• geojson 标准格式学习


    最近做的项目需要详细了解geojson,因此查了一些资料,现在整理一份标准格式的记录,要理解本文需要首先了解json的基本知识,这里不过多展开,可以去参考w3school上的教程,简言之,json是通过键值对表示数据对象的一种格式,可以很好地表达数据,其全称为JavaScript Object Notation(JavaScript Object Notation),正如这个名称,JavaScript和json联系紧密,但是json可以应用的范围很广,不止于前端,它比XML数据更轻量、更容易解析(某种角度上说xml可以更自由地封装更多的数据)。很多编程语言都有对应的json解析库,例如Python的json库,C#的Newtonsoft.Json,Java的org.json。geojson是用json的语法表达和存储地理数据,可以说是json的子集。

    例如下面就是一个点数据:

    {
      "type": "FeatureCollection",
      "features": [
            {"type":"Feature",
            "properties":{},
            "geometry":{
                "type":"Point",
                "coordinates":[105.380859375,31.57853542647338]
                }
            }
        ]
    }
    

    pic_3fdc3cbe.png

    例子图片

    (注:以下geojson的效果截图都来自geojson.io在线生成)

    geojson将所有的地理要素分为Point、MultiPoint、LineString、MultiLineString、Polygon、MultiPolygon、GeometryCollection。首先是将这些要素封装到单个的geometry里,然后作为一个个的Feature(也就是要素);要素放到一个要素集合里,从树状结构来理解FeatureCollection就是根节点,表示为:

    {
      "type": "FeatureCollection",
      "features": []
    }
    

    所有地理要素放在features的列表里。

    点要素Point

    点要素是最简单的,类型type对应Point,然后坐标是一个1维的数组,里面有两个元素(如果是立体的坐标就是三维x,y,z),分别为经度和纬度。properties里面可以封装各种属性,例如名称、标识颜色等等。

    {"type":"Feature",
        "properties":{},
        "geometry":{
            "type":"Point",
            "coordinates":[105.380859375,31.57853542647338]
            }
        }
    

    多点要素MultiPoint

    {"type":"Feature",
        "properties":{},
        "geometry":{
            "type":"MultiPoint",
            "coordinates":[[105.380859375,31.57853542647338],
                    [105.580859375,31.52853542647338]
                ]
            }
            }
    

    其核心坐标:

    105.380859375,31.57853542647338
    105.580859375,31.52853542647338
    

    线要素LineString

    线要素就是指线段,记录的是线的端点坐标,可视化时会按照记录顺序联结。对于曲线(如贝塞尔曲线)目前还没有很好的表达,但是在地理数据中,曲线一般会用LineString去拟合,现实地理世界中也没有标准的曲线地理要素。

    线要素的坐标coordinates里的二维数组和多点要素基本一样,区别就在type上了。

    {"type":"Feature",
        "properties":{},
        "geometry":{
            "type":"LineString",
            "coordinates":[[105.6005859375,30.65681556429287],
            [107.95166015624999,31.98944183792288],
            [109.3798828125,30.031055426540206],
            [107.7978515625,29.935895213372444]]
            }
        }
    

    对应的Kml表达:

    <Placemark>
        <ExtendedData></ExtendedData>
        <LineString>
            <coordinates>108.65753173828125,34.1873818599505 108.72413635253905,34.25154099726973 108.77151489257812,34.16977214177208 108.88481140136719,34.229970811273084
            </coordinates>
        </LineString>
    </Placemark>
    

    MultiLineString

    也是一个三维数组(和多边形一样);

    {"type":"Feature",
        "properties":{},
        "geometry":{
            "type":"MultiLineString",
            "coordinates":
            [
                [
                    [105.6005859375,30.65681556429287],
                    [107.95166015624999,31.98944183792288],
                    [109.3798828125,30.031055426540206],
                    [107.7978515625,29.935895213372444]
                ],
                [
                    [109.3798828125,30.031055426540206],
                    [107.1978515625,31.235895213372444]
                ]
            ]
                    }
        }
    

    多边形Polygon

    注:单个多边形是一个3维数组,可以包含多个二维数组,这种情况和MultiPolygon效果很像。

    {"type":"Feature",
        "properties":{},
        "geometry":{
            "type":"Polygon",
            "coordinates":[
                            [
                              [106.10595703125,33.33970700424026],
                              [106.32568359375,32.41706632846282],
                              [108.03955078125,32.2313896627376],
                              [108.25927734375,33.15594830078649],
                              [106.10595703125,33.33970700424026]
                            ]
                          ]
            }
        }
    

    多多边形MultiPolygon

    type 1 两个不会相交的多边形

    {
      "type": "Feature",
      "properties": {},
      "geometry": {
      "type": "MultiPolygon",
      "coordinates":
        [ 
            [
                [
                    [109.2041015625,30.088107753367257],
                    [115.02685546875,30.088107753367257],
                    [115.02685546875,32.7872745269555],
                    [109.2041015625,32.7872745269555],
                    [109.2041015625,30.088107753367257]
              
              
                ]
            ],
            [
                [
                    [112.9833984375,26.82407078047018],
                    [116.69677734375,26.82407078047018],
                    [116.69677734375,29.036960648558267],
                    [112.9833984375,29.036960648558267],
                    [112.9833984375,26.82407078047018]
                ]
            ]
        ]
                 }
    }
    

    pic_d2599f00.png

    两个不相交的多边形

    type 2 两个镶套的多边形

    小的在前面,范围大的在后面,用上4个中括号,但效果不是有洞的

    {
          "type": "Feature",
          "properties": {},
          "geometry": {
            "type": "MultiPolygon",
            "coordinates":
            [ 
                [
                    [
                        [101.6455078125,27.68352808378776],
                        [114.78515624999999,27.68352808378776],
                        [114.78515624999999,35.209721645221386],
                        [101.6455078125,35.209721645221386],
                        [101.6455078125,27.68352808378776]
                    ]   
                ],
                [
                    [
                        [104.2822265625,30.107117887092357],
                        [108.896484375,30.107117887092357],
                        [108.896484375,33.76088200086917],
                        [104.2822265625,33.76088200086917],
                        [104.2822265625,30.107117887092357]
                    ]
                ]
            ]
          }
        }
    

    pic_99d72ce1.png

    两个镶套的多边形

    type 3 有孔洞的多边形

    {
          "type": "Feature",
          "properties": {},
          "geometry": {
            "type": "MultiPolygon",
            "coordinates":
        [ 
            [
                [
                    [101.6455078125,27.68352808378776],
                    [114.78515624999999,27.68352808378776],
                    [114.78515624999999,35.209721645221386],
                    [101.6455078125,35.209721645221386],
                    [101.6455078125,27.68352808378776]
                    
              
                ],
                [
                    [104.2822265625,30.107117887092357],
                    [108.896484375,30.107117887092357],
                    [108.896484375,33.76088200086917],
                    [104.2822265625,33.76088200086917],
                    [104.2822265625,30.107117887092357]
                
                ]
            ]
        ]
                    }
    }
    

    pic_e3d8ecc7.png

    有孔洞的多边形

    可以仔细去品味type2和type3的区别。它们对应的kml表达区别是比较大的。

    GeometryCollection

    GeometryCollection是多种基本地理要素的集合,就是里面可以包含点、线、面要素。

    {
        "type": "GeometryCollection",
        "geometries": [
            {
             "type": "Point",
              "coordinates": [108.62, 31.02819]
             }, {
             "type": "LineString",
              "coordinates": [[108.896484375,30.1071178870],
              [108.2184375,30.91717870],
              [109.5184375,31.2175780]]
             }]
    }
    

    GeometryCollection不需要放在FeatureCollection里:

    {
      "type": "FeatureCollection",
      "features": []
    }
    

    geojson里面还有其他标签表达其他的属性,如外包矩形等,其中特别重要的是坐标系统,一般里面的坐标默认为WGS84,当然也可以是其他坐标系统的坐标,但是要标识。这部分内容之后再补充了。

    更具体的内容可以参考rfc7946

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/hustshu/p/14768301.html
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