• MyCat专题(八)-MyCat全局序列之数据库方式


    1.引言

    读写分离:顾名思义,就是将插入、更新、删除等事务性的操作分发到主数据库master上,而将读请求分发到从数据库slave上,利用mysql主从同步,从数据库服务器将同步更新本机数据,这样就保证了两个数据库中数据一致性。

    读写分离有几种实现方式,可以在应用层配置多个数据源,根据业务需求访问不同的数据,指定对应的策略,也可以使用动态切换数据源方式实现,也可以借助数据库中间件的方式实现,mycat就是基于中间件实现。

    2.原理图

    在应用层和数据库集群之间添加一个代理服务,应用层访问代理,代理根据请求类型(读/写)自动分流到不同的数据库服务器。
    在这里插入图片描述
    下面通过一个完整的示例,说明mycat如何实现读写分离。

    3.读写分离实现

    本示例需要利用mysql主从复制,需要提前搭建主从同步环境,可以参考上一篇博客https://blog.csdn.net/BruceLiu_code/article/details/104694515,提先搭建好主从复制。

    3.1.读写分离实现

    在主服务器上执行以下SQL:

    create database septwriteread;
    use septwriteread;
    create table user(id int not null,name varchar(20));
     
    create database septwriteread02;
    use septwriteread02;
    create table user(id int not null,name varchar(20));
    1234567
    

    在这里插入图片描述
    同时,从库也同步过来了主库创建的数据库和表:
    在这里插入图片描述

    3.2.配置server.xml

    	<user name="root" defaultAccount="true">
    		<property name="password">root</property>
    		<property name="schemas">TESTDB</property>
    		
    		<!-- 表级 DML 权限设置 -->
    		<!-- 		
    		<privileges check="false">
    			<schema name="TESTDB" dml="0110" >
    				<table name="tb01" dml="0000"></table>
    				<table name="tb02" dml="1111"></table>
    			</schema>
    		</privileges>		
    		 -->
    	</user>
    
    	<user name="user">
    		<property name="password">user</property>
    		<property name="schemas">TESTDB</property>
    		<property name="readOnly">true</property>
    	</user>
    1234567891011121314151617181920
    

    在这里插入图片描述

    3.3.schema.xml配置分片节点、分片表等

    <?xml version="1.0"?>
    <!DOCTYPE mycat:schema SYSTEM "schema.dtd">
    <mycat:schema xmlns:mycat="http://io.mycat/">
    
        <schema name="TESTDB" checkSQLschema="false" sqlMaxLimit="100">
            <table name="user" primaryKey="id" rule="mod-long" dataNode="dn1,dn2" />
       </schema>
     
     <dataNode name="dn1" dataHost="localhost1" database="septwriteread" />
     <dataNode name="dn2" dataHost="localhost1" database="septwriteread02" />
     
    <dataHost name="localhost1" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="3"
                      writeType="0" dbType="mysql" dbDriver="native" switchType="1"  slaveThreshold="100">
            <heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat>
            <!-- can have multi write hosts -->
            <!-- 主数据库130  -->
            <writeHost host="hostM1" url="192.168.70.128:3306" user="root"
                               password="123">
                    <!-- 从数据库131  -->
                    <readHost host="hostS1" url="192.168.70.130:3306" user="root" password="123" />
            </writeHost>
    </dataHost>
    	
    </mycat:schema>
    123456789101112131415161718192021222324
    

    3.4.配置rule.xml

    	<function name="mod-long" class="io.mycat.route.function.PartitionByMod">
    		<!-- how many data nodes -->
    		<property name="count">2</property>
    	</function>
    	 
    	<tableRule name="mod-long">
    			<rule>
    					<columns>id</columns>
    					<algorithm>mod-long</algorithm>
    			</rule>
    	</tableRule>
    1234567891011
    

    在rule.xml修改配置文件

    3.5.测试插入数据

    在MyCat服务器192.168.70.129上面执行下面测试语句:

    insert into user(id,name) values(1111111,database());
    insert into user(id,name) values(2222222,database());
    insert into user(id,name) values(3333333,database());
    insert into user(id,name) values(4444444,database());
    1234
    

    重启mycat:

    [root@centos1 bin]# ./mycat start
    Starting Mycat-server...
    [root@centos1 bin]# jps
    16345 WrapperSimpleApp
    16366 Jps
    12345
    

    登录mycat:

    在这里插入图片描述
    在这里插入图片描述
    在这里插入图片描述

    3.6.测试分析查询数据

    select * from user;
    1
    

    在这里插入图片描述
    下面分几种情况分析当balance取不同值,请求分发的情况如下:

    修改log4j2.xml查看mycat.log debug日志级别

    <Loggers>
        <!--<AsyncLogger name="io.mycat" level="info" includeLocation="true" additivity="false">-->
            <!--<AppenderRef ref="Console"/>-->
            <!--<AppenderRef ref="RollingFile"/>-->
        <!--</AsyncLogger>-->
        <asyncRoot level="debug" includeLocation="true">
    
            <!--<AppenderRef ref="Console" />-->
            <AppenderRef ref="RollingFile"/>
    
        </asyncRoot>
    </Loggers>
    123456789101112
    

    【a】当balance=“3”,开启负载均衡,请求分发到writeHost对应的readHost。查看mycat.log debug日志,走从服务器192.168.70.130的hostS1节点。

    2019-12-26 13:12:31.679 DEBUG [$_NIOREACTOR-0-RW] (io.mycat.backend.datasource.PhysicalDBPool.getRWBanlanceCon(PhysicalDBPool.java:551)) - select read source hostS1 for dataHost:localhost1
    2019-12-26 13:12:31.679 DEBUG [$_NIOREACTOR-0-RW] (io.mycat.backend.mysql.nio.MySQLConnection.synAndDoExecute(MySQLConnection.java:463)) - con need syn ,total syn cmd 1 commands SET names utf8mb4;schema change:false con:MySQLConnection [id=11, lastTime=1577337151679, user=root, schema=septwriteread, old shema=septwriteread, borrowed=true, fromSlaveDB=true, threadId=21, charset=utf8, txIsolation=3, autocommit=true, attachment=dn1{SHOW PROCEDURE STATUS WHERE Db='TESTDB'}, respHandler=SingleNodeHandler [node=dn1{SHOW PROCEDURE STATUS WHERE Db='TESTDB'}, packetId=0], host=192.168.70.130, port=3306, statusSync=null, writeQueue=0, modifiedSQLExecuted=false]
    12
    

    【b】当balance=“0”,表示不开启负载均衡,查看mycat.log debug日志,走主服务器192.168.70.128,可见所有读操作都发送到writeHost中。

    修改schema.xml中balance负载均衡的值:

    <dataHost name="localhost1" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="0"
                      writeType="0" dbType="mysql" dbDriver="native" switchType="1"  slaveThreshold="100">
            <heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat>
            <!-- can have multi write hosts -->
            <!-- 主数据库130  -->
            <writeHost host="hostM1" url="192.168.70.128:3306" user="root"
                               password="123">
                    <!-- 从数据库131  -->
                    <readHost host="hostS1" url="192.168.70.130:3306" user="root" password="123" />
            </writeHost>
    </dataHost>
    1234567891011
    

    然后重启mycat,在主库执行查询语句 select * from user;查看日志:

    2019-12-26 13:15:48.866 DEBUG [$_NIOREACTOR-0-RW] (io.mycat.backend.datasource.PhysicalDBPool.getRWBanlanceCon(PhysicalDBPool.java:551)) - select read source hostM1 for dataHost:localhost1
    2019-12-26 13:15:48.866 DEBUG [$_NIOREACTOR-0-RW] (io.mycat.backend.mysql.nio.MySQLConnection.synAndDoExecute(MySQLConnection.java:463)) - con need syn ,total syn cmd 1 commands SET names utf8mb4;schema change:false con:MySQLConnection [id=8, lastTime=1577337348866, user=root, schema=septwriteread, old shema=septwriteread, borrowed=true, fromSlaveDB=false, threadId=39, charset=utf8, txIsolation=3, autocommit=true, attachment=dn1{SHOW STATUS}, respHandler=SingleNodeHandler [node=dn1{SHOW STATUS}, packetId=0], host=192.168.70.128, port=3306, statusSync=null, writeQueue=0, modifiedSQLExecuted=false]
    12
    

    【c】当balance=“2”,表示请求随机分发到writeHost或者readhost。查看mycat.log debug日志,走192.168.8.128或者192.168.8.130,所有读操作都随机发送到writeHost或者readHost中。

    <dataHost name="localhost1" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="2"
                      writeType="0" dbType="mysql" dbDriver="native" switchType="1"  slaveThreshold="100">
            <heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat>
            <!-- can have multi write hosts -->
            <!-- 主数据库130  -->
            <writeHost host="hostM1" url="192.168.70.128:3306" user="root"
                               password="123">
                    <!-- 从数据库131  -->
                    <readHost host="hostS1" url="192.168.70.130:3306" user="root" password="123" />
            </writeHost>
    </dataHost>
    1234567891011
    

    然后重启mycat,在主库执行查询语句 select * from user;查看日志:

    2019-12-26 13:19:48.138 DEBUG [$_NIOREACTOR-0-RW] (io.mycat.backend.datasource.PhysicalDBPool.getRWBanlanceCon(PhysicalDBPool.java:551)) - select read source hostM1 for dataHost:localhost1
    2019-12-26 13:19:48.138 DEBUG [$_NIOREACTOR-0-RW] (io.mycat.backend.mysql.nio.MySQLConnection.synAndDoExecute(MySQLConnection.java:463)) - con need syn ,total syn cmd 1 commands SET names utf8mb4;schema change:false con:MySQLConnection [id=1, lastTime=1577337588138, user=root, schema=septwriteread, old shema=septwriteread, borrowed=true, fromSlaveDB=false, threadId=51, charset=utf8, txIsolation=3, autocommit=true, attachment=dn1{SELECT *
    FROM user
    LIMIT 100}, respHandler=io.mycat.backend.mysql.nio.handler.MultiNodeQueryHandler@713db746, host=192.168.70.128, port=3306, statusSync=null, writeQueue=0, modifiedSQLExecuted=false]
    1234
    2019-12-26 13:21:30.387 DEBUG [$_NIOREACTOR-0-RW] (io.mycat.backend.datasource.PhysicalDBPool.getRWBanlanceCon(PhysicalDBPool.java:551)) - select read source hostS1 for dataHost:localhost1
    2019-12-26 13:21:30.387 DEBUG [$_NIOREACTOR-0-RW] (io.mycat.backend.mysql.nio.MySQLConnection.synAndDoExecute(MySQLConnection.java:436)) - not need syn connection :
    MySQLConnection [id=13, lastTime=1577337690387, user=root, schema=septwriteread, old shema=septwriteread, borrowed=true, fromSlaveDB=true, threadId=27, charset=utf8, txIsolation=3, autocommit=true, attachment=dn1{SHOW STATUS}, respHandler=SingleNodeHandler [node=dn1{SHOW STATUS}, packetId=0], host=192.168.70.130, port=3306, statusSync=null, writeQueue=0, modifiedSQLExecuted=false]
    123
    

    【d】当balance=1时,开启读写分离机制,所有读操作都发送到当前writeHost对应的readHost和备用的writeHost上,通过日志分析所有读操作都发送到hostS1或者hostM2【让全部的readHost及备用的writeHost参与select的负载均衡。 】

    <dataHost name="localhost1" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="2"
                  writeType="0" dbType="mysql" dbDriver="native" switchType="1"  slaveThreshold="100">
        <heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat>
        <!-- can have multi write hosts -->
        <!-- 主数据库130  -->
        <writeHost host="hostM1" url="192.168.8.128:3306" user="root"
                           password="123">
                <!-- 从数据库131  -->
                <readHost host="hostS1" url="192.168.8.130:3306" user="root" password="123" />
        </writeHost>
     
        <!-- stand by writehost -->
        <writeHost host="hostM2" url="192.168.8.130:3306" user="root"
                           password="123">
        </writeHost>
    </dataHost>
    12345678910111213141516
    

    4.总结

    下面补充一下dataHost节点中比较重要的三个属性以及各自值的含义,具体如下。

    balance指的负载均衡类型,目前的取值有4种:

    1. balance=”0”, 不开启读写分离机制,所有读操作都发送到当前可用的writeHost上;
    2. balance=”1”,全部的readHost与stand bywriteHost参与select语句的负载均衡,简单的说,当双主双从模式(M1->S1,M2->S2,并且M1与 M2互为主备),正常情况下,M2,S1,S2都参与select语句的负载均衡;
    3. balance=”2”,所有读操作都随机的在writeHost、readhost上分发;
    4. balance=”3”,所有读请求随机的分发到wiriterHost对应的readhost执行,writerHost不负担读压力;
    1234
    

    注意:balance=3只在1.4及其以后版本有,1.3没有;

    writeType属性

    1.writeType=”0”,所有写操作发送到配置的第一个writeHost,第一个挂了切到还生存的第二个writeHost,重新启动后以切换后的为准,切换记录在配置文件中:dnindex.properties;
    2.writeType=”1”,所有写操作都随机地发送到配置的writeHost,1.5以后废弃不推荐;
    12
    

    switchType指的是切换的模式,目前的取值也有4种

    1. switchType=’-1’ 表示不自动切换;
    2. switchType=’1’ 默认值,表示自动切换;
    3. switchType=’2’ 基于MySQL主从同步的状态决定是否切换,心跳语句为 show slave status;
    4. switchType=’3’基于MySQLgalary cluster的切换机制(适合集群)(1.4.1),心跳语句为 show status like ‘wsrep%’;
    
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/idcode/p/14551426.html
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