一 多表查询
例子：
新建表并插入数据
#建表
create table department(
id int,
name varchar(20)
);
create table employee(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male',
age int,
dep_id int
);
#插入数据
insert into department values
(200,'技术'),
(201,'人力资源'),
(202,'销售'),
(203,'运营');
insert into employee(name,sex,age,dep_id) values
('egon','male',18,200),
('alex','female',48,201),
('wupeiqi','male',38,201),
('yuanhao','female',28,202),
('liwenzhou','male',18,200),
('jingliyang','female',18,204)
;
View Code
1 交叉连接：不适用任何匹配条件。生成笛卡尔积
select * from employee,department;
2 内连接：只连接匹配的行 inner join
#找两张表共有的部分，相当于利用条件从笛卡尔积结果中筛选出了正确的结果
#department没有204这个部门，因而employee表中关于204这条员工信息没有匹配出来
mysql> select * from employee inner join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;
+----+-----------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
| id | name | sex | age | dep_id | id | name |
+----+-----------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
| 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 |
| 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 |
| 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 202 | 销售 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 |
+----+-----------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
5 rows in set (0.27 sec)
3 外链接之左连接：优先显示左表全部记录 left join
mysql> select * from employee left join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
| id | name | sex | age | dep_id | id | name |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
| 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 |
| 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 |
| 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 202 | 销售 |
| 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 | NULL | NULL |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4 外链接之右连接：优先显示右表全部记录
#以右表为准，即找出所有部门信息，包括没有员工的部门
#本质就是：在内连接的基础上增加右边有左边没有的结果
mysql> select * from employee right join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;
+------+-----------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
| id | name | sex | age | dep_id | id | name |
+------+-----------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
| 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 |
| 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 |
| 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 202 | 销售 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 |
| NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 203 | 运营 |
+------+-----------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
5 全外连接：显示左右两个表全部记录
mysql> select * from employee left join department on employee.dep_id = department.id
-> union
-> select * from employee right join department on employee.dep_id = department.id
-> ;
+------+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
| id | name | sex | age | dep_id | id | name |
+------+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
| 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 |
| 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 |
| 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 202 | 销售 |
| 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 | NULL | NULL |
| NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 203 | 运营 |
+------+------------+------
全外连接：在内连接的基础上增加左边有右边没有的和右边有左边没有的结果
#注意：mysql不支持全外连接 full JOIN
#强调：mysql可以使用此种方式间接实现全外连接
二 符合条件连接查询
#示例1：以内连接的方式查询employee和department表，并且employee表中的age字段值必须大于25,即找出年龄大于25岁的员工以及员工所在的部门
select employee.name,department.name from employee inner join department
on employee.dep_id = department.id
where age > 25;
#示例2：以内连接的方式查询employee和department表，并且以age字段的升序方式显示
select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,department.name from employee,department
where employee.dep_id = department.id
and age > 25
order by age asc;
三 子查询
#1：子查询是将一个查询语句嵌套在另一个查询语句中。
#2：内层查询语句的查询结果，可以为外层查询语句提供查询条件。
#3：子查询中可以包含：IN、NOT IN、ANY、ALL、EXISTS 和 NOT EXISTS等关键字
#4：还可以包含比较运算符：= 、 !=、> 、<等
1 带IN关键字的子查询
说明：括号里面的语句是查出来大于25岁的部门id
mysql> select id,name from department where id in (select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having avg(age) > 25);
+------+--------------+
| id | name |
+------+--------------+
| 201 | 人力资源 |
| 202 | 销售 |
+------+--------------+
2 rows in set (0.31 sec)
#查看技术部员工姓名
select name from employee
where dep_id in
(select id from department where name='技术');
#查看不足1人的部门名(子查询得到的是有人的部门id)
select name from department where id not in (select distinct dep_id from employee);
2 带比较运算符的子查询
#比较运算符：=、!=、>、>=、<、<=、<>
例子1 #查询大于所有人平均年龄的员工名与年龄
mysql> select name,age from employee where age > (select avg(age) from employee);
+---------+------+
| name | age |
+---------+------+
| alex | 48 |
| wupeiqi | 38 |
+---------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
例子2：#查询大于部门内平均年龄的员工名、年龄
mysql> select employee.name,employee.age from employee
-> inner join
-> (select dep_id,avg(age)as avg_age from employee group by dep_id) as dep
-> on employee.dep_id=dep.dep_id
-> where
-> employee.age>dep.avg_age;
+------+------+
| name | age |
+------+------+
| alex | 48 |
+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
查询最新入职的员工名字
mysql> select name,emp.hire_date,emp.post from emp inner join (select post,max(hire_date) as hire_date from emp group by post) as t2 on emp.post=t2.post where emp.hire_date=t2.hire_date;
+--------+------------+-----------------------------------------+
| name | hire_date | post |
+--------+------------+-----------------------------------------+
| egon | 2017-03-01 | 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 |
| alex | 2015-03-02 | teacher |
| 格格 | 2017-01-27 | sale |
| 张野 | 2016-03-11 | operation |
+--------+------------+-----------------------------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)