• Oracle 数据库实例简介


     

     

    一:Oracle 数据库实例简介

    image

                1:数据库实例的启动顺序:

    image

    使用数据库其实就是访问内存。即:数据库实例。数据库的启动是顺序是 先 nomount ---->  mount ----->  open.

    image

                2:数据库文件为:数据文件、控制文件、日志文件

    数据库就是磁盘上的一些物理文件。可以利用 v$datafile 视图进行查看。如“/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/system01.dbf”该路径下的“system01.dbf”被称作数据文件。数据库的数据信息都是存放在类似“*.dbf”的文件下。

    复制代码
      1 [oracle@localhost ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba;
      2 
      3 SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.3.0 Production on Tue Apr 17 22:58:17 2018
      4 
      5 Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle.  All rights reserved.
      6 
      7 
      8 Connected to:
      9 Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.3.0 - Production
     10 With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
     11 
     12 SYS@orcl> select name from v$datafile;
     13 
     14 NAME
     15 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     16 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/system01.dbf
     17 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/sysaux01.dbf
     18 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/undotbs01.dbf
     19 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/users01.dbf
     20 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/example01.dbf
     21 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/datafile1.dbf
     22 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/ts1.dbf
     23 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/datafile3.dbf
     24 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/datafile4.dbf
     25 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/datafile5.dbf
     26 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/datafilebig_1.dfb
     27 
     28 NAME
     29 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     30 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/ts2.dbf
     31 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/ts3.dbf
     32 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/tbsp_1.dbf
     33 
     34 14 rows selected.
     35 
     36 SYS@orcl>
    复制代码

    再者从视图V$CONTROLFILE查看数据库的控制文件。"/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl " 的“orcl”的目录是数据库实例名

    复制代码
      1 SYS@orcl> select name from v$controlfile;
      2 
      3 NAME
      4 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      5 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl
      6 /u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/orcl/control02.ctl
      7 /u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/orcl/control03.ctl
      8 
      9 SYS@orcl>
    复制代码

    查看日志文件信息

    复制代码
      1 SYS@orcl> select member from v$logfile;
      2 
      3 MEMBER
      4 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      5 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo03.log
      6 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo02.log
      7 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo01.log
      8 /home/oracle/oracle_system_files_back/logfile_bak/logfile_bak_20180228/redo20180
      9 228.log
     10 
     11 /home/oracle/oracle_system_files_back/logfile_bak/logfile_bak_20180228/redo20180
     12 228_1.log
     13 
     14 /home/oracle/oracle_system_files_back/logfile_bak/logfile_bak_20180228/redo04.lo
     15 g
     16 
     17 MEMBER
     18 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     19 
     20 
     21 6 rows selected.
     22 
     23 SYS@orcl>
    复制代码

     

     

     

    1:Oracle 实例结构

    image

     

    用户 通过访问数据库实例中的数据块来读取数据文件中的数据信息。用户不能直接读取数据文件中的数据信息。

    数据库进程:

    • 客户端进程
    • Oracle服务器端进程
    1.    服务器进程
    2.    后台进程

      当有客户端进程链接到Oracle数据库的时候,Oracle服务器会相应的给与分配一个服务器进程来与之匹配。然后通过服务器进程来访问获取数据库实例的数据信息。当服务器进程终止的时候,数据库实例还是可以在运行的。数据库实例是有数据库服务器的内存和数据库后台进程组成的。所以,服务器进程终止了,并不影响数据库实例的。

    imageimage

     

    2:数据库实例配置

     

    image

    image

    集群的作用:

    1. 保障数据库实例可以正常运行
    2. 确保负载均衡

     

    切换数据库实例ID:

    image

    image

    当 $ORACLE_SID 的值为那个 oracle实例名;则通过“sqlplus / as sysdba;”进行访问的数据库实例就是显示的那个。

     

     

    image

    image

    image

     

    3:Oracle 系统标识符(SID)

    image

    image

    复制代码
      1 [oracle@localhost dbs]$ echo $ORACLE_SID
      2 orcl
      3 [oracle@localhost dbs]$ export ORACLE_SID=orcl
      4 [oracle@localhost dbs]$ echo $ORACLE_SID
      5 orcl
      6 [oracle@localhost dbs]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
      7 [oracle@localhost dbs]$ pwd
      8 /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs
      9 [oracle@localhost dbs]$ ls
     10 dbsorapwPROD1  hc_orcl.dat  hc_PROD1.dat  init.ora  initorcl.ora  initPROD1.ora  lkORCL  lkPROD1  orapworcl  spfileorcl.ora  spfilePROD1.ora
     11 [oracle@localhost dbs]$
    复制代码

     

     

     

    二:实例启动和关闭概述

    image

    1:实例和数据库启动概述

    image

            image

    image

    image

    image

    image

    复制代码
      1 [oracle@localhost dbs]$ sqlplus / as sysdba;
      2 
      3 SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.3.0 Production on Wed Apr 18 00:28:18 2018
      4 
      5 Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle.  All rights reserved.
      6 
      7 
      8 Connected to:
      9 Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.3.0 - Production
     10 With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
     11 
     12 SYS@orcl> show user
     13 USER is "SYS"
     14 SYS@orcl>
     15 
    复制代码

    2:实例是如何启动的?

    image

    image

         注:创建数据库是指:以命令的方式创建数据库。

    3:数据库是如何装载的?

    image

           image

    注:数据库恢复的操作有:热备恢复、冷备恢复

    4:数据库是如何打开的?

    image

     

     

     

    5:数据文件检查

    image

     

    6:只读模式

       image

    image

     

    注:切换数据库为只读模式:

    image

    复制代码
      1 
      2 SYS@orcl> shutdown immediate;
      3 Database closed.
      4 Database dismounted.
      5 ORACLE instance shut down.
      6 SYS@orcl> startup;
      7 ORA-32004: obsolete or deprecated parameter(s) specified for RDBMS instance
      8 ORACLE instance started.
      9 
     10 Total System Global Area 1221992448 bytes
     11 Fixed Size                  1344596 bytes
     12 Variable Size             939527084 bytes
     13 Database Buffers          268435456 bytes
     14 Redo Buffers               12685312 bytes
     15 Database mounted.
     16 Database opened.
     17 SYS@orcl> select open_mode from v$database ;
     18 
     19 OPEN_MODE
     20 --------------------
     21 READ WRITE
     22 
     23 SYS@orcl> shutdown immediate;
     24 Database closed.
     25 Database dismounted.
     26 ORACLE instance shut down.
     27 SYS@orcl> startup open read only;
     28 ORA-32004: obsolete or deprecated parameter(s) specified for RDBMS instance
     29 ORACLE instance started.
     30 
     31 Total System Global Area 1221992448 bytes
     32 Fixed Size                  1344596 bytes
     33 Variable Size             939527084 bytes
     34 Database Buffers          268435456 bytes
     35 Redo Buffers               12685312 bytes
     36 Database mounted.
     37 Database opened.
     38 
     39 SYS@orcl> select open_mode from v$database ;
     40 
     41 OPEN_MODE
     42 --------------------
     43 READ ONLY
     44 
     45 SYS@orcl> shutdown immediate;
     46 Database closed.
     47 Database dismounted.
     48 ORACLE instance shut down.
     49 SYS@orcl> startup mount;
     50 ORA-32004: obsolete or deprecated parameter(s) specified for RDBMS instance
     51 ORACLE instance started.
     52 
     53 Total System Global Area 1221992448 bytes
     54 Fixed Size                  1344596 bytes
     55 Variable Size             939527084 bytes
     56 Database Buffers          268435456 bytes
     57 Redo Buffers               12685312 bytes
     58 Database mounted.
     59 SYS@orcl> alter database open read only;
     60 
     61 Database altered.
     62 
     63 SYS@orcl> select open_mode from v$database ;
     64 
     65 OPEN_MODE
     66 --------------------
     67 READ ONLY
     68 
     69 SYS@orcl>
    复制代码

     

     

     

    7:限制模式打开数据库(RESTAICT)

    image

      image

    image

    image

    image

     

      1 
      2 SYS@orcl> shutdown immediate;
      3 Database closed.
      4 Database dismounted.
      5 ORACLE instance shut down.
      6 SYS@orcl> startup restrict
      7 ORA-32004: obsolete or deprecated parameter(s) specified for RDBMS instance
      8 ORACLE instance started.
      9 
     10 Total System Global Area 1221992448 bytes
     11 Fixed Size                  1344596 bytes
     12 Variable Size             939527084 bytes
     13 Database Buffers          268435456 bytes
     14 Redo Buffers               12685312 bytes
     15 Database mounted.
     16 Database opened.
     17 SYS@orcl> select instance_name,logins from v$instance;
     18 
     19 INSTANCE_NAME    LOGINS
     20 ---------------- ----------
     21 orcl             RESTRICTED
     22 
     23 
     24 SYS@orcl> create user u1 identified by u1;
     25 
     26 User created.
     27 
     28 SYS@orcl> grant create session to u1;
     29 
     30 Grant succeeded.
     31 
     32 SYS@orcl> quit
     33 Disconnected from Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.3.0 - Production
     34 With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
     35 [oracle@localhost dbs]$ sqlplus u1/u1
     36 
     37 SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.3.0 Production on Wed Apr 18 23:06:47 2018
     38 
     39 Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle.  All rights reserved.
     40 
     41 ERROR:
     42 ORA-01035: ORACLE only available to users with RESTRICTED SESSION privilege
     43 
     44 
     45 Enter user-name:
     46 ERROR:
     47 ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
     48 
     49 
     50 Enter user-name:
     51 ERROR:
     52 ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
     53 
     54 
     55 SP2-0157: unable to CONNECT to ORACLE after 3 attempts, exiting SQL*Plus
     56 [oracle@localhost dbs]$ sqlplus / as sysdba;
     57 
     58 SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.3.0 Production on Wed Apr 18 23:07:40 2018
     59 
     60 Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle.  All rights reserved.
     61 
     62 
     63 Connected to:
     64 Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.3.0 - Production
     65 With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
     66 
     67 
     68 SYS@orcl> grant restricted session to u1;
     69 
     70 Grant succeeded.
     71 
     72 SYS@orcl> quit
     73 Disconnected from Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.3.0 - Production
     74 With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
     75 [oracle@localhost dbs]$ sqlplus u1/u1;
     76 
     77 SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.3.0 Production on Wed Apr 18 23:08:49 2018
     78 
     79 Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle.  All rights reserved.
     80 
     81 
     82 Connected to:
     83 Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.3.0 - Production
     84 With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
     85 
     86 U1@orcl>



      1 [oracle@localhost dbs]$ sqlplus / as sysdba;
      2 
      3 SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.3.0 Production on Wed Apr 18 23:13:27 2018
      4 
      5 Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle.  All rights reserved.
      6 
      7 
      8 Connected to:
      9 Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.3.0 - Production
     10 With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
     11 
     12 --关闭数据库 
     13 SYS@orcl> shutdown immediate;
     14 Database closed.
     15 Database dismounted.
     16 ORACLE instance shut down.
     17 -- 正常启动数据库
     18 SYS@orcl> startup
     19 
     20 ORACLE instance started.
     21 
     22 Total System Global Area 1221992448 bytes
     23 Fixed Size                  1344596 bytes
     24 Variable Size             939527084 bytes
     25 Database Buffers          268435456 bytes
     26 Redo Buffers               12685312 bytes
     27 Database mounted.
     28 Database opened.
     29 ---查看数据库登录状态:是否处于受限制状态
     30 SYS@orcl> select instance_name,logins from v$instance;
     31 
     32 INSTANCE_NAME    LOGINS
     33 ---------------- ----------
     34 orcl             ALLOWED --(非受限制状态)
     35 
     36 ---解除 登录受限制状态
     37 SYS@orcl> alter system  disable restricted session;
     38 
     39 System altered.
     40  ---查看数据库登录状态:是否处于受限制状态
     41 SYS@orcl> select instance_name,logins from v$instance;
     42 
     43 INSTANCE_NAME    LOGINS
     44 ---------------- ----------
     45 orcl             ALLOWED  --(非受限制状态)
     46 --给所有数据库用户 开启数据库登录受限制状态
     47 SYS@orcl> alter system enable restricted session;
     48 
     49 System altered.
     50  ---查看数据库登录状态:是否处于受限制状态
     51 SYS@orcl> select instance_name,logins from v$instance;
     52 
     53 INSTANCE_NAME    LOGINS
     54 ---------------- ----------
     55 orcl             RESTRICTED --( 受限制状态)
     56 ---解除 登录受限制状态
     57 SYS@orcl> alter system disable restricted session;
     58 
     59 System altered.
     60  ---查看数据库登录状态:是否处于受限制状态
     61 SYS@orcl> select instance_name ,logins from v$instance;
     62 
     63 INSTANCE_NAME    LOGINS
     64 ---------------- ----------
     65 orcl             ALLOWED  --(非受限制状态)
     66 
     67 SYS@orcl>



    8:数据库和实例关闭概述

    image

    image

    image

         image

    image

                     shutdown abort

    image

                     shutdown immediate

    image

                     shutdown normal

    image

     

     

    9:数据库是如何关闭的

    image

    imageimage

     

    10:数据库是如何卸载的

    image

     

    11:数据库实例是如何关闭的

    image

     

     

     

    三:检查点概述

     image

     

    注:1:实例是如何恢复的:

    • SCN :系统改变的一个number号。可以把它理解一个时间戳。该值只会增大不会减少。
    • 可以使用SCN 那个时刻点的数据值。
    • redo 流:即很多个 redo 记录。
    • redo数据是如何产生的:例如 把数据值1 update 为 2 ,其过程是: 首先是客户端链接服务器,启动服务器进程。然后 客户端给服务器发送了一个 把 数值 1 update 2 的操作,此时 服务器进程则会在 database buffer cache(数据库缓冲区)查 值为1的数据,若有数值 1,则会在 数据库缓冲区中把数值 1改为2(此时的数值2 称作 脏数据),若此时数据库缓冲区没有这个数值1 ,则此时服务器进程会读取 数据文件里的数值1,此时会把数值1 从数据库数据文件读取到数据库缓冲区中,然后在把数值1 改为2 。数据库的Update的操作会有2个事务性操作:commit、rollback.如果使用 commit,此时数值1则 永久的被改为数值2了。如果执行了rollback,则 把已经修改的数值2 还原为修改前的数值1.那么,这个操作就涉及到了一个 Redo Log Buffer(Redo 日志缓冲区)。具体为:当在数据库缓冲区里把数值1改为数值2的时候,此时数据库服务器进程会向 redo日志缓冲区申请一个 redo数据块,然后在把数值1写入到刚申请的redo数据块中,然后就是再把 数据库缓冲区里面的数值1修改为数值2.同时也把数值1修改为数值2的这个变化过程也写入到了redo日志缓冲区中。要注意的是:此时数据文件了的数值1的值还是1.而数据库缓冲区里原本为数值1的值此时值为2了。如果此时执行了commit操作,则会把reod日志缓冲区的数据记录通过后台进程LGWR写入到 在线的redo日志文件中。
    • redo流就是很多 reod数据像小河流水一样的产生了redo数据流。
    •  
    • 检查点为:日志文件、数据文件、控制文件等三个文件的数据信息(SCN)一致的时刻点。

    • “当从检查点位置的SCN处开始使用redo流进行实例恢复”:从非检查点一直的SCN号向前最前一次的检查点时刻SCN号处进行数据库的数据文件、日志文件、控制文件等信息通过redo流实现实例恢复还原。
    • 如何保证(日志文件、数据文件、控制文件)的检查点的一致性:则需要把数据库缓冲区里的数据写入到数据文件中。则需要调用后台进程,进行I/O的磁盘写入操作。当检查点执行很频繁的时候,那么会有很多后台进程在哪里频繁的执行数据I/O的写入操作。此时数据库的性能会有所下降。所以检查点没有必要过于频繁的执行。
    • 所以检查点的间隔太长,在进行实例恢复所需要的时间也要长些。
      1 
      2 ---查看数据库当前的SCN号值
      3 SYS@orcl> select current_scn from v$database;
      4 
      5 CURRENT_SCN
      6 -----------
      7     5723851
      8 
      9 SYS@orcl>
     10 


      1 
      2 ----SCN 随着时间的增大而增大 
      3 SYS@orcl> select current_scn from v$database;
      4 
      5 CURRENT_SCN
      6 -----------
      7     5724200
      8 
      9 SYS@orcl> select current_scn from v$database;
     10 
     11 CURRENT_SCN
     12 -----------
     13     5724201
     14 
     15 SYS@orcl> select current_scn from v$database;
     16 
     17 CURRENT_SCN
     18 -----------
     19     5724203
     20 
     21 SYS@orcl> select current_scn from v$database;
     22 
     23 CURRENT_SCN
     24 -----------
     25     5724204
     26 
     27 SYS@orcl>



    1:检查点的目的

    image

     

     

    2:Oracle 数据库何时启动检查点

    image

         1:线程检查点

    image

      1 
      2 
      3 ---手动 执行 检查点 一致性
      4 SYS@orcl> alter system checkpoint;
      5 
      6 System altered.
      7 ---联机重做日志切换
      8 SYS@orcl> alter system switch logfile;
      9 
     10 System altered.
     11 
     12 SYS@orcl>
     13 


      1 
      2 ---在归档模式下:开启数据库的热备份
      3 SYS@orcl> alter database begin backup;
      4 
      5 Database altered.
      6 ---查看数据库是否开启了归档模式
      7 SYS@orcl> archive log list;
      8 Database log mode              Archive Mode
      9 Automatic archival             Enabled
     10 Archive destination            /home/oracle/oracle_system_files_back/archivelog/archivelog_20180305/archive2
     11 Oldest online log sequence     266
     12 Next log sequence to archive   269
     13 Current log sequence           269
     14 SYS@orcl>



         2:表空间和数据文件的检查点

    image

     

         3:增量检查点

    image


      1 ---查看日志文件信息
      2 SYS@orcl> select member from v$logfile;
      3 
      4 MEMBER
      5 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      6 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo03.log
      7 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo02.log
      8 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo01.log
      9 /home/oracle/oracle_system_files_back/logfile_bak/logfile_bak_20180228/redo20180228.log
     10 /home/oracle/oracle_system_files_back/logfile_bak/logfile_bak_20180228/redo20180228_1.log
     11 /home/oracle/oracle_system_files_back/logfile_bak/logfile_bak_20180228/redo04.log
     12 
     13 6 rows selected.
     14 
     15 SYS@orcl>

    日志切换:是第一个日志文件使用完了,就切换使用第二个日志文件,如此循环使用。

    日志切换时:后台进程DBWn则会把数据库缓冲区中的数据信息写入到数据文件中。

    回到顶部

    四:实例恢复概述

     

    image

     

    1:实例恢复的目的

    image        image

     

    2: Oracle 数据库何时执行实例恢复

    image

     

     

    3:实例恢复检查点的重要性

    image

                image

    image

     

    4:实例恢复阶段

    image

    image

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    ——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————

    为人:谦逊、激情、博学、审问、慎思、明辨、 笃行 
    学问:纸上得来终觉浅,绝知此事要躬行 
    为事:工欲善其事,必先利其器。 
    转载请标注出处!
  • 相关阅读:
    day2-元组 列表-赋值和深浅拷贝
    day1-bytes类型 三元运算 进制
    DAY02
    DAY02
    Python格式化、显示颜色
    DAY02
    DAY02
    DAY02
    DAY02
    DAY02
  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/ios9/p/8878210.html
Copyright © 2020-2023  润新知