Mysql常用语句
第一招、mysql服务的启动和停止
net stop mysql
net start mysql
第二招、登陆mysql
语法如下: mysql -u用户名 -p用户密码
键入命令mysql -uroot -p, 回车后提示你输入密码,输入12345,然后回车即可进入到mysql中了,mysql的提示符是:
mysql>
注意,如果是连接到另外的机器上,则需要加入一个参数-h机器IP
第三招、增加新用户
格式:grant 权限 on 数据库.* to 用户名@登录主机 identified by "密码"
如,增加一个用户user1密码为password1,让其可以在本机上登录, 并对所有数据库有查询、插入、修改、删除的权限。首先用以root用户连入mysql,然后键入以下命令:
grant select,insert,update,delete on *.* to user1@localhost Identified by "password1";
如果希望该用户能够在任何机器上登陆mysql,则将localhost改为"%"。
如果你不想user1有密码,可以再打一个命令将密码去掉。
grant select,insert,update,delete on mydb.* to user1@localhost identified by "";
第四招: 操作数据库
登录到mysql中,然后在mysql的提示符下运行下列命令,每个命令以分号结束。
1、 显示数据库列表。
show databases;
缺省有两个数据库:mysql和test。 mysql库存放着mysql的系统和用户权限信息,我们改密码和新增用户,实际上就是对这个库进行操作。
2、 显示库中的数据表:
use 库名;
show tables;
3、 显示数据表的结构:
describe 表名; desc 表名;
4、 建库与删库:
create database 库名;
drop database 库名;
5、 建表与删表:
use 库名;
create table 表名(字段列表); 例如:CREATE TABLE user (name VARCHAR(20), sex CHAR(1));
drop table 表名;
6、 清空表中记录:
delete from 表名 where ... ; 没有where会删除所用的记录。
7、 显示表中的记录:
select * from 表名;
8、往表中加入记录
insert into user values ("hyq","M"); 此法必须列出所有字段的值。(按顺序)
insert into user (name, sex) values ("hyq","M");
9、更新表中数据
update user set sex="f" where name='hyq';
10、修改表名
ALTER TABLE 表名 RENAME [TO|AS] 新表名
ALTER TABLE user10 RENAME TO user11; 或
RENAME TABLE 表名 TO 新表名; 这里面的TO不可以省略
11、修改字段(字段就是列名)
修改字段类型
alter table 表名 modify column 字段 varchar(25);修改列的顺序:alter table test_db modify c2 varchar(255) after c1;
修改字段名
alter table 表名 change 字段名 新字段名 类型 ; //一定要带类型,因为原来字段的所有属性清空了。
alter table tablename change id id int auto_increment primary key;
增加字段
alter table 表名 add 字段名 类型;
删除字段
alter table 表名 drop 字段名;
删除主键
alter table 表名 drop primary key; //这是该字段没有设置auto_increment 的时候,可以用。
alter table 表名 modify id int, drop primary key; //当字段id设置了auto_increment 时,删除主键
第五招、导出和导入数据
1. 导出数据:
mysqldump --opt test > mysql.test
即将数据库test数据库导出到mysql.test文件,后者是一个文本文件
如:mysqldump -u root -p123456 --databases dbname > mysql.dbname
就是把数据库dbname导出到文件mysql.dbname中。
如:mysqldump -uroot -p123456 数据库名 表名 > test.sql (即文件名,路径是当前路径)
2. 导入数据:
mysqlimport -u root -p123456 < mysql.dbname。
不用解释了吧。
3. 将文本数据导入数据库:
文本数据的字段数据之间用tab键隔开。
use test;
load data local infile "文件名" into table 表名;
4.导入.sql文件命令(例如D:/mysql.sql)
mysql>use database;
mysql>source d:/mysql.sql;
5、退出MYSQL命令:quit / exit (回车)
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SQL语言的分类
SQL语言共分为四大类:数据查询语言DQL,数据操纵语言DML,数据定义语言DDL,数据控制语言DCL。
1. 数据查询语言DQL
数据查询语言DQL基本结构是由SELECT子句,FROM子句,WHERE
子句组成的查询块:
SELECT <字段名表>
FROM <表或视图名>
WHERE <查询条件>
2 .数据操纵语言DML
数据操纵语言DML主要有三种形式:
1) 插入:INSERT
2) 更新:UPDATE
3) 删除:DELETE
3. 数据定义语言DDL
数据定义语言DDL用来创建数据库中的各种对象-----表、视图、
索引、同义词、聚簇等如:
CREATE TABLE/VIEW/INDEX/SYN/CLUSTER
| | | | |
表 视图 索引 同义词 簇DDL操作是隐性提交的!不能rollback
4. 数据控制语言DCL
数据控制语言DCL用来授予或回收访问数据库的某种特权,并控制
数据库操纵事务发生的时间及效果,对数据库实行监视等。如:
1) GRANT:授权。
2) ROLLBACK [WORK] TO [SAVEPOINT]:回退到某一点。
回滚---ROLLBACK
回滚命令使数据库状态回到上次最后提交的状态。其格式为:
SQL>ROLLBACK;
3) COMMIT [WORK]:提交。
在数据库的插入、删除和修改操作时,只有当事务在提交到数据
库时才算完成。在事务提交前,只有操作数据库的这个人才能有权看
到所做的事情,别人只有在最后提交完成后才可以看到。
提交数据有三种类型:显式提交、隐式提交及自动提交。下面分
别说明这三种类型。
(1) 显式提交
用COMMIT命令直接完成的提交为显式提交。其格式为:
SQL>COMMIT;
(2) 隐式提交
用SQL命令间接完成的提交为隐式提交。这些命令是:
ALTER,AUDIT,COMMENT,CONNECT,CREATE,DISCONNECT,DROP,
EXIT,GRANT,NOAUDIT,QUIT,REVOKE,RENAME。
(3) 自动提交
若把AUTOCOMMIT设置为ON,则在插入、修改、删除语句执行后,
系统将自动进行提交,这就是自动提交。其格式为:
SQL>SET AUTOCOMMIT ON
还有事务控制语句TCL:
SAVEPOINT:保存点
ROLLBACK:回退到某点
COMMIT:提交事务
- DML 数据操作语言
对表记录的增删改
插入:INSERT INTO 表名(列1,列2,...) VALUES(值1,值2,...)
SELECT * FROM 表名;——显示
更新:UPDATE 表名 SET 列1=列值1,列2=列值2,WHERE 条件;
注意,不加where会修改列的所有值。
删除:DELETE FROM 表名 WHERE 条件
注意:不加where会删除表的所有记录。
另外,delete后,再添加,id会不连续。
还有一个删除表记录的是:TRUNCATE TABLE 表名; 是DDL的
- DCL数据控制语言
修改密码:
法1:mysqladmin -uroot -p旧密码 password 新密码
法2:update mysql.user set password=PASSWORD('新密码') where user='root';
若忘记了密码,则
关闭数据库
mysqld --skip-grant-tables
然后
mysql
进入修改密码
创建用户
CREATE USER 用户名 @'IP地址' IDENTIFIED BY '密码'
此用户只能在指定的ip上使用,所有的IP要使用%
用户授权
GRANT 权限1,权限2,... ON 数据库名.* TO 用户名 @IP地址
例如:grant select,update,insert on shop.* to ‘test1’ @‘196.168.1.106’
撤销权限
REVOKE 权限1,... ON 数据库名.* FROM 用户名 @ip地址
用户创建与授权一句:
grant 权限1,... on 数据库名.* to 用户名@ip地址 identified by 密码
flush privileges
显示权限
show grant for 'test'@'192.16.8.1.0';
删除用户
DROP USER 用户名@IP地址
- 数据定义语言DDL
create table ... 、alter table ...、drop table 表名; truncate table 表名;
# 主表 create table tb_teachers ( id int(10) primary key comment '教师编号', name varchar(20) not null comment '教师的名字' )comment='存教师信息的表'; insert into tb_teachers values(1001,'白岩松'); insert into tb_teachers values(1002,'杜甫'); # 从表 create table tb_students ( id int(10) primary key comment '学生编号', name varchar(20) not null comment '学生的名字', teacher_id int(10) comment 'FOREIGN KEY 老师的编号', #使用表约束语法建立外键约束,并指定约束名为 student_teacher_fk constraint student_teacher_fk foreign key(teacher_id) references tb_teachers(id) on delete cascade #也可以用 on delete set null )comment='存学生信息的表';
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事务:一个sql语句就是一个事务,事务可以保证一组sql语句要么都成功要么都失败。
1. 可以关闭 set autocommit=0关闭自动提交,最后插入或修改时 只有commit才会最终存入。
2. 语句格式如下
start transaction; # start transaction 表示开启一个事务,或者用 begin 或 begin work sql语句。。。 如果上面的sql语句没有问题 commit(提交)-》写入磁盘 如果有问题 rollback(回滚)-》不写入磁盘
原子性(Atomicity):一个事务中的所有语句,要么全做,要么全不做。
一致性(Consistency):让数据保持逻辑上的“合理性”,比如,一个商品出库时,既要仓库中的数目减1,又要让用户的商品数加1 。
隔离性(Isolation):如果多个事务同时并发执行,但每一个事务就像各自执行一样。
持久性(Durability):一个事务执行成功,则对数据来说应该是一个明确的硬盘数据更改,而不仅仅是内存中的变化。
总结是:事务“ACID”特性
触发器
1、创建触发器
create trigger 触发器名 after / before insert / update / delete on 表名 for each row
begin
sql语句
end;
2、查看触发器
show create trigger 触发器名
3、删除触发器
drop trigger 触发器名
查询sql语句的执行时间的方法:
show variables like '%profiling%'
set profiling = on
show profile for query 2
建议:在where后的条件加索引。速度快。
使用 like 模糊时,右模糊(若有索引会用索引)快,左模糊和全模糊(不会用索引)慢。例如:右模糊 like 'wang%' 左模糊 like '%wang' 全模糊 like '%wang%'
explain select * from user where pid = 123 or password = ‘555’ 查看具体语句的执行
- Mysql 三种连接
连接就是从两个表的笛卡尔积运算结果中选取某些行和列。换句话说,连接就是有条件的笛卡尔积。笛卡尔积关系运算:看这 www.cnblogs.com/htj10/p/10825360.html 的最后一项。
- INNER JOIN(内连接,或等值连接):获取两个表中字段匹配关系的记录。
- LEFT JOIN(左连接):获取左表所有记录,即使右表没有对应匹配的记录。
- RIGHT JOIN(右连接): 与 LEFT JOIN 相反,用于获取右表所有记录,即使左表没有对应匹配的记录。
栗子:表stu1,表stu2
mysql> select * from stu1; +----------+---------+------+------+ | id | name | sex | age | +----------+---------+------+------+ | 12720510 | ljq | M | 26 | | 12720511 | ljl | M | 25 | | 12720512 | yangKai | M | 26 | +----------+---------+------+------+ mysql> select * from stu2; +----------+-------------+-------+ | id | course | score | +----------+-------------+-------+ | 12720510 | Chemistry | 65 | | 12720512 | Mathematics | 75 | | 12720515 | C++ | 87 | +----------+-------------+-------+
select * from stu1,stu2; ---> 这就是笛卡尔积,like (a+b+c)*(d+e) = a*d + b*d + c*d + a*e + b*e + c*e
mysql> select * from stu1,stu2; +----------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+-------+ | id | name | sex | age | id | course | score | +----------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+-------+ | 12720510 | ljq | M | 26 | 12720510 | Chemistry | 65 | | 12720511 | ljl | M | 25 | 12720510 | Chemistry | 65 | | 12720512 | yangKai | M | 26 | 12720510 | Chemistry | 65 | | 12720510 | ljq | M | 26 | 12720512 | Mathematics | 75 | | 12720511 | ljl | M | 25 | 12720512 | Mathematics | 75 | | 12720512 | yangKai | M | 26 | 12720512 | Mathematics | 75 | | 12720510 | ljq | M | 26 | 12720515 | C++ | 87 | | 12720511 | ljl | M | 25 | 12720515 | C++ | 87 | | 12720512 | yangKai | M | 26 | 12720515 | C++ | 87 | +----------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+-------+
加上where条件后,select * from stu1,stu2 where stu1.id = stu2.id;
mysql> select * from stu1,stu2 where stu1.id = stu2.id; +----------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+-------+ | id | name | sex | age | id | course | score | +----------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+-------+ | 12720510 | ljq | M | 26 | 12720510 | Chemistry | 65 | | 12720512 | yangKai | M | 26 | 12720512 | Mathematics | 75 | +----------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+-------+
select stu1.id, name, course, score from stu1.id = stu2.id; 选择部分列(相同列名的要加表名限制,像stu1.id)
mysql> select stu1.id, name, course, score from stu1,stu2 where stu1.id = stu2.id; +----------+---------+-------------+-------+ | id | name | course | score | +----------+---------+-------------+-------+ | 12720510 | ljq | Chemistry | 65 | | 12720512 | yangKai | Mathematics | 75 | +----------+---------+-------------+-------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- inner join
select * from stu1 inner join stu2;(可省略inner) 与 select * from stu1,stu2; 一样,都是笛卡尔积。
mysql> select * from stu1 inner join stu2; +----------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+-------+ | id | name | sex | age | id | course | score | +----------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+-------+ | 12720510 | ljq | M | 26 | 12720510 | Chemistry | 65 | | 12720511 | ljl | M | 25 | 12720510 | Chemistry | 65 | | 12720512 | yangKai | M | 26 | 12720510 | Chemistry | 65 | | 12720510 | ljq | M | 26 | 12720512 | Mathematics | 75 | | 12720511 | ljl | M | 25 | 12720512 | Mathematics | 75 | | 12720512 | yangKai | M | 26 | 12720512 | Mathematics | 75 | | 12720510 | ljq | M | 26 | 12720515 | C++ | 87 | | 12720511 | ljl | M | 25 | 12720515 | C++ | 87 | | 12720512 | yangKai | M | 26 | 12720515 | C++ | 87 | +----------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+-------+ 9 rows in set (0.00 sec)
用 on 加条件,用 where 加条件。注:where后面增加的条件是对临时表生成后,进行过滤的。而on条件是在生成临时表时使用的条件。
mysql> select stu1.id, name, course, score, age from stu1 inner join stu2 on stu1.id = stu2.id; +----------+---------+-------------+-------+------+ | id | name | course | score | age | +----------+---------+-------------+-------+------+ | 12720510 | ljq | Chemistry | 65 | 26 | | 12720512 | yangKai | Mathematics | 75 | 26 | +----------+---------+-------------+-------+------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select stu1.id, name, course, score, age from stu1 inner join stu2 where stu1.id = stu2.id; +----------+---------+-------------+-------+------+ | id | name | course | score | age | +----------+---------+-------------+-------+------+ | 12720510 | ljq | Chemistry | 65 | 26 | | 12720512 | yangKai | Mathematics | 75 | 26 | +----------+---------+-------------+-------+------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- left join
注意:left / right join 后不能不加on条件。可以这么写 select * from stu1 left join stu2 on 1=1;这样也是笛卡尔积。
mysql> select * from stu1 left join stu2; ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near '' at line 1
mysql> select * from stu1 left join stu2 on stu1.id = stu2.id; +----------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+-------+ | id | name | sex | age | id | course | score | +----------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+-------+ | 12720510 | ljq | M | 26 | 12720510 | Chemistry | 65 | | 12720512 | yangKai | M | 26 | 12720512 | Mathematics | 75 | | 12720511 | ljl | M | 25 | NULL | NULL | NULL | +----------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
where 是在表连接之后在进行过滤的。on 是表连接时的条件。
mysql> select stu1.id, name, course, score from stu1 left join stu2 on stu1.id = stu2.id; +----------+---------+-------------+-------+ | id | name | course | score | +----------+---------+-------------+-------+ | 12720510 | ljq | Chemistry | 65 | | 12720512 | yangKai | Mathematics | 75 | | 12720511 | ljl | NULL | NULL | +----------+---------+-------------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select stu1.id, name, course, score from stu1 left join stu2 on stu1.id = stu2.id and stu1.id=12720512; +----------+---------+-------------+-------+ | id | name | course | score | +----------+---------+-------------+-------+ | 12720512 | yangKai | Mathematics | 75 | | 12720510 | ljq | NULL | NULL | | 12720511 | ljl | NULL | NULL | +----------+---------+-------------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select stu1.id, name, course, score from stu1 left join stu2 on stu1.id = stu2.id where stu1.id=12720512; +----------+---------+-------------+-------+ | id | name | course | score | +----------+---------+-------------+-------+ | 12720512 | yangKai | Mathematics | 75 | +----------+---------+-------------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select stu1.id, name, course, score from stu1 left join stu2 on stu1.id = stu2.id and stu2.id=12720512; +----------+---------+-------------+-------+ | id | name | course | score | +----------+---------+-------------+-------+ | 12720510 | ljq | NULL | NULL | | 12720511 | ljl | NULL | NULL | | 12720512 | yangKai | Mathematics | 75 | +----------+---------+-------------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select stu1.id, name, course, score from stu1 left join stu2 on stu1.id = stu2.id where stu2.id=12720512; +----------+---------+-------------+-------+ | id | name | course | score | +----------+---------+-------------+-------+ | 12720512 | yangKai | Mathematics | 75 | +----------+---------+-------------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
- right join
mysql> select * from stu1 right join stu2 on stu1.id = stu2.id; +----------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+-------+ | id | name | sex | age | id | course | score | +----------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+-------+ | 12720510 | ljq | M | 26 | 12720510 | Chemistry | 65 | | 12720512 | yangKai | M | 26 | 12720512 | Mathematics | 75 | | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 12720515 | C++ | 87 | +----------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select stu1.id, name, course, score from stu1 right join stu2 on stu1.id = stu2.id; +----------+---------+-------------+-------+ | id | name | course | score | +----------+---------+-------------+-------+ | 12720510 | ljq | Chemistry | 65 | | 12720512 | yangKai | Mathematics | 75 | | NULL | NULL | C++ | 87 | +----------+---------+-------------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select stu1.id, name, course, score from stu1 right join stu2 on stu1.id = stu2.id and stu1.id = 12720512; +----------+---------+-------------+-------+ | id | name | course | score | +----------+---------+-------------+-------+ | NULL | NULL | Chemistry | 65 | | 12720512 | yangKai | Mathematics | 75 | | NULL | NULL | C++ | 87 | +----------+---------+-------------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select stu1.id, name, course, score from stu1 right join stu2 on stu1.id = stu2.id where stu1.id = 12720512; +----------+---------+-------------+-------+ | id | name | course | score | +----------+---------+-------------+-------+ | 12720512 | yangKai | Mathematics | 75 | +----------+---------+-------------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select stu1.id, name, course, score from stu1 right join stu2 on stu1.id = stu2.id and stu2.id = 12720512; +----------+---------+-------------+-------+ | id | name | course | score | +----------+---------+-------------+-------+ | 12720512 | yangKai | Mathematics | 75 | | NULL | NULL | Chemistry | 65 | | NULL | NULL | C++ | 87 | +----------+---------+-------------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select stu1.id, name, course, score from stu1 right join stu2 on stu1.id = stu2.id where stu2.id = 12720512; +----------+---------+-------------+-------+ | id | name | course | score | +----------+---------+-------------+-------+ | 12720512 | yangKai | Mathematics | 75 | +----------+---------+-------------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
- group by
mysql> select * from stu2; +----------+-------------+-------+ | id | course | score | +----------+-------------+-------+ | 12720515 | C++ | 87 | | 12720510 | Chemistry | 65 | | 12720512 | Mathematics | 75 | | 12720510 | C++ | 89 | | 12720512 | Chemistry | 85 | +----------+-------------+-------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) //group by id 以id为分组的依据 //order by sum(score) asc; 以id为分组的分数之和排序(asc升序 desc降序,默认是升序) mysql> select id as xuehao, sum(score) as zongfen from stu2 group by id order by sum(score) asc; +----------+---------+ | xuehao | zongfen | +----------+---------+ | 12720515 | 87 | | 12720510 | 154 | | 12720512 | 160 | +----------+---------+ 3 rows in set (0.09 sec) mysql> select id as xuehao, avg(score) as average from stu2 group by id order by avg(score) desc; +----------+---------+ | xuehao | average | +----------+---------+ | 12720515 | 87.0000 | | 12720512 | 80.0000 | | 12720510 | 77.0000 | +----------+---------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select course as kemu, count(*) as renshu from stu2 group by course; +-------------+--------+ | kemu | renshu | +-------------+--------+ | C++ | 2 | | Chemistry | 2 | | Mathematics | 1 | +-------------+--------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
标准偏差:
1. 总体标准偏差 $$ sigma = sqrt{frac{1}{N}sum_{i=1}^{N}(x_i-overline{x})^2} $$
2. 样本标准偏差 $$ sigma = sqrt{frac{1}{N-1}sum_{i=1}^{N}(x_i-overline{x})^2} $$
mysql 求总体标准偏差:STD(expression) , STDDEV(expression), STDDEV_POP(expression),总体标准差的平方:VAR_POP(expression),VARIANCE(expression)
mysql 求样本标准偏差:STDDEV_SAMP(expression),样本标准差的平方:VAR_SAMP(expression)
STDDEV(expression)计算当前行关于组的标准偏离
STDDEV_POP(expression)该函数计算总体标准偏离,并返回总体变量的平方根,其返回值与 VAR_POP 函数的平方根相同
STDDEV_SAMP(expression)该函数计算累积样本标准偏离,并返回样本变量的平方根,其返回值与 VAR_SAMP 函数的平方根相同
mysql> select course as kemu, stddev(score) as STDEV, stddev_samp(score) as STDEVP from stu2 group by course; +-------------+-------+--------------------+ | kemu | STDEV | STDEVP | +-------------+-------+--------------------+ | C++ | 1 | 1.4142135623730951 | | Chemistry | 10 | 14.142135623730951 | | Mathematics | 0 | NULL | +-------------+-------+--------------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) //或者 mysql> select course as kemu, std(score) as STDEV, stddev_samp(score) as STDEVP from stu2 group by course; +-------------+-------+--------------------+ | kemu | STDEV | STDEVP | +-------------+-------+--------------------+ | C++ | 1 | 1.4142135623730951 | | Chemistry | 10 | 14.142135623730951 | | Mathematics | 0 | NULL | +-------------+-------+--------------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from stu2; +----------+-------------+-------+ | id | course | score | +----------+-------------+-------+ | 12720515 | C++ | 87 | | 12720510 | Chemistry | 65 | | 12720512 | Mathematics | 75 | | 12720510 | C++ | 89 | | 12720512 | Chemistry | 85 | +----------+-------------+-------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select course as kemu, max(score) as MAX, min(score) as MIN from stu2 group by course; +-------------+------+------+ | kemu | MAX | MIN | +-------------+------+------+ | C++ | 89 | 87 | | Chemistry | 85 | 65 | | Mathematics | 75 | 75 | +-------------+------+------+ 3 rows in set (0.04 sec)