安装Django:
C:WINDOWSsystem32>easy_install django
C:UsersTLCB>easy_install django
Searching for django
Reading https://pypi.python.org/simple/django/
Best match: Django 1.11.5
Downloading https://pypi.python.org/packages/06/9f/7f07816842ad8020d3bdcfbedc568
314e0739bc3de435bc034874b6f3e39/Django-1.11.5.tar.gz#md5=8cef0d42aabacbc414ec4fb
bb6056f3c
Processing Django-1.11.5.tar.gz
error: [Errno 22] invalid mode ('wb') or filename: 'c:\users\tlcb\appdata\lo
cal\temp\easy_install-tyef2j\Django-1.11.5\tests\staticfiles_tests\apps\t
est\static\test\xe2x8ax97.txt'
C:UsersTLCB>
C:UsersTLCB>pip install django
You are using pip version 6.0.8, however version 9.0.1 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the 'pip install --upgrade pip' command.
Collecting django
Downloading Django-1.11.5-py2.py3-none-any.whl (6.9MB)
100% |################################| 7.0MB 37kB/s
Collecting pytz (from django)
Downloading pytz-2017.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl (484kB)
100% |################################| 487kB 120kB/s
Installing collected packages: pytz, django
Successfully installed django-1.11.5 pytz-2017.2
C:UsersTLCB>
C:UsersTLCB>pip install --upgrade pip
You are using pip version 6.0.8, however version 9.0.1 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the 'pip install --upgrade pip' command.
Collecting pip from https://pypi.python.org/packages/b6/ac/7015eb97dc749283ffdec
1c3a88ddb8ae03b8fad0f0e611408f196358da3/pip-9.0.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl#md5=297db
d16ef53bcef0447d245815f5144
Downloading pip-9.0.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl (1.3MB)
19% |###### | 245kB 188kB/s eta 0:00:06
11.4 项目和应用:
11.4.1 在Django中创建项目:
项目目录:
D:Django
D:Django>django-admin.py startproject mysite
在Django中,基本的项目含有4个文件,分别是__init__.py,manager,py,setting.py,urls.py
Django 项目文件
文件名 描述/用途
__init__.py 告诉Python这是一个软件包
urls.py 全局URL配置("URLconf")
settings.py 项目相关配置
manage.py 应用的命令行接口
读者会注意到,startproject命令创建的每个文件都是纯Python源码文件,没有.init文件,
XML数据,或其他配置语法。
11.4.2 运行开发服务器:
到目前为止,还没有创建一个引用。尽管如此,已经可以使用一些Django功能了。
其中一个最方便的是Django内置的WEB服务器,该服务器运行在本地,专门用于开发阶段。
通过项目中的manager.py工具,可以使用下面这个简单的命令运行开发服务器。
D:Djangomysite>python ./manage.py runserver
Performing system checks...
System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
You have 13 unapplied migration(s). Your project may not work properly until you
apply the migrations for app(s): admin, auth, contenttypes, sessions.
Run 'python manage.py migrate' to apply them.
September 15, 2017 - 10:54:06
Django version 1.11.5, using settings 'mysite.settings'
Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/
Quit the server with CTRL-BREAK.
11.5 “Hello World” 应用(一个博客)
既然拥有了一个项目,就可以在其中创建应用。为了创建一个博客应用,继续使用manage.py
D:Djangomysite>manage.py startapp blog
D:Djangomysite>dir
驱动器 D 中的卷是 软件
卷的序列号是 000E-FB99
D:Djangomysite 的目录
2017/09/15 11:00 <DIR> .
2017/09/15 11:00 <DIR> ..
2017/09/15 11:00 <DIR> blog
2017/09/15 10:54 3,072 db.sqlite3
2017/09/15 10:15 826 manage.py
2017/09/15 10:54 <DIR> mysite
2 个文件 3,898 字节
4 个目录 4,784,971,776 可用字节
D:Djangomysite>
D:Djangomysitelog 的目录
017/09/15 11:00 <DIR> .
017/09/15 11:00 <DIR> ..
017/09/15 11:00 134 admin.py
017/09/15 11:00 156 apps.py
017/09/15 11:00 <DIR> migrations
017/09/15 11:00 128 models.py
017/09/15 11:00 131 tests.py
017/09/15 11:00 134 views.py
017/09/15 11:00 0 __init__.py
6 个文件 683 字节
3 个目录 4,784,971,776 可用字节
:Djangomysitelog>
表11-2 Django 应用文件:
文件名 描述/目的
__init__.py 告诉Python这是一个包
urls.py 应用的URL配置文件("URLconf"),这个文件并不像项目的URLconf那样自动创建
models.py 数据模型
views.py 视图函数(即MVC中的控制器)
为了让Django知道这个新的应用是项目的一部分,需要编辑settings.py（可以将其理解为配置文件）。
使用编辑器打开这个文件,找到位于底部的 INSTALLED_APPS 这个元组。
将应用名称(blog)添加到元组的末尾,如下所示:
# Application definition
INSTALLED_APPS = [
'django.contrib.admin',
'django.contrib.auth',
'django.contrib.contenttypes',
'django.contrib.sessions',
'django.contrib.messages',
'django.contrib.staticfiles',
'blog',
]
11.6 创建模型来添加数据库服务:
现在接触到了基于Django的博客系统的核心:models.py 文件。
在这里讲定义博客的数据结构,遵循的规则是"不要自我重复"
据模型表示将会存储在数据库每条记录中的数据类型。Django 提供了许多字段，用来
将数据映射到应用中。在这个应用中，将使用三个不同的字段类型（参见下面的示例代码）。
使用编辑器打开 models.py，在文件中已存在的 import 语句后面直接添加下面的模型类。
# models.py
from django.db import models
class BlogPost(models.Model):
title = models.CharField(max_length=150)
body = models.TextField()
timestamp = models.DateTimeField()
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from __future__ import unicode_literals
from django.db import models
# Create your models here.
class BlogPost(models.Model):
title = models.CharField(max_length=150)
body = models.TextField()
timestamp = models.DateTimeField()
这是一个完整的模型,表示一个"博文"对象,其中含有三个字段(更准确地说,其中包含四个字段,
还有一个Django默认会自动创建的字段,该字段可以自动递增,且每个模型中唯一的)
现在来看刚刚创建的BlogPost类,这是django.db.models.Model的子类。
Model的Django中用于数据模型的标准基类,这是Django强大的orm核心
class BlogPost(models.Model):
title = models.CharField(max_length=150)
body = models.TextField()
timestamp = models.DateTimeField()
对于这个应用,使用CharField作为博文的title,并限制了该字段的最大长度。
CharField 可用于较短的单行文本,对于较长的文本,如博文的正文,使用TextField类型。
最后,timestamp 使用DateTimeField。 DateTimeField 使用Python的datetime.datetime 对象表示。
这些字段类同样定义在在django.db.models中,其中还要其他字段类型,
11.6.1 设置数据库
如果还没有安装并运行一个数据库服务器,则强烈建议使用易用方便的SQLite
使用MySQL：
有了空的数据库后,剩下的就是通知Django来使用它,此时需要再次用到项目的settings.py文件。
关于数据库,有6个相关的设置(虽然这里可能只会用到两个):
ENGINE、
NAME、HOST、PORT、USER 和 PASSWORD。
从名称就能明显地看出其中的用途,这里只须在相关设置选项后面填上需要让Django使用的数据库服务器中合适的值即可。
11.6.2 创建表:
现在需要通知Django 使用上面给出的连接信息来连接数据库,设置应用程序需要的表。
需要使用manage.py 和其中的syncdb命令,如下所示:
D:Djangomysite>manage.py syncdb
>>> import django
>>> django.__version__
'1.11.5'
>>>
在django1.9后的版本中，python manage.py syncdb命令修改为python manage.py migrate，执行正常。
D:Djangomysite>python manage.py migrate
Operations to perform:
Apply all migrations: admin, auth, contenttypes, sessions
Running migrations:
Applying contenttypes.0001_initial... OK
Applying auth.0001_initial... OK
Applying admin.0001_initial... OK
Applying admin.0002_logentry_remove_auto_add... OK
Applying contenttypes.0002_remove_content_type_name... OK
Applying auth.0002_alter_permission_name_max_length... OK
Applying auth.0003_alter_user_email_max_length... OK
Applying auth.0004_alter_user_username_opts... OK
Applying auth.0005_alter_user_last_login_null... OK
Applying auth.0006_require_contenttypes_0002... OK
Applying auth.0007_alter_validators_add_error_messages... OK
Applying auth.0008_alter_user_username_max_length... OK
Applying sessions.0001_initial... OK
D:Djangomysite>
INSTALLED_APPS = [
'django.contrib.admin',
'django.contrib.auth',
'django.contrib.contenttypes',
'django.contrib.sessions',
'django.contrib.messages',
'django.contrib.staticfiles',
'blog',
]
Django 会查找INSTALLED_APPS中列出的应用的models.py 文件。
对于每个找到的模型,它会创建一个数据库表。
11.7 Python 应用shell
Python 用户都知道交互式解释器的强大之处,Django 的创建者也不例外,它们将其集成进了Django中。
11.7.1 在Django中使用Python shell:
manage.py shell
11.8 Django 管理应用:
自动后台管理应用,或简称admin,被誉为Django皇冠上的明珠。
尽管Django 自带这个admin应用,但依然需要在配置文件中明确启用这个应用。就如同之前启动blog应用一样,
打开settings.py
INSTALLED_APPS = [
'django.contrib.admin',
'django.contrib.auth',
'django.contrib.contenttypes',
'django.contrib.sessions',
'django.contrib.messages',
'django.contrib.staticfiles',
'blog',
]
既然admin设置完成,所要做的就是给定一个URL,这样才能访问admin页面。在自动生成的项目urls.py中,
可以在顶部发现如下内容:
from django.conf.urls import url
from django.contrib import admin
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
]
http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin/login/?next=/admin/
取消这三行的注释并保存文件。现在当用户访问 Web 站点的 http://localhost:8000/admin
链接时，Django 就能载入默认的 admin 页面，
最后，应用程序需要告知 Django 哪个模型需要在 admin 页面中显示并编辑。为了做到这
一点，只须注册 BlogPost。创建 blog/admin.py，向其中添加下面的代码。
# admin.py
from django.contrib import admin
from blog import models
admin.site.register(models.BlogPost)
前两行导入了 admin 和数据模型。紧接着用 admin 注册 BlogPost 类。这样 admin 就可以
管理数据库中这种类型的对象（以及其他已经注册的对象）
设置admin密码:
D:Djangomysite>manage.py createsuperuser
Username (leave blank to use 'tlcb'): admin
Email address: admin@163.com
Password:
Password (again):
The password is too similar to the email address.
This password is too short. It must contain at least 8 characters.
This password is too common.
Password:
Password (again):
This password is too short. It must contain at least 8 characters.
Password:
Password (again):
Superuser created successfully.
D:Djangomysite>
D:Djangomysite>
如果表不存在,blog_blogpost 不存在
检查有没有将app加到settings里面的INSTALLED_APPS里，
执行python manage.py makemigrations 声称migrations文件，
然后再执行python manage.py migrate
Linux 上安装:
node2:/django/mysite#python manage.py runserver
Performing system checks...
System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
Unhandled exception in thread started by <function wrapper at 0x22edb18>
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/local/python27/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/utils/autoreload.py", line 227, in wrapper
fn(*args, **kwargs)
File "/usr/local/python27/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/core/management/commands/runserver.py", line 128, in inner_run
self.check_migrations()
File "/usr/local/python27/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/core/management/base.py", line 422, in check_migrations
executor = MigrationExecutor(connections[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS])
File "/usr/local/python27/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/db/migrations/executor.py", line 20, in __init__
self.loader = MigrationLoader(self.connection)
File "/usr/local/python27/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/db/migrations/loader.py", line 52, in __init__
self.build_graph()
File "/usr/local/python27/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/db/migrations/loader.py", line 209, in build_graph
self.applied_migrations = recorder.applied_migrations()
File "/usr/local/python27/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/db/migrations/recorder.py", line 65, in applied_migrations
self.ensure_schema()
File "/usr/local/python27/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/db/migrations/recorder.py", line 59, in ensure_schema
raise MigrationSchemaMissing("Unable to create the django_migrations table (%s)" % exc)
UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xf1 in position 6: ordinal not in range(128)
node2:/django/mysite#python manage.py runserver
Unhandled exception in thread started by <function wrapper at 0x37286e0>
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/local/python27/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/utils/autoreload.py", line 227, in wrapper
fn(*args, **kwargs)
File "/usr/local/python27/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/core/management/commands/runserver.py", line 117, in inner_run
autoreload.raise_last_exception()
File "/usr/local/python27/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/utils/autoreload.py", line 250, in raise_last_exception
six.reraise(*_exception)
File "/usr/local/python27/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/utils/autoreload.py", line 227, in wrapper
fn(*args, **kwargs)
File "/usr/local/python27/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/__init__.py", line 27, in setup
apps.populate(settings.INSTALLED_APPS)
File "/usr/local/python27/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/apps/registry.py", line 108, in populate
app_config.import_models()
File "/usr/local/python27/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/apps/config.py", line 202, in import_models
self.models_module = import_module(models_module_name)
File "/usr/local/python27/lib/python2.7/importlib/__init__.py", line 37, in import_module
__import__(name)
File "/usr/local/python27/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/contrib/auth/models.py", line 4, in <module>
from django.contrib.auth.base_user import AbstractBaseUser, BaseUserManager
File "/usr/local/python27/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/contrib/auth/base_user.py", line 52, in <module>
class AbstractBaseUser(models.Model):
File "/usr/local/python27/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/db/models/base.py", line 124, in __new__
new_class.add_to_class('_meta', Options(meta, app_label))
File "/usr/local/python27/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/db/models/base.py", line 330, in add_to_class
value.contribute_to_class(cls, name)
File "/usr/local/python27/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/db/models/options.py", line 214, in contribute_to_class
self.db_table = truncate_name(self.db_table, connection.ops.max_name_length())
File "/usr/local/python27/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/db/__init__.py", line 33, in __getattr__
return getattr(connections[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS], item)
File "/usr/local/python27/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/db/utils.py", line 211, in __getitem__
backend = load_backend(db['ENGINE'])
File "/usr/local/python27/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/db/utils.py", line 115, in load_backend
return import_module('%s.base' % backend_name)
File "/usr/local/python27/lib/python2.7/importlib/__init__.py", line 37, in import_module
__import__(name)
File "/usr/local/python27/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/db/backends/mysql/base.py", line 30, in <module>
'Did you install mysqlclient or MySQL-python?' % e
django.core.exceptions.ImproperlyConfigured: Error loading MySQLdb module: No module named MySQLdb.
Did you install mysqlclient or MySQL-python?
安装:
node2:/django/mysite#pip install MySQL-python
Collecting MySQL-python
node2:/django/mysite#python manage.py runserver
Performing system checks...
System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
August 18, 2017 - 00:30:45
Django version 1.11, using settings 'mysite.settings'
Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/
Quit the server with CONTROL-C.
ango之允许外部机器访问
开开启django时，使用0.0.0.0:xxxx，作为ip和端口例如：
python3 manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:9000
然后在settings里修改ALLOWED_HOSTS = []，
改为ALLOWED_HOSTS = ['*',]，注意不要漏掉“，”。
其他机器就可以通过这台机器的ip和端口号访问django了。
例如：http://192.168.14.40:9000/index.html
11.5 "Hello World"应用(一个博客):
既然拥有了一个项目,就可以在其中创建应用。为了创建一个博客应用
node2:/django/mysite#./manage.py startapp blog
node2:/django/mysite#ls
blog db.sqlite3 manage.py mysite
为了让Djando知道这个新的应用是项目的一部分,需要编辑settings.py(可以将其理解为配置文件).
使用编辑器打开这个文件,找到位于底部的INSTALLED_APPS 这个元组。将
应用名称（blog）添加到元组的末尾，如下所示。
INSTALLED_APPS = [
'django.contrib.admin',
'django.contrib.auth',
'django.contrib.contenttypes',
'django.contrib.sessions',
'django.contrib.messages',
'django.contrib.staticfiles',
'blog',
]
虽然结尾的逗号不是必须的,但如果今后向该元组中添加其他项,就无须添加逗号。
Django 使用INSTALLED_APPS来配置系统的不同部分,包括自动管理应用程序和测试框架。
11.6 创建模型来添加数据库服务:
现在接触到了基于Django的博客系统的核心:models.py文件,在这里讲定义博客的数据结构。
遵循的规则是"不要自我重复"
node2:/django/mysite/blog#
node2:/django/mysite/blog#cat models.py
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from __future__ import unicode_literals
from django.db import models
# Create your models here.
# models.py
from django.db import models
class BlogPost(models.Model):
title = models.CharField(max_length=150)
body = models.TextField()
timestamp = models.DateTimeField()
这是一个完整的模型,表示一个博文对象,其中含有3个字段(更准确地说,其中含有四个字段,
还有一个是Django默认会自动创建的字段,该字段可以自动递增,且每个模块是唯一的
11.6.1 设置数据库:
使用MySQL：
有了空的数据库后,剩下的就是通知Django来使用它,此时需要再次用项目中的settings.py文件
# Database
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.11/ref/settings/#databases
DATABASES = {
'default': {
'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
'NAME': 'testdb',
'USER': 'root',
'PASSWORD': '1234567',
'HOST': '192.168.137.3',
'PORT': '3306',
}
}
11.6.2 创建表:
检查有没有将app加到settings里面的INSTALLED_APPS里，
执行python manage.py makemigrations 声称migrations文件，
然后再执行python manage.py migrate
node2:/django/mysite#python manage.py makemigrations
Migrations for 'blog':
blog/migrations/0001_initial.py
- Create model BlogPost
node2:/django/mysite#python manage.py migrate
Operations to perform:
Apply all migrations: admin, auth, blog, contenttypes, sessions
Running migrations:
Applying contenttypes.0001_initial... OK
Applying auth.0001_initial... OK
Applying admin.0001_initial... OK
Applying admin.0002_logentry_remove_auto_add... OK
Applying contenttypes.0002_remove_content_type_name... OK
Applying auth.0002_alter_permission_name_max_length... OK
Applying auth.0003_alter_user_email_max_length... OK
Applying auth.0004_alter_user_username_opts... OK
Applying auth.0005_alter_user_last_login_null... OK
Applying auth.0006_require_contenttypes_0002... OK
Applying auth.0007_alter_validators_add_error_messages... OK
Applying auth.0008_alter_user_username_max_length... OK
Applying blog.0001_initial... OK
Applying sessions.0001_initial... OK
创建用户:
设置admin密码:
D:Djangomysite>manage.py createsuperuser
Username (leave blank to use 'tlcb'): admin
Email address: admin@163.com
Password:
Password (again):
The password is too similar to the email address.
This password is too short. It must contain at least 8 characters.
This password is too common.
Password:
Password (again):
This password is too short. It must contain at least 8 characters.
Password:
Password (again):
Superuser created successfully.
11.8 Django 管理应用:
11.8.1 设置admin
尽管Djamgo自带这个admin应用,但依然需要在配置文件中明确启用这个应用。就如同之前启动blog应用一样
node2:/django/mysite/blog#cat admin.py
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from __future__ import unicode_literals
from django.contrib import admin
# Register your models here.
# admin.py
from django.contrib import admin
from blog import models
admin.site.register(models.BlogPost)
Select blog post to change
Add blog post
Action:
0 of 3 selected
Blog post
BlogPost object
BlogPost object
BlogPost object
情况变的更糟糕了,现在所有的博文都使用了“BlogPost object”标签。
Select blog post to change
Add blog post
Action:
0 of 4 selected
Title
Timestamp
rrrrr Sept. 15, 2017, 9:40 a.m.
5353 Sept. 15, 2017, 9:36 a.m.
aaaaaaaaaaa Sept. 15, 2017, 9:35 a.m.
工作登记 Sept. 15, 2017, 9:30 a.m.
4 blog posts
11.9 创建博客的用户界面: