than or equal to the precision. Trailing zeros are removed from the fractional part of the result; a decimal point appears only if it is followed by at least one digit. - c S Similar to the c s format, except the pointer is expected to point to a program-memory (ROM) string instead of a RAM string. In no case does a non-existent or small field width cause truncation of a numeric field; if the result of a conversion is wider than the field width, the field is expanded to contain the conversion result. Since the full implementation of all the mentioned features becomes fairly large, three different flavours of vfprintf() can be selected using linker options. The default vfprintf() implements all the mentioned functionality except floating point conversions. A minimized version of vfprintf() is available that only implements the very basic integer and string conversion facilities, but only the c # additional option can be specified using conversion flags (these flags are parsed correctly from the format specification, but then simply ignored). This version can be requested using the following ef gcc_minusW "compiler options": code -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min endcode If the full functionality including the floating point conversions is required, the following options should be used: code -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt -lm endcode par Limitations: - The specified width and precision can be at most 255. par Notes: - For floating-point conversions, if you link default or minimized version of vfprintf(), the symbol c ? will be output and double argument will be skiped. So you output below will not be crashed. For default version the width field and the "pad to left" ( symbol minus ) option will work in this case. - The c hh length modifier is ignored (c char argument is promouted to c int). More exactly, this realization does not check the number of c h symbols. - But the c ll length modifier will to abort the output, as this realization does not operate c long c long arguments. - The variable width or precision field (an asterisk c * symbol) is not realized and will to abort the output. */ extern int vfprintf(FILE *__stream, const char *__fmt, va_list __ap); /** Variant of c vfprintf() that uses a c fmt string that resides in program memory. */ extern int vfprintf_P(FILE *__stream, const char *__fmt, va_list __ap); /** The function c fputc sends the character c c (though given as type c int) to c stream. It returns the character, or c EOF in case an error occurred. */ extern int fputc(int __c, FILE *__stream); #if !defined(__DOXYGEN__) /* putc() function implementation, required by standard */ extern int putc(int __c, FILE *__stream); /* putchar() function implementation, required by standard */ extern int putchar(int __c); #endif /* not __DOXYGEN__ */ /** The macro c putc used to be a "fast" macro implementation with a functionality identical to fputc(). For space constraints, in c avr-libc, it is just an alias for c fputc. */ #define putc(__c, __stream) fputc(__c, __stream) /** The macro c putchar sends character c c to c stdout. */ #define putchar(__c) fputc(__c, stdout) /** The function c printf performs formatted output to stream c stderr. See c vfprintf() for details. */ extern int printf(const char *__fmt, ...); /** Variant of c printf() that uses a c fmt string that resides in program memory. */ extern int printf_P(const char *__fmt, ...); /** The function c vprintf performs formatted output to stream c stdout, taking a variable argument list as in vfprintf(). See vfprintf() for details. */ extern int vprintf(const char *__fmt, va_list __ap); /** Variant of c printf() that sends the formatted characters to string c s. */ extern int sprintf(char *__s, const char *__fmt, ...); /** Variant of c sprintf() that uses a c fmt string that resides in program memory. */ extern int sprintf_P(char *__s, const char *__fmt, ...); /** Like c sprintf(), but instead of assuming c s to be of infinite size, no more than c n characters (including the trailing NUL character) will be converted to c s. Returns the number of characters that would have been written to c s if there were enough space. */ extern int snprintf(char *__s, size_t __n, const char *__fmt, ...); /** Variant of c snprintf() that uses a c fmt string that resides in program memory. */ extern int snprintf_P(char *__s, size_t __n, const char *__fmt, ...); /** Like c sprintf() but takes a variable argument list for the arguments. */ extern int vsprintf(char *__s, const char *__fmt, va_list ap); /** Variant of c vsprintf() that uses a c fmt string that resides in program memory. */ extern int vsprintf_P(char *__s, const char *__fmt, va_list ap); /** Like c vsprintf(), but instead of assuming c s to be of infinite size, no more than c n characters (including the trailing NUL character) will be converted to c s. Returns the number of characters that would have been written to c s if there were enough space. */ extern int vsnprintf(char *__s, size_t __n, const char *__fmt, va_list ap); /** Variant of c vsnprintf() that uses a c fmt string that resides in program memory. */ extern int vsnprintf_P(char *__s, size_t __n, const char *__fmt, va_list ap); /** The function c fprintf performs formatted output to c stream. See c vfprintf() for details. */ extern int fprintf(FILE *__stream, const char *__fmt, ...); /** Variant of c fprintf() that uses a c fmt string that resides in program memory. */ extern int fprintf_P(FILE *__stream, const char *__fmt, ...); /** Write the string pointed to by c str to stream c stream. Returns 0 on success and EOF on error. */ extern int fputs(const char *__str, FILE *__stream); /** Variant of fputs() where c str resides in program memory. */ extern int fputs_P(const char *__str, FILE *__stream); /** Write the string pointed to by c str, and a trailing newline character, to c stdout. */ extern int puts(const char *__str); /** Variant of puts() where c str resides in program memory. */ extern int puts_P(const char *__str); /** Write c nmemb objects, c size bytes each, to c stream. The first byte of the first object is referenced by c ptr. Returns the number of objects successfully written, i. e. c nmemb unless an output error occured. */ extern size_t fwrite(const void *__ptr, size_t __size, size_t __nmemb, FILE *__stream); /** The function c fgetc reads a character from c stream. It returns the character, or c EOF in case end-of-file was encountered or an error occurred. The routines feof() or ferror() must be used to distinguish between both situations. */ extern int fgetc(FILE *__stream); #if !defined(__DOXYGEN__) /* getc() function implementation, required by standard */ extern int getc(FILE *__stream); /* getchar() function implementation, required by standard */ extern int getchar(void); #endif /* not __DOXYGEN__ */ /** The macro c getc used to be a "fast" macro implementation with a functionality identical to fgetc(). For space constraints, in c avr-libc, it is just an alias for c fgetc. */ #define getc(__stream) fgetc(__stream) /** The macro c getchar reads a character from c stdin. Return values and error handling is identical to fgetc(). */ #define getchar() fgetc(stdin) /** The ungetc() function pushes the character c c (converted to an unsigned char) back onto the input stream pointed to by c stream. The pushed-back character will be returned by a subsequent read on the stream. Currently, only a single character can be pushed back onto the stream. The ungetc() function returns the character pushed back after the conversion, or c EOF if the operation fails. If the value of the argument c c character equals c EOF, the operation will fail and the stream will remain unchanged. */ extern int ungetc(int __c, FILE *__stream); /** Read at most <tt>size - 1</tt> bytes from c stream, until a newline character was encountered, and store the characters in the buffer pointed to by c str. Unless an error was encountered while reading, the string will then be terminated with a c NUL character. If an error was encountered, the function returns NULL and sets the error flag of c stream, which can be tested using ferror(). Otherwise, a pointer to the string will be returned. */ extern char *fgets(char *__str, int __size, FILE *__stream); /** Similar to fgets() except that it will operate on stream c stdin, and the trailing newline (if any) will not be stored in the string. It is the caller's responsibility to provide enough storage to hold the characters read. */ extern char *gets(char *__str); /** Read c nmemb objects, c size bytes each, from c stream, to the buffer pointed to by c ptr. Returns the number of objects successfully read, i. e. c nmemb unless an input error occured or end-of-file was encountered. feof() and ferror() must be used to distinguish between these two conditions. */ extern size_t fread(void *__ptr, size_t __size, size_t __nmemb, FILE *__stream); /** Clear the error and end-of-file flags of c stream. */ extern void clearerr(FILE *__stream); #if !defined(__DOXYGEN__) /* fast inlined version of clearerr() */ #define clearerror(s) do { (s)->flags &= ~(__SERR | __SEOF); } while(0) #endif /* !defined(__DOXYGEN__) */ /** Test the end-of-file flag of c stream. This flag can only be cleared by a call to clearerr(). */ extern int feof(FILE *__stream); #if !defined(__DOXYGEN__) /* fast inlined version of feof() */ #define feof(s) ((s)->flags & __SEOF) #endif /* !defined(__DOXYGEN__) */ /** Test the error flag of c stream. This flag can only be cleared by a call to clearerr(). */ extern int ferror(FILE *__stream); #if !defined(__DOXYGEN__) /* fast inlined version of ferror() */ #define ferror(s) ((s)->flags & __SERR) #endif /* !defined(__DOXYGEN__) */ extern int vfscanf(FILE *__stream, const char *__fmt, va_list __ap); /** Variant of vfscanf() using a c fmt string in program memory. */ extern int vfscanf_P(FILE *__stream, const char *__fmt, va_list __ap); /** The function c fscanf performs formatted input, reading the input data from c stream. See vfscanf() for details. */ extern int fscanf(FILE *__stream, const char *__fmt, ...); /** Variant of fscanf() using a c fmt string in program memory. */ extern int fscanf_P(FILE *__stream, const char *__fmt, ...); /** The function c scanf performs formatted input from stream c stdin. See vfscanf() for details. */ extern int scanf(const char *__fmt, ...); /** Variant of scanf() where c fmt resides in program memory. */ extern int scanf_P(const char *__fmt, ...); /** The function c vscanf performs formatted input from stream c stdin, taking a variable argument list as in vfscanf(). See vfscanf() for details. */ extern int vscanf(const char *__fmt, va_list __ap); /** The function c sscanf performs formatted input, reading the input data from the buffer pointed to by c buf. See vfscanf() for details. */ extern int sscanf(const char *__buf, const char *__fmt, ...); /** Variant of sscanf() using a c fmt string in program memory. */ extern int sscanf_P(const char *__buf, const char *__fmt, ...); #if defined(__DOXYGEN__) /** Flush c stream. This is a null operation provided for source-code compatibility only, as the standard IO implementation currently does not perform any buffering. */ extern int fflush(FILE *stream); #else static __inline__ int fflush(FILE *stream __attribute__((unused))) { return 0; } #endif #ifdef __cplusplus } #endif /*@}*/ /* * The following constants are currently not used by avr-libc's * stdio subsystem. They are defined here since the gcc build * environment expects them to be here. */ #define SEEK_SET 0 #define SEEK_CUR 1 #define SEEK_END 2 #endif /* __ASSEMBLER */ #endif /* _STDLIB_H_ */
看见了吧，大部分是注释的废话，剩下的只有一堆宏命令和函数定义，一行具体实现也没有。
具体的实现被编译为二进制格式，并被封装为*.lib文件了，我们在调用时编译器会直接将我们调用的部分编译进我们的程序中，我们并不知道具体的代码是什么。
我们自己封装库文件时不用如此复杂，直接将函数源代码留着。编译器编译其他代码，需要调用时，直接再编译一遍。
实验四：将LED流水灯的功能封装进库文件中
在led.h文件中，我们只需效仿stdio.h，声明所有用到的函数。
#include <stm32f10x.h> #ifndef _LED_H #define _LED_H void Delay(int time); void LED_configer(void); void LED_blingbling(void); #endif //led.h
注意，为了防止库函数被重复定义，我们要先判断，这个库函数对应的宏开关有没有打开，就是上文的_LED_H，如果打开了，我们就不应该再定义这个库中的函数。
而具体的函数实现，我们放在led.c中
#include <led.h> #include <stm32f10x.h> void Delay(int time){ for(int i=0;i<time;i++) for(int j=0;j<1000;j++); } void LED_configer(){ //led³õʼ»¯µÄº¯Êý RCC_APB2PeriphClockCmd(RCC_APB2Periph_GPIOA,ENABLE); GPIO_InitTypeDef GPIO_LED_INIT; GPIO_LED_INIT.GPIO_Pin=GPIO_Pin_1|GPIO_Pin_2|GPIO_Pin_3|GPIO_Pin_4; GPIO_LED_INIT.GPIO_Speed=GPIO_Speed_2MHz; GPIO_LED_INIT.GPIO_Mode=GPIO_Mode_Out_PP; GPIO_Init(GPIOA,&GPIO_LED_INIT); } void LED_blingbling(){ while(1){ GPIO_SetBits(GPIOA,GPIO_Pin_1); Delay(500); GPIO_ResetBits(GPIOA,GPIO_Pin_1); GPIO_SetBits(GPIOA,GPIO_Pin_2); Delay(500); GPIO_ResetBits(GPIOA,GPIO_Pin_2); GPIO_SetBits(GPIOA,GPIO_Pin_3); Delay(500); GPIO_ResetBits(GPIOA,GPIO_Pin_3); GPIO_SetBits(GPIOA,GPIO_Pin_4); Delay(500); GPIO_ResetBits(GPIOA,GPIO_Pin_4); } } //led.c
然后在main文件中，直接包含库，并调用库函数即可。如此，代码文件的可读性和可维护性便提高了很多。
#include <stdio.h> #include <stm32f10x.h> #include <led.h> int main(){ LED_configer(); LED_blingbling(); return 0; } //main.c