• Java数据结构和算法(四)--链表


      日常开发中,数组和集合使用的很多,而数组的无序插入和删除效率都是偏低的,这点在学习ArrayList源码的时候就知道了,因为需要把要

    插入索引后面的所以元素全部后移一位。

      而本文会详细讲解链表,可以解决数组的部分问题,相比数组的大小不可更改,链表更加灵活,在学习LinkedList源码对链表有了一个大致的

    了解。

    ArrayList和LinkedList源码请参考:

      Java集合(四)--基于JDK1.8的ArrayList源码解读

      Java集合(五)--LinkedList源码解读

      本文我们会学习:单链表、双端链表、有序链表、双向链表和有迭代器的链表,并且会讲解一下抽象数据类型(ADT)的思想,如何用 ADT 描述

    栈和队列,如何用链表代替数组来实现栈和队列。

    链节点:

      在链表中,每个元素都被包含在链节点Link中。一个链节点是某个类的对象,这个类可以叫做Link。每个Link对象都包含对下一个Link引用的

    字段(通常叫next)。但是链表本身有个字段指向对第一个Link的引用。

     

     代码示例:

    public class Link {
        private Object data;
        private Link next;
    }
    

    单链表:

      单链表的机构比较简单,每个Node包含data和next(指向下个Node),最后一个Node的next指向null

    图例:

    代码实现:

    public class SingleLinkList<E> {
        private int size;   //链表长度大小
        private Node head;  //头结点
    
        public SingleLinkList() {
            size = 0;
            head = null;
        }
    
        //添加元素到head
        public void addFirst(E data) {
            Node newNode = new Node(data);
            if (size == 0) {
                head = newNode;
            } else {
                newNode.next = head;
                head = newNode;
            }
            size++;
        }
    
        //删除头结点
        public E deleteFirst() {
            final E data = (E)head.data;
            head = head.next;
            size--;
            return data;
        }
    
        //查询某个元素是否存在
        public E find(E object) {
            Node current = head;
            int tempSize = size;
            while (tempSize > 0) {
                if (object == current.data) {
                    return (E)current.data;
                } else {
                    current = current.next;
                }
                tempSize--;
            }
            return null;
        }
    
        //删除链表中某个元素
        public boolean delete(E object) {
            if (null != object) {
                Node current = head;
                Node previous = head;
                while (!object.equals(current.data)) {
                    if (current.next == null) {
                        return false;
                    } else {
                        previous = current;
                        current = current.next;
                    }
                }
                if (current == head) {
                    head = current.next;
                } else {
                    previous.next = current.next;
                }
                size--;
            }
            return true;
    
        }
    
        //遍历打印链表
        public void displayList() {
            Node current = head;
            int tempSize = size;
            if (tempSize == 0) {
                System.out.print("[]");
            } else {
                System.out.print("[");
                while (current != null) {
                    if (current.next == null) {
                        System.out.print(current.data);;
                    } else {
                        System.out.print(current.data + "-->");;
                    }
                    current = current.next;
                }
                System.out.println("]");
            }
        }
    
        public boolean isEmpty() {
            return size == 0;
        }
    
        private static class Node<E>{
            E data;
            Node<E> next;
            Node(E data) {
                this.data = data;
            }
        }
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
    SingleLinkList<Integer> singleList = new SingleLinkList<Integer>();
    singleList.addFirst(22); //添加节点
    singleList.addFirst(44);
    singleList.addFirst(66);
    singleList.addFirst(88);
    singleList.displayList(); //打印链表结构
    singleList.delete(44);   //删除某个节点
    singleList.displayList();
    System.out.println(singleList.find(66)); //查询某个节点
    }
    打印结果:
    [88-->66-->44-->22]
    [88-->66-->22]
    66
    

    双端链表:

    双端链表和单向链表很相似,但是增加了一个新特性:就是对最后一个节点的引用,最后一个节点定义为tail

    PS:双端链表不是双向链表,只能单向遍历,只是可以在双端添加/删除数据

    图例:

    代码实现:

    public class DoubleLinkList<E> {
        private int size;   //链表长度大小
        private Node head;  //头结点
        private Node tail;  //尾结点
    
        public DoubleLinkList() {
            size = 0;
            head = null;
            tail = null;
        }
    
        //添加元素到head
        public void addFirst(E data) {
            Node newNode = new Node(data);
            if (size == 0) {
                head = newNode;
                tail = newNode;
            } else {
                newNode.next = head;
                head = newNode;
            }
            size++;
        }
    
        //添加元素到tail
        public void addLast(E data) {
            Node newNode = new Node(data);
            if (size == 0) {
                head = newNode;
                tail = newNode;
            } else {
                tail.next = newNode;
                tail = newNode;
            }
            size++;
        }
    
        //删除头结点
        public E deleteFirst() {
            if (isEmpty()) {
                return null;
            }
            final E data = (E)head.data;
            if (head.next == null) {
                tail = null;
            }
            head = head.next;
            size--;
            return data;
        }
    
        //删除尾结点
        public E deleteLast() {
            if (isEmpty()) {
                return null;
            }
            final E data = (E)tail.data;
            if (head.next == null) {
                head = null;
            }
            int tempSize = size;
            Node current = head;
            Node previous = head;
            while (tempSize > 0) {
                if (current.next == null) {
                    previous.next = null;
                    break;
                }
                previous = current;
                current = current.next;
                tempSize--;
            }
            tail = previous;
            size--;
            return data;
        }
    
        //查询某个元素是否存在
        public E find(E object) {
            Node current = head;
            int tempSize = size;
            while (tempSize > 0) {
                if (object == current.data) {
                    return (E)current.data;
                } else {
                    current = current.next;
                }
                tempSize--;
            }
            return null;
        }
    
        //删除链表中某个元素
        public boolean delete(E object) {
            if (null != object) {
                Node current = head;
                Node previous = head;
                while (!object.equals(current.data)) {
                    if (current.next == null) {
                        return false;
                    } else {
                        previous = current;
                        current = current.next;
                    }
                }
                if (current == head) {
                    head = current.next;
                }else {
                    previous.next = current.next;
                }
                size--;
            }
            return true;
    
        }
    
        //遍历打印链表
        public void displayList() {
            Node current = head;
            int tempSize = size;
            if (tempSize == 0) {
                System.out.print("[]");
            } else {
                System.out.print("[");
                while (current != null) {
                    if (current == tail) {
                        System.out.print(current.data);
                        break;
                    } else {
                        System.out.print(current.data + "-->");
                    }
                    current = current.next;
                }
                System.out.println("]");
            }
        }
    
        public boolean isEmpty() {
            return size == 0;
        }
    
        private static class Node<E>{
            E data;
            Node<E> next;
            Node(E data) {
                this.data = data;
            }
        }
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
    	DoubleLinkList<Integer> doubleLinkList = new DoubleLinkList<Integer>();
    	doubleLinkList.addFirst(22);   //添加节点
    	doubleLinkList.addFirst(44);
    	doubleLinkList.addLast(66);
    	doubleLinkList.addLast(88);
    	doubleLinkList.addFirst(101);
    	doubleLinkList.displayList();   //打印链表结构
    	doubleLinkList.delete(44); //删除某个节点
    	doubleLinkList.displayList();
    	doubleLinkList.deleteLast();    //删除尾节点
    	doubleLinkList.displayList();
    	doubleLinkList.deleteFirst();   //删除头结点
    	doubleLinkList.displayList();
    	System.out.println(doubleLinkList.find(66));   //查询某个节点
    }
    输出结果:
    [101-->44-->22-->66-->88]
    [101-->22-->66-->88]
    [101-->22-->66]
    [22-->66]
    66
    

    链表的效率:

      表头插入和删除的速度很快,时间复杂度O(1)

      平均下来,定点插入、删除、查询都需要搜索链表中一半的节点,需要O(N)次比较,相比而言,数组执行这些操作也需要O(N)次比较,但是

    链表不需要移动数据,只需要改变前后引用,而数组只能整体复制,效率会好很多

      链表的另一个优点体现在内存使用上,需要多少内存就使用多少内存,而数组一开始的内存空间都是确定的

    有序链表:

      对于某些应用来说,在链表中保持数据的有序很很有用的。有序链表中,数据都是按照关键值有序排列的。

      在大多数使用有序数组的场景也可以使用有序链表,在插入速度方面有很大优势

      有序链表和一般单向链表只是添加方法有区别,其余方法都是相同的

    代码示例:

    public class SortedLinkList {
        private int size;   //链表长度大小
        private Node head;  //头结点
    
        public SortedLinkList() {
            size = 0;
            head = null;
        }
    
        //添加元素
        public void add(int data) {
            Node newNode = new Node(data);
            Node previoue = null;
            Node current = head;
            while (current != null && data > current.data) {
                previoue = current;
                current = current.next;
            }
            if (previoue == null) {
                head = newNode;
                head.next = current;
            } else {
                previoue.next = newNode;
                newNode.next = current;
            }
            size++;
        }
    
        //删除头结点
        public int deleteFirst() {
            final int data = head.data;
            head = head.next;
            size--;
            return data;
        }
    
        //查询某个元素是否存在
        public int find(int object) {
            Node current = head;
            int tempSize = size;
            while (tempSize > 0) {
                if (object == current.data) {
                    return current.data;
                } else {
                    current = current.next;
                }
                tempSize--;
            }
            return -1;
        }
    
        //删除链表中某个元素
        public boolean delete(int object) {
            Node current = head;
            Node previous = head;
            while (object != current.data) {
                if (current.next == null) {
                    return false;
                } else {
                    previous = current;
                    current = current.next;
                }
            }
            if (current == head) {
                head = current.next;
            } else {
                previous.next = current.next;
            }
            size--;
            return true;
    
        }
    
        //遍历打印链表
        public void displayList() {
            Node current = head;
            int tempSize = size;
            if (tempSize == 0) {
                System.out.print("[]");
            } else {
                System.out.print("[");
                while (current != null) {
                    if (current.next == null) {
                        System.out.print(current.data);;
                    } else {
                        System.out.print(current.data + "-->");;
                    }
                    current = current.next;
                }
                System.out.println("]");
            }
        }
    
        public boolean isEmpty() {
            return size == 0;
        }
    
        private static class Node{
            int data;
            Node next;
            Node(int data) {
                this.data = data;
            }
        }
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
    	SortedLinkList sortedLinkList = new SortedLinkList();
    	sortedLinkList.add(5);   //添加节点
    	sortedLinkList.add(1);
    	sortedLinkList.add(8);
    	sortedLinkList.add(2);
    	sortedLinkList.add(101);
    	sortedLinkList.displayList();   //打印链表结构
    	sortedLinkList.delete(8); //删除某个节点
    	sortedLinkList.displayList();
    	sortedLinkList.deleteFirst();   //删除头结点
    	sortedLinkList.displayList();
    	System.out.println(sortedLinkList.find(101));   //查询某个节点
    }
    输出结果:
    [1-->2-->5-->8-->101]
    [1-->2-->5-->101]
    [2-->5-->101]
    101
    

    双向链表:

      双向链表就是为了解决单向链表只能单向遍历而效率慢的问题,因为只能current=current.next进行遍历,只能获得下一个节点,而不能

    获取上一个节点

    在学习LinkedList源码的时候,我们已经详细了解过双向链表了,Java集合(五)--LinkedList源码解读

    图例:

    代码示例:

    public class DoubleLinkedList<E> {
        private int size;   //链表长度大小
        private Node head;  //头结点
        private Node tail;  //尾结点
    
        public DoubleLinkedList() {
            size = 0;
            head = null;
            tail = null;
        }
    
        //添加元素到head
        public void addFirst(E data) {
            Node newNode = new Node(data);
            if (size == 0) {
                tail = newNode;
            } else {
                head.previous = newNode;
                newNode.next = head;
            }
            head = newNode;
            size++;
        }
    
        //添加元素到tail
        public void addLast(E data) {
            Node newNode = new Node(data);
            if (size == 0) {
                head = newNode;
            } else {
                tail.next = newNode;
                newNode.previous = tail;
            }
            tail = newNode;
            size++;
        }
    
        //删除头结点
        public E deleteFirst() {
            if (isEmpty()) {
                return null;
            }
            final E data = (E)head.data;
            if (head.next == null) {
                tail = null;
            }
            head = head.next;
            head.previous = null;
            size--;
            return data;
        }
    
        //删除尾结点
        public E deleteLast() {
            if (isEmpty()) {
                return null;
            }
            final E data = (E)tail.data;
            if (head.next == null) {
                head = null;
            }
            tail = tail.previous;
            tail.next = null;
            size--;
            return data;
        }
    
        //查询某个元素是否存在
        /*public E find(E object) {
            if (object == null) {
                for (Node<E> x = head; x != null; x = x.next) {
                    if (x.data == null) {
                        return x.data;
                    }
                }
            } else {
                for (Node<E> x = head; x != null; x = x.next) {
                    if (object.equals(x.data)) {
                        return x.data;
                    }
                }
            }
            return null;
        }*/
    
        //查询某个索引下标的数据
        public E find(int index) {
            return (E)node(index).data;
        }
    
        //删除链表中某个元素
        public boolean delete(E object) {
            if (object == null) {
                for (Node<E> x = head; x != null; x = x.next) {
                    if (x.data == null) {
                        unlink(x);
                        return true;
                    }
                }
            } else {
                for (Node<E> x = head; x != null; x = x.next) {
                    if (object.equals(x.data)) {
                        unlink(x);
                        return true;
                    }
                }
            }
            return false;
    
        }
    
        E unlink(Node<E> x) {
            final E element = x.data;
            final Node<E> next = x.next;
            final Node<E> prev = x.previous;
    
            if (prev == null) {
                head = next;
            } else {
                prev.next = next;
                x.previous = null;
            }
    
            if (next == null) {
                tail = prev;
            } else {
                next.previous = prev;
                x.next = null;
            }
    
            x.data = null;
            size--;
            return element;
        }
    
        Node node(int index) {
            if (index < (size >> 1)) {
                Node x = head;
                for (int i = 0; i < index; i++)
                    x = x.next;
                return x;
            } else {
                Node<E> x = tail;
                for (int i = size - 1; i > index; i--)
                    x = x.previous;
                return x;
            }
        }
    
        //遍历打印链表
        public void displayList() {
            Node current = head;
            int tempSize = size;
            if (tempSize == 0) {
                System.out.print("[]");
            } else {
                System.out.print("[");
                while (current != null) {
                    if (current == tail) {
                        System.out.print(current.data);
                        break;
                    } else {
                        System.out.print(current.data + "-->");
                    }
                    current = current.next;
                }
                System.out.println("]");
            }
        }
    
        public boolean isEmpty() {
            return size == 0;
        }
    
        private static class Node<E>{
            E data;
            Node<E> previous;
            Node<E> next;
            Node(E data) {
                this.data = data;
            }
        }
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
    	DoubleLinkedList<Integer> doubleLinkList = new DoubleLinkedList<Integer>();
    	doubleLinkList.addFirst(22);   //添加节点
    	doubleLinkList.addFirst(44);
    	doubleLinkList.addLast(66);
    	doubleLinkList.addLast(88);
    	doubleLinkList.addFirst(101);
    	doubleLinkList.displayList();   //打印链表结构
    	doubleLinkList.delete(44); //删除某个节点
    	doubleLinkList.displayList();
    	doubleLinkList.deleteLast();    //删除尾节点
    	doubleLinkList.displayList();
    	doubleLinkList.deleteFirst();   //删除头结点
    	doubleLinkList.displayList();
    	System.out.println(doubleLinkList.find(66));   //查询某个节点
    	System.out.println(doubleLinkList.find(33));   //查询某个节点
    }
    输出结果:
    [101-->44-->22-->66-->88]
    [101-->22-->66-->88]
    [101-->22-->66]
    [22-->66]
    66
    

    拓展1、用链表实现:

    public class MyStackByLinkedList<E> {
        private SingleLinkList linkList;
    
        public MyStackByLinkedList() {
            linkList = new SingleLinkList();
        }
    
        public void push(E e) {
            linkList.addFirst(e);
        }
    
        public E pop(){
            E e = (E)linkList.deleteFirst();
            return e;
        }
    
    }
    

    拓展2:用双端链表实现队列

    public class MyQueueByLinkedList<E> {
        private DoubleLinkedList linkedList;
    
        public MyQueueByLinkedList() {
            linkedList = new DoubleLinkedList();
        }
    
        public void add(E e) {
            linkedList.addFirst(e);
        }
    
        //移除数据
        public E remove(){
            return (E)linkedList.deleteFirst();
        }
    
    }
    

    内容参考:<Java数据结构和算法>

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/huigelaile/p/11078109.html
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