open的原型定义在bultin.py中，是一种内建函数，用于处理文件
open(file, mode='r', buffering=None, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None, closefd=True)
========= ===============================================================
Character Meaning
--------- ---------------------------------------------------------------
'r' open for reading (default)只读
'w' open for writing, truncating the file first 清空内容之后写内容，并将内容按行截断
'x' create a new file and open it for writing 如果文件存在就报错，不存在就创建并写内容
'a' open for writing, appending to the end of the file if it exists 追加写内容
'b' binary mode 以字节模式打开，eg mode = 'rb' 以字节打开读取；如果没有写b，则以字符模式读取
't' text mode (default) 文本模式打开（默认方式）
'+' open a disk file for updating (reading and writing) 为了更新文件，以读写方式打开硬盘文件
'U' universal newline mode (deprecated) 全局新行模式（即将弃用）
========= ===============================================================
def open(file, mode='r', buffering=None, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None, closefd=True): # known special case of open """ Open file and return a stream. Raise IOError upon failure. file is either a text or byte string giving the name (and the path if the file isn't in the current working directory) of the file to be opened or an integer file descriptor of the file to be wrapped. (If a file descriptor is given, it is closed when the returned I/O object is closed, unless closefd is set to False.) mode is an optional string that specifies the mode in which the file is opened. It defaults to 'r' which means open for reading in text mode. Other common values are 'w' for writing (truncating the file if it already exists), 'x' for creating and writing to a new file, and 'a' for appending (which on some Unix systems, means that all writes append to the end of the file regardless of the current seek position). In text mode, if encoding is not specified the encoding used is platform dependent: locale.getpreferredencoding(False) is called to get the current locale encoding. (For reading and writing raw bytes use binary mode and leave encoding unspecified.) The available modes are: ========= =============================================================== Character Meaning --------- --------------------------------------------------------------- 'r' open for reading (default) 'w' open for writing, truncating the file first 'x' create a new file and open it for writing 'a' open for writing, appending to the end of the file if it exists 'b' binary mode 't' text mode (default) '+' open a disk file for updating (reading and writing) 'U' universal newline mode (deprecated) ========= =============================================================== The default mode is 'rt' (open for reading text). For binary random access, the mode 'w+b' opens and truncates the file to 0 bytes, while 'r+b' opens the file without truncation. The 'x' mode implies 'w' and raises an `FileExistsError` if the file already exists. Python distinguishes between files opened in binary and text modes, even when the underlying operating system doesn't. Files opened in binary mode (appending 'b' to the mode argument) return contents as bytes objects without any decoding. In text mode (the default, or when 't' is appended to the mode argument), the contents of the file are returned as strings, the bytes having been first decoded using a platform-dependent encoding or using the specified encoding if given. 'U' mode is deprecated and will raise an exception in future versions of Python. It has no effect in Python 3. Use newline to control universal newlines mode. buffering is an optional integer used to set the buffering policy. Pass 0 to switch buffering off (only allowed in binary mode), 1 to select line buffering (only usable in text mode), and an integer > 1 to indicate the size of a fixed-size chunk buffer. When no buffering argument is given, the default buffering policy works as follows: * Binary files are buffered in fixed-size chunks; the size of the buffer is chosen using a heuristic trying to determine the underlying device's "block size" and falling back on `io.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE`. On many systems, the buffer will typically be 4096 or 8192 bytes long. * "Interactive" text files (files for which isatty() returns True) use line buffering. Other text files use the policy described above for binary files. encoding is the name of the encoding used to decode or encode the file. This should only be used in text mode. The default encoding is platform dependent, but any encoding supported by Python can be passed. See the codecs module for the list of supported encodings. errors is an optional string that specifies how encoding errors are to be handled---this argument should not be used in binary mode. Pass 'strict' to raise a ValueError exception if there is an encoding error (the default of None has the same effect), or pass 'ignore' to ignore errors. (Note that ignoring encoding errors can lead to data loss.) See the documentation for codecs.register or run 'help(codecs.Codec)' for a list of the permitted encoding error strings. newline controls how universal newlines works (it only applies to text mode). It can be None, '', ' ', ' ', and ' '. It works as follows: * On input, if newline is None, universal newlines mode is enabled. Lines in the input can end in ' ', ' ', or ' ', and these are translated into ' ' before being returned to the caller. If it is '', universal newline mode is enabled, but line endings are returned to the caller untranslated. If it has any of the other legal values, input lines are only terminated by the given string, and the line ending is returned to the caller untranslated. * On output, if newline is None, any ' ' characters written are translated to the system default line separator, os.linesep. If newline is '' or ' ', no translation takes place. If newline is any of the other legal values, any ' ' characters written are translated to the given string. If closefd is False, the underlying file descriptor will be kept open when the file is closed. This does not work when a file name is given and must be True in that case. A custom opener can be used by passing a callable as *opener*. The underlying file descriptor for the file object is then obtained by calling *opener* with (*file*, *flags*). *opener* must return an open file descriptor (passing os.open as *opener* results in functionality similar to passing None). open() returns a file object whose type depends on the mode, and through which the standard file operations such as reading and writing are performed. When open() is used to open a file in a text mode ('w', 'r', 'wt', 'rt', etc.), it returns a TextIOWrapper. When used to open a file in a binary mode, the returned class varies: in read binary mode, it returns a BufferedReader; in write binary and append binary modes, it returns a BufferedWriter, and in read/write mode, it returns a BufferedRandom. It is also possible to use a string or bytearray as a file for both reading and writing. For strings StringIO can be used like a file opened in a text mode, and for bytes a BytesIO can be used like a file opened in a binary mode. """ pass
在io.py中，可以看到对open函数的重构，源码中写的是io.py中的open函数是builtin.py中open函数的别名(alias)
def open(file, mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None, closefd=True, opener=None): """This is an alias for the builtin open() function. :type file: string :type mode: string :type buffering: numbers.Integral :type encoding: string | None :type errors: string | None :type newline: string | None :type closefd: bool :type opener: ((string, int) -> int) | None :rtype: io.FileIO[bytes] | io.TextIOWrapper[unicode] """ pass
接下来具体看io.py中的几个常用方法：
f.readline(self, limit=-1) 读一行，如果提供limit参数，则只能读一行中的一部分
f.readlines(self, hint=-1) 把文件每一行作为一个list的一个成员，并返回这个list。其实它的内部是通过循环调用readline()来实现的。如果提供hint参数，size是表示读取内容的总长，也就是说可能只读到文件的一部分。
def readline(self, limit=-1): """Read and return one line from the stream. :type limit: numbers.Integral :rtype: T """ pass def readlines(self, hint=-1): """Read and return a list of lines from the stream. :type hint: numbers.Integral :rtype: list[T] """ return []
f.write(self, b):
f.writelines(self, lines) 把seq的内容全部写到文件中(多行一次性写入)。忠实地写入，不会在每行后面加上任何东西。
Ref: http://www.cnblogs.com/rollenholt/archive/2012/04/23/2466179.html
未完待续
**************
1. 打开文件
f = open('db','r+',encoding = 'utf-8') #自动转换时用utf-8编码格式将字节转换成字符串
r+模式，可读可写，是最常用的模式
a+模式，可读可写，然而由于a是追加写，不管通过f.seek()将光标移到哪里，最终写的时候都会把光标移到文件末尾追加
w+模式，可读可写，然而在以w+模式打开文件的时候，就清空了原文件了，只是在清空之后是“可读可写”的
2. 操作文件
f.read(size) size为读取的长度，以byte为单位
f.tell() 获取当前光标的位置
f.seek() 移动光标到指定位置， eg. f.seek(f.tell()) 调整到当前光标所在的位置（字节）
f.write() 从当前光标位置开始向后覆盖
3. 关闭文件
f.close()
with open(file) as f: #结束时自动关闭文件
....