接口测试——HttpClient工具的https请求、代理设置、请求头设置、获取状态码和响应头

https请求

https协议（Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol）：

安全超文本传输协议， HTTPS以保密为目标研发，简单讲HTTPS协议是由SSL+HTTP协议构建的可进行加密传输、身份认证的网络协议，其安全基础是SSL协议，因此加密的详细内容请看SSL。全称Hypertext Transfer Protocol overSecure Socket Layer。句法类同http:体系。用于安全的HTTP数据传输。 https:URL表明它使用了HTTP，但HTTPS存在不同于HTTP的默认端口及一个加密/身份验证层（在HTTP与TCP之间）。

HTTPS和HTTP的区别：

一、 https协议需要到ca申请证书，一般免费证书很少，需要交费。

二、 http是超文本传输协议，信息是明文传输， https 则是具有安全性的ssl加密传输协议。

三、 http和https使用的是完全不同的连接方式，用的端口也不一样，前者是80，后者是443。

四、 http的连接很简单，是无状态的； HTTPS协议是由SSL+HTTP协议构建的可进行加密传输、身份认证的网络协议，比http协议安全。

https访问博客园中的新闻页面，实现代码如下：

 1 package com.httpclient;
 2 
 3 import java.io.IOException;
 4 import java.security.KeyManagementException;
 5 import java.security.KeyStoreException;
 6 import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
 7 import java.security.cert.CertificateException;
 8 import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;
 9 
10 import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
11 
12 import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
13 import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;
14 import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;
15 import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
16 import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.SSLConnectionSocketFactory;
17 import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.SSLContextBuilder;
18 import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.TrustStrategy;
19 import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
20 import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
21 import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
22 
23 public class yihuqingjiu_https {
24 
25     public static CloseableHttpClient createSSLClientDefault(){
26         try {
27                 SSLContext sslContext = new SSLContextBuilder().loadTrustMaterial(null, new TrustStrategy(){
28                 //信任所有
29                 public boolean isTrusted(X509Certificate[] chain,String authType) throws CertificateException{
30                 return true;
31                 }
32             }).build();
33             SSLConnectionSocketFactory sslsf = new SSLConnectionSocketFactory(sslContext);
34             return HttpClients.custom().setSSLSocketFactory(sslsf).build();
35             } catch (KeyManagementException e) {
36                 e.printStackTrace();
37             } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
38                 e.printStackTrace();
39             } catch (KeyStoreException e) {
40                 e.printStackTrace();
41             } 
42             return HttpClients.createDefault();
43             }
44     
45     public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException {
46         CloseableHttpClient hp = createSSLClientDefault();
47         HttpGet hg = new HttpGet("https://news.cnblogs.com/");
48         CloseableHttpResponse response = hp.execute(hg);
49         HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
50         String content = EntityUtils.toString(entity,"utf-8");
51         System.out.println(content);
52         hp.close();
53 
54     }
55 
56 }

若不添加信任，createSSLClientDefault()方法，会访问失败

代理设置

代理，也称网络代理，是一种特殊的网络服务，允许一个网络终端（一般为客户端）通过这个服务与另一个网络终端（一般为服务器）进行非直接的连接。一些网关、路由器等网络设备具备网络代理功能。一般认为代理服务有利于保障网络终端的隐私或安全，防止攻击。在使用httpclient进行接口测试的时候，出现需要访问国外的接口请求地址、使用fiddler调试等时候需要先设置代理才能进行。

fiddler会自动给浏览器加上127.0.0.1：8888，但java代码中fiddler不会自动给加上。运行上述实例，但在fiddler中抓取不到，这就需要进行代理设置了。

代码实现如下：

 1 package com.httpclient;
 2 
 3 import java.io.IOException;
 4 
 5 import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
 6 import org.apache.http.HttpHost;
 7 import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;
 8 import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;
 9 import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;
10 import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
11 import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
12 import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
13 import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
14 
15 public class yihuqingjiu_Proxy {
16 
17     public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException {
18         //创建httpclient对象
19         CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();
20         //代理对象
21         HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http");
22         //配置对象
23         RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build();
24         //创建请求方法的实例， 并指定请求url
25         HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com");
26         //使用配置
27         httpget.setConfig(config);
28         CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget);
29         HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity();
30         String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8");
31         System.out.println(content);
32         httpClient.close();
33 
34     }
35 
36 }

请求头设置

有很多服务器，会辨别访问形式是否为浏览器，若不是浏览器，会拒绝访问，所以就需要设置请求头

当我们打开一个网页时，浏览器要向网站服务器发送一个HTTP请求头，然后网站服务器根据HTTP请求头的内容生成当次请求的内容发送给浏览器。HTTP请求头提供了关于请求，响应或者其他的发送实体的信息。 HTTP的头信息包括通用头、请求头、响应头和实体头四个部分。每个头域由一个域名，冒号（:）和域值三部分组成。

部分请求头属性介绍：

accept：浏览器通过这个头告诉服务器，它所支持的数据类型。如： text/html,image/jpeg

accept-Charset：浏览器通过这个头告诉服务器，它支持哪种字符集

accept-encoding：浏览器通过这个头告诉服务器，它支持哪种压缩格式

accept-language：浏览器通过这个头告诉服务器，它的语言环境

host：浏览器通过这个头告诉服务器，它想访问哪台主机

Connection：表示客户端与服务连接类型

User-Agent（用户代理），简称 UA，它是一个特殊字符串头，使得服务器能够识别客户端使用的操作系统及版本、 CPU 类型、浏览器及版本、浏览器渲染引擎、浏览器语言、浏览器插件等

首先看httpclient发送的请求和浏览器访问的不同之处

httpclient访问：

浏览器访问：

可以很清楚的看出，各自的请求头不同

设置请求头的方法有三种实现方法：

第一种实现代码如下

package com.httpclient;

import java.io.IOException;

import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
import org.apache.http.HttpHost;
import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;
import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;

public class yihuqingjiu_header {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException {
        //创建httpclient对象
        CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();
        //代理对象
        HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http");
        //配置对象
        RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build();
        //创建请求方法的实例， 并指定请求url
        HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com");
        //使用配置
        httpget.setConfig(config);
        //设置请求头
        httpget.setHeader("Accept", "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8");
        httpget.setHeader("Accept-Encoding", "gzip, deflate");
        httpget.setHeader("Accept-Language", "zh-CN,zh;q=0.8");
        httpget.setHeader("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/61.0.3163.91 Safari/537.36");
        CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget);
        HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity();
        String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8");
        System.out.println(content);
        httpClient.close();

    }

}

然后到fiddler中查看请求头信息，和浏览器访问一样了，如下图所示：

第二中实现方式，创建代理对象，代码如下：

 1 package com.httpclient;
 2 
 3 import java.io.IOException;
 4 
 5 import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
 6 import org.apache.http.HttpHost;
 7 import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;
 8 import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;
 9 import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;
10 import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
11 import org.apache.http.entity.mime.Header;
12 import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
13 import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
14 import org.apache.http.message.BasicHeader;
15 import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
16 
17 import com.google.common.net.HttpHeaders;
18 
19 public class yihuqingjiu_header1 {
20 
21     public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException {
22         //创建httpclient对象
23         CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();
24         //代理对象
25         HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http");
26         //配置对象
27         RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build();
28         //创建请求方法的实例， 并指定请求url
29         HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com");
30         //使用配置
31         httpget.setConfig(config);
32         //设置请求头,对象实现
33         BasicHeader a = new BasicHeader(HttpHeaders.ACCEPT, "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8");
34         httpget.setHeader(a);
35         CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget);
36         HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity();
37         String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8");
38         System.out.println(content);
39         httpClient.close();
40 
41     }
42 
43 }

第三种实现方式，数组实现，代码如下：

package com.httpclient;

import java.io.IOException;

import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
import org.apache.http.HttpHost;
import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;
import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
import org.apache.http.entity.mime.Header;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
import org.apache.http.message.BasicHeader;
import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;

import com.google.common.net.HttpHeaders;

public class yihuqingjiu_header2 {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException {
        //创建httpclient对象
        CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();
        //代理对象
        HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http");
        //配置对象
        RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build();
        //创建请求方法的实例， 并指定请求url
        HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com");
        //使用配置
        httpget.setConfig(config);
        //设置请求头，数组实现
        BasicHeader[] header = new BasicHeader[2];
        //写法1
        //BasicHeader a = new BasicHeader(HttpHeaders.ACCEPT, "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8");
        //header[0]=a;
        //写法2
        header[0] = new BasicHeader(HttpHeaders.ACCEPT, "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8");
        header[1] = new BasicHeader(HttpHeaders.ACCEPT_LANGUAGE, "zh-CN,zh;q=0.8");
        httpget.setHeaders(header);
        CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget);
        HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity();
        String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8");
        System.out.println(content);
        httpClient.close();

    }

}

获取状态码

可以获取Headers中的信息，也就是Headers中的第一行数据，获取状态码实现代码如下：

 1 package com.httpclient;
 2 
 3 import java.io.IOException;
 4 
 5 import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
 6 import org.apache.http.HttpHost;
 7 import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;
 8 import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;
 9 import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;
10 import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
11 import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
12 import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
13 import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
14 
15 public class yihuqingjiu_response1 {
16 
17     public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException {
18         //创建httpclient对象
19         CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();
20         //代理对象
21         HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http");
22         //配置对象
23         RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build();
24         //创建请求方法的实例， 并指定请求url
25         HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com");
26         //使用配置
27         httpget.setConfig(config);
28         CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget);
29         HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity();
30         String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8");
31         System.out.println(content);
32         System.out.println("------------------------------------");
33         //获取响应状态码
34         int code = response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode();
35         System.out.println("code:"+code);
36         String a = response.getStatusLine().toString();
37         System.out.println("a:"+a);    
38         httpClient.close();
39     }
40 
41 }

接收响应头

响应头也是Headers中的内容，如下图所示：

实现代码如下所示，里面包含多种实现方式，但输出的内容都差不多

 1 package com.httpclient;
 2 
 3 import java.io.IOException;
 4 
 5 import org.apache.http.Header;
 6 import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
 7 import org.apache.http.HttpHost;
 8 import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;
 9 import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;
10 import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;
11 import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
12 import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
13 import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
14 import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
15 
16 public class yihuqingjiu_response {
17 
18     public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException {
19         //创建httpclient对象
20         CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();
21         //代理对象
22         HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http");
23         //配置对象
24         RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build();
25         //创建请求方法的实例， 并指定请求url
26         HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com");
27         //使用配置
28         httpget.setConfig(config);
29         CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget);
30         HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity();
31         String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8");
32         System.out.println(content);
33         System.out.println("------------------------------------");
34         //接收响应头
35         //获取一个响应头，first和last两个方法指的是，当里面有两个一样的响应时，就去第一个或最后一个
36         String server = response.getFirstHeader("Server").toString();
37         System.out.println(server);
38         //获取所有响应头
39         Header[] header = response.getAllHeaders();
40         //遍历输出所有
41         for(Header as:header){
42             System.out.println(as.toString());
43         }
44         System.out.println("------------------------------------");
45         //输出name
46         for(Header name:header){
47             System.out.println(name.getName());
48         }
49         System.out.println("------------------------------------");
50         //输出value
51         for(Header value:header){
52             System.out.println(value.getValue());
53         }
54         //输出第一个
55         //System.out.println(header[0].toString());
56         //输出数组大小
57         Header[] ha = response.getHeaders("Server");
58         System.out.println(ha.length);
59         httpClient.close();
60 
61     }
62 
63 }

遍历输出所有响应头内容，如下所示：