来源:Linux社区 -- http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2011-10/44627p6.htm
作者 : qb_2008
linux的设备驱动模型,是建立在sysfs和kobject之上的,由总线、设备、驱动、类所组成的关系结构。从本节开始,我们将对linux这一设备驱动模型进行深入分析。
头文件是include/linux/device.h,实现在drivers/base目录中。本节要分析的,是其中的设备,主要在core.c中。
- struct device {
- struct device *parent;
- struct device_private *p;
- struct kobject kobj;
- const char *init_name; /* initial name of the device */
- struct device_type *type;
- struct semaphore sem; /* semaphore to synchronize calls to
- * its driver.
- */
- struct bus_type *bus; /* type of bus device is on */
- struct device_driver *driver; /* which driver has allocated this
- device */
- void *platform_data; /* Platform specific data, device
- core doesn't touch it */
- struct dev_pm_info power;
- #ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
- int numa_node; /* NUMA node this device is close to */
- #endif
- u64 *dma_mask; /* dma mask (if dma'able device) */
- u64 coherent_dma_mask;/* Like dma_mask, but for
- alloc_coherent mappings as
- not all hardware supports
- 64 bit addresses for consistent
- allocations such descriptors. */
- struct device_dma_parameters *dma_parms;
- struct list_head dma_pools; /* dma pools (if dma'ble) */
- struct dma_coherent_mem *dma_mem; /* internal for coherent mem
- override */
- /* arch specific additions */
- struct dev_archdata archdata;
- dev_t devt; /* dev_t, creates the sysfs "dev" */
- spinlock_t devres_lock;
- struct list_head devres_head;
- struct klist_node knode_class;
- struct class *class;
- const struct attribute_group **groups; /* optional groups */
- void (*release)(struct device *dev);
- };
先来分析下struct device的结构变量。首先是指向父节点的指针parent,kobj是内嵌在device中的kobject,用于把它联系到sysfs中。bus是对设备所在总线的指针,driver是对设备所用驱动的指针。还有DMA需要的数据,表示设备号的devt,表示设备资源的devres_head和保护��的devres_lock。指向类的指针class,knode_class是被连入class链表时所用的klist节点。group是设备的属性集合。release应该是设备释放时调用的函数。
- struct device_private {
- struct klist klist_children;
- struct klist_node knode_parent;
- struct klist_node knode_driver;
- struct klist_node knode_bus;
- void *driver_data;
- struct device *device;
- };
- #define to_device_private_parent(obj) \
- container_of(obj, struct device_private, knode_parent)
- #define to_device_private_driver(obj) \
- container_of(obj, struct device_private, knode_driver)
- #define to_device_private_bus(obj) \
- container_of(obj, struct device_private, knode_bus)
struct device中有一部分不愿意让外界看到,所以做出struct device_private结构,包括了设备驱动模型内部的链接。klist_children是子设备的链表,knode_parent是连入父设备的klist_children时所用的节点,knode_driver是连入驱动的设备链表所用的节点,knode_bus是连入总线的设备链表时所用的节点。driver_data用于在设备结构中存放相关的驱动信息,也许是驱动专门为设备建立的结构实例。device则是指向struct device_private所属的device。
下面还有一些宏,to_device_private_parent()是从父设备的klist_children上节点,获得相应的device_private。to_device_private_driver()是从驱动的设备链表上节点,获得对应的device_private。to_device_private_bus()是从总线的设备链表上节点,获得对应的device_private。
或许会奇怪,为什么knode_class没有被移入struct device_private,或许有外部模块需要用到它。
- /*
- * The type of device, "struct device" is embedded in. A class
- * or bus can contain devices of different types
- * like "partitions" and "disks", "mouse" and "event".
- * This identifies the device type and carries type-specific
- * information, equivalent to the kobj_type of a kobject.
- * If "name" is specified, the uevent will contain it in
- * the DEVTYPE variable.
- */
- struct device_type {
- const char *name;
- const struct attribute_group **groups;
- int (*uevent)(struct device *dev, struct kobj_uevent_env *env);
- char *(*devnode)(struct device *dev, mode_t *mode);
- void (*release)(struct device *dev);
- const struct dev_pm_ops *pm;
- };
device竟然有device_type,类似于与kobject相对的kobj_type,之后我们再看它怎么用。
- /* interface for exporting device attributes */
- struct device_attribute {
- struct attribute attr;
- ssize_t (*show)(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
- char *buf);
- ssize_t (*store)(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
- const char *buf, size_t count);
- };
- #define DEVICE_ATTR(_name, _mode, _show, _store) \
- struct device_attribute dev_attr_##_name = __ATTR(_name, _mode, _show, _store)
这个device_attribute显然就是device对struct attribute的封装,新加的show()、store()函数都是以与设备相关的结构调用的。
至于device中其它的archdata、dma、devres,都是作为设备特有的,我们现在主要关心设备驱动模型的建立,这些会尽量忽略。
下面就来看看device的实现,这主要在core.c中。
- int __init devices_init(void)
- {
- devices_kset = kset_create_and_add("devices", &device_uevent_ops, NULL);
- if (!devices_kset)
- return -ENOMEM;
- dev_kobj = kobject_create_and_add("dev", NULL);
- if (!dev_kobj)
- goto dev_kobj_err;
- sysfs_dev_block_kobj = kobject_create_and_add("block", dev_kobj);
- if (!sysfs_dev_block_kobj)
- goto block_kobj_err;
- sysfs_dev_char_kobj = kobject_create_and_add("char", dev_kobj);
- if (!sysfs_dev_char_kobj)
- goto char_kobj_err;
- return 0;
- char_kobj_err:
- kobject_put(sysfs_dev_block_kobj);
- block_kobj_err:
- kobject_put(dev_kobj);
- dev_kobj_err:
- kset_unregister(devices_kset);
- return -ENOMEM;
- }
这是在设备驱动模型初始化时调用的device部分初始的函数devices_init()。它干的事情我们都很熟悉,就是建立sysfs中的devices目录,和dev目录。还在dev目录下又建立了block和char两个子目录。因为dev目录只打算存放辅助的设备号,所以没必要使用kset。
- static ssize_t dev_attr_show(struct kobject *kobj, struct attribute *attr,
- char *buf)
- {
- struct device_attribute *dev_attr = to_dev_attr(attr);
- struct device *dev = to_dev(kobj);
- ssize_t ret = -EIO;
- if (dev_attr->show)
- ret = dev_attr->show(dev, dev_attr, buf);
- if (ret >= (ssize_t)PAGE_SIZE) {
- print_symbol("dev_attr_show: %s returned bad count\n",
- (unsigned long)dev_attr->show);
- }
- return ret;
- }
- static ssize_t dev_attr_store(struct kobject *kobj, struct attribute *attr,
- const char *buf, size_t count)
- {
- struct device_attribute *dev_attr = to_dev_attr(attr);
- struct device *dev = to_dev(kobj);
- ssize_t ret = -EIO;
- if (dev_attr->store)
- ret = dev_attr->store(dev, dev_attr, buf, count);
- return ret;
- }
- static struct sysfs_ops dev_sysfs_ops = {
- .show = dev_attr_show,
- .store = dev_attr_store,
- };
看到这里是不是很熟悉,dev_sysfs_ops就是device准备注册到sysfs中的操作函数。dev_attr_show()和dev_attr_store()都会再调用与属性相关的函数。
- static void device_release(struct kobject *kobj)
- {
- struct device *dev = to_dev(kobj);
- struct device_private *p = dev->p;
- if (dev->release)
- dev->release(dev);
- else if (dev->type && dev->type->release)
- dev->type->release(dev);
- else if (dev->class && dev->class->dev_release)
- dev->class->dev_release(dev);
- else
- WARN(1, KERN_ERR "Device '%s' does not have a release() "
- "function, it is broken and must be fixed.\n",
- dev_name(dev));
- kfree(p);
- }
- static struct kobj_type device_ktype = {
- .release = device_release,
- .sysfs_ops = &dev_sysfs_ops,
- };
使用的release函数是device_release。在释放device时,会依次调用device结构中定义的release函数,device_type中定义的release函数,device所属的class中所定义的release函数,最后会吧device_private结构释放掉。
- static int dev_uevent_filter(struct kset *kset, struct kobject *kobj)
- {
- struct kobj_type *ktype = get_ktype(kobj);
- if (ktype == &device_ktype) {
- struct device *dev = to_dev(kobj);
- if (dev->bus)
- return 1;
- if (dev->class)
- return 1;
- }
- return 0;
- }
- static const char *dev_uevent_name(struct kset *kset, struct kobject *kobj)
- {
- struct device *dev = to_dev(kobj);
- if (dev->bus)
- return dev->bus->name;
- if (dev->class)
- return dev->class->name;
- return NULL;
- }
- static int dev_uevent(struct kset *kset, struct kobject *kobj,
- struct kobj_uevent_env *env)
- {
- struct device *dev = to_dev(kobj);
- int retval = 0;
- /* add device node properties if present */
- if (MAJOR(dev->devt)) {
- const char *tmp;
- const char *name;
- mode_t mode = 0;
- add_uevent_var(env, "MAJOR=%u", MAJOR(dev->devt));
- add_uevent_var(env, "MINOR=%u", MINOR(dev->devt));
- name = device_get_devnode(dev, &mode, &tmp);
- if (name) {
- add_uevent_var(env, "DEVNAME=%s", name);
- kfree(tmp);
- if (mode)
- add_uevent_var(env, "DEVMODE=%#o", mode & 0777);
- }
- }
- if (dev->type && dev->type->name)
- add_uevent_var(env, "DEVTYPE=%s", dev->type->name);
- if (dev->driver)
- add_uevent_var(env, "DRIVER=%s", dev->driver->name);
- #ifdef CONFIG_SYSFS_DEPRECATED
- if (dev->class) {
- struct device *parent = dev->parent;
- /* find first bus device in parent chain */
- while (parent && !parent->bus)
- parent = parent->parent;
- if (parent && parent->bus) {
- const char *path;
- path = kobject_get_path(&parent->kobj, GFP_KERNEL);
- if (path) {
- add_uevent_var(env, "PHYSDEVPATH=%s", path);
- kfree(path);
- }
- add_uevent_var(env, "PHYSDEVBUS=%s", parent->bus->name);
- if (parent->driver)
- add_uevent_var(env, "PHYSDEVDRIVER=%s",
- parent->driver->name);
- }
- } else if (dev->bus) {
- add_uevent_var(env, "PHYSDEVBUS=%s", dev->bus->name);
- if (dev->driver)
- add_uevent_var(env, "PHYSDEVDRIVER=%s",
- dev->driver->name);
- }
- #endif
- /* have the bus specific function add its stuff */
- if (dev->bus && dev->bus->uevent) {
- retval = dev->bus->uevent(dev, env);
- if (retval)
- pr_debug("device: '%s': %s: bus uevent() returned %d\n",
- dev_name(dev), __func__, retval);
- }
- /* have the class specific function add its stuff */
- if (dev->class && dev->class->dev_uevent) {
- retval = dev->class->dev_uevent(dev, env);
- if (retval)
- pr_debug("device: '%s': %s: class uevent() "
- "returned %d\n", dev_name(dev),
- __func__, retval);
- }
- /* have the device type specific fuction add its stuff */
- if (dev->type && dev->type->uevent) {
- retval = dev->type->uevent(dev, env);
- if (retval)
- pr_debug("device: '%s': %s: dev_type uevent() "
- "returned %d\n", dev_name(dev),
- __func__, retval);
- }
- return retval;
- }
- static struct kset_uevent_ops device_uevent_ops = {
- .filter = dev_uevent_filter,
- .name = dev_uevent_name,
- .uevent = dev_uevent,
- };
前面在讲到kset时,我们并未关注其中的kset_event_ops结构变量。但这里device既然用到了,我们就对其中的三个函数做简单介绍。kset_uevent_ops中的函数是用于管理kset内部kobject的uevent操作。其中filter函数用于阻止一个kobject向用户空间发送uevent,返回值为0表示阻止。这里dev_uevent_filter()检查device所属的bus或者class是否存在,如果都不存在,也就没有发送uevent的必要了。name函数是用于覆盖kset发送给用户空间的名称。这里dev_uevent_name()选择使用bus或者class的名称。uevent()函数是在uevent将被发送到用户空间之前调用的,用于向uevent中增加新的环境变量。dev_uevent()的实现很热闹,向uevent中添加了各种环境变量。
- static ssize_t show_uevent(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
- char *buf)
- {
- struct kobject *top_kobj;
- struct kset *kset;
- struct kobj_uevent_env *env = NULL;
- int i;
- size_t count = 0;
- int retval;
- /* search the kset, the device belongs to */
- top_kobj = &dev->kobj;
- while (!top_kobj->kset && top_kobj->parent)
- top_kobj = top_kobj->parent;
- if (!top_kobj->kset)
- goto out;
- kset = top_kobj->kset;
- if (!kset->uevent_ops || !kset->uevent_ops->uevent)
- goto out;
- /* respect filter */
- if (kset->uevent_ops && kset->uevent_ops->filter)
- if (!kset->uevent_ops->filter(kset, &dev->kobj))
- goto out;
- env = kzalloc(sizeof(struct kobj_uevent_env), GFP_KERNEL);
- if (!env)
- return -ENOMEM;
- /* let the kset specific function add its keys */
- retval = kset->uevent_ops->uevent(kset, &dev->kobj, env);
- if (retval)
- goto out;
- /* copy keys to file */
- for (i = 0; i < env->envp_idx; i++)
- count += sprintf(&buf[count], "%s\n", env->envp[i]);
- out:
- kfree(env);
- return count;
- }
- static ssize_t store_uevent(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
- const char *buf, size_t count)
- {
- enum kobject_action action;
- if (kobject_action_type(buf, count, &action) == 0) {
- kobject_uevent(&dev->kobj, action);
- goto out;
- }
- dev_err(dev, "uevent: unsupported action-string; this will "
- "be ignored in a future kernel version\n");
- kobject_uevent(&dev->kobj, KOBJ_ADD);
- out:
- return count;
- }
- static struct device_attribute uevent_attr =
- __ATTR(uevent, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR, show_uevent, store_uevent);
device不仅在kset中添加了对uevent的管理,而且还把uevent信息做成设备的一个属性uevent。其中show_event()是显示uevent中环境变量的,store_uevent()是发送uevent的。
- static int device_add_attributes(struct device *dev,
- struct device_attribute *attrs)
- {
- int error = 0;
- int i;
- if (attrs) {
- for (i = 0; attr_name(attrs[i]); i++) {
- error = device_create_file(dev, &attrs[i]);
- if (error)
- break;
- }
- if (error)
- while (--i >= 0)
- device_remove_file(dev, &attrs[i]);
- }
- return error;
- }
- static void device_remove_attributes(struct device *dev,
- struct device_attribute *attrs)
- {
- int i;
- if (attrs)
- for (i = 0; attr_name(attrs[i]); i++)
- device_remove_file(dev, &attrs[i]);
- }
- static int device_add_groups(struct device *dev,
- const struct attribute_group **groups)
- {
- int error = 0;
- int i;
- if (groups) {
- for (i = 0; groups[i]; i++) {
- error = sysfs_create_group(&dev->kobj, groups[i]);
- if (error) {
- while (--i >= 0)
- sysfs_remove_group(&dev->kobj,
- groups[i]);
- break;
- }
- }
- }
- return error;
- }
- static void device_remove_groups(struct device *dev,
- const struct attribute_group **groups)
- {
- int i;
- if (groups)
- for (i = 0; groups[i]; i++)
- sysfs_remove_group(&dev->kobj, groups[i]);
- }
以上四个内部函数是用来向device中添加或删除属性与属性集合的。
device_add_attributes、device_remove_attributes、device_add_groups、device_remove_groups,都是直接通过sysfs提供的API实现。
- static int device_add_attrs(struct device *dev)
- {
- struct class *class = dev->class;
- struct device_type *type = dev->type;
- int error;
- if (class) {
- error = device_add_attributes(dev, class->dev_attrs);
- if (error)
- return error;
- }
- if (type) {
- error = device_add_groups(dev, type->groups);
- if (error)
- goto err_remove_class_attrs;
- }
- error = device_add_groups(dev, dev->groups);
- if (error)
- goto err_remove_type_groups;
- return 0;
- err_remove_type_groups:
- if (type)
- device_remove_groups(dev, type->groups);
- err_remove_class_attrs:
- if (class)
- device_remove_attributes(dev, class->dev_attrs);
- return error;
- }
- static void device_remove_attrs(struct device *dev)
- {
- struct class *class = dev->class;
- struct device_type *type = dev->type;
- device_remove_groups(dev, dev->groups);
- if (type)
- device_remove_groups(dev, type->groups);
- if (class)
- device_remove_attributes(dev, class->dev_attrs);
- }
device_add_attrs()实际负责device中的属性添加。也是几个部分的集合,包括class中的dev_attrs,device_type中的groups,还有device本身的groups。
device_remove_attrs()则负责对应的device属性删除工作。
- #define print_dev_t(buffer, dev) \
- sprintf((buffer), "%u:%u\n", MAJOR(dev), MINOR(dev))
- static ssize_t show_dev(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
- char *buf)
- {
- return print_dev_t(buf, dev->devt);
- }
- static struct device_attribute devt_attr =
- __ATTR(dev, S_IRUGO, show_dev, NULL);
这里又定义了一个名为dev的属性,就是显示设备的设备号。
- /**
- * device_create_file - create sysfs attribute file for device.
- * @dev: device.
- * @attr: device attribute descriptor.
- */
- int device_create_file(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr)
- {
- int error = 0;
- if (dev)
- error = sysfs_create_file(&dev->kobj, &attr->attr);
- return error;
- }
- /**
- * device_remove_file - remove sysfs attribute file.
- * @dev: device.
- * @attr: device attribute descriptor.
- */
- void device_remove_file(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr)
- {
- if (dev)
- sysfs_remove_file(&dev->kobj, &attr->attr);
- }
- /**
- * device_create_bin_file - create sysfs binary attribute file for device.
- * @dev: device.
- * @attr: device binary attribute descriptor.
- */
- int device_create_bin_file(struct device *dev, struct bin_attribute *attr)
- {
- int error = -EINVAL;
- if (dev)
- error = sysfs_create_bin_file(&dev->kobj, attr);
- return error;
- }
- /**
- * device_remove_bin_file - remove sysfs binary attribute file
- * @dev: device.
- * @attr: device binary attribute descriptor.
- */
- void device_remove_bin_file(struct device *dev, struct bin_attribute *attr)
- {
- if (dev)
- sysfs_remove_bin_file(&dev->kobj, attr);
- }
- int device_schedule_callback_owner(struct device *dev,
- void (*func)(struct device *), struct module *owner)
- {
- return sysfs_schedule_callback(&dev->kobj,
- (void (*)(void *)) func, dev, owner);
- }
这里的五个函数,也是对sysfs提供的API的简单封装。
device_create_file()和device_remove_file()提供直接的属性文件管理方法。
device_create_bin_file()和device_remove_bin_file()则是提供设备管理二进制文件的方法。
device_schedule_callback_owner()也是简单地将func加入工作队列。
- static void klist_children_get(struct klist_node *n)
- {
- struct device_private *p = to_device_private_parent(n);
- struct device *dev = p->device;
- get_device(dev);
- }
- static void klist_children_put(struct klist_node *n)
- {
- struct device_private *p = to_device_private_parent(n);
- struct device *dev = p->device;
- put_device(dev);
- }
如果之前认真看过klist的实现,应该知道,klist_children_get()和klist_children_put()就是在设备挂入和删除父设备的klist_children链表时调用的函数。在父设备klist_children链表上的指针,相当于对device的一个引用计数。
- struct device *get_device(struct device *dev)
- {
- return dev ? to_dev(kobject_get(&dev->kobj)) : NULL;
- }
- /**
- * put_device - decrement reference count.
- * @dev: device in question.
- */
- void put_device(struct device *dev)
- {
- /* might_sleep(); */
- if (dev)
- kobject_put(&dev->kobj);
- }
device中的引用计数,完全交给内嵌的kobject来做。如果引用计数降为零,自然是调用之前说到的包含甚广的device_release函数。
- void device_initialize(struct device *dev)
- {
- dev->kobj.kset = devices_kset;
- kobject_init(&dev->kobj, &device_ktype);
- INIT_LIST_HEAD(&dev->dma_pools);
- init_MUTEX(&dev->sem);
- spin_lock_init(&dev->devres_lock);
- INIT_LIST_HEAD(&dev->devres_head);
- device_init_wakeup(dev, 0);
- device_pm_init(dev);
- set_dev_node(dev, -1);
- }
device_initialize()就是device结构的初始化函数,它把device中能初始化的部分全初始化。它的界限在其中kobj的位置与device在设备驱动模型中的位置,这些必须由外部设置。可以看到,调用kobject_init()时,object的kobj_type选择了device_ktype,其中主要是sysops的两个函数,还有device_release函数。
- static struct kobject *virtual_device_parent(struct device *dev)
- {
- static struct kobject *virtual_dir = NULL;
- if (!virtual_dir)
- virtual_dir = kobject_create_and_add("virtual",
- &devices_kset->kobj);
- return virtual_dir;
- }
- static struct kobject *get_device_parent(struct device *dev,
- struct device *parent)
- {
- int retval;
- if (dev->class) {
- struct kobject *kobj = NULL;
- struct kobject *parent_kobj;
- struct kobject *k;
- /*
- * If we have no parent, we live in "virtual".
- * Class-devices with a non class-device as parent, live
- * in a "glue" directory to prevent namespace collisions.
- */
- if (parent == NULL)
- parent_kobj = virtual_device_parent(dev);
- else if (parent->class)
- return &parent->kobj;
- else
- parent_kobj = &parent->kobj;
- /* find our class-directory at the parent and reference it */
- spin_lock(&dev->class->p->class_dirs.list_lock);
- list_for_each_entry(k, &dev->class->p->class_dirs.list, entry)
- if (k->parent == parent_kobj) {
- kobj = kobject_get(k);
- break;
- }
- spin_unlock(&dev->class->p->class_dirs.list_lock);
- if (kobj)
- return kobj;
- /* or create a new class-directory at the parent device */
- k = kobject_create();
- if (!k)
- return NULL;
- k->kset = &dev->class->p->class_dirs;
- retval = kobject_add(k, parent_kobj, "%s", dev->class->name);
- if (retval < 0) {
- kobject_put(k);
- return NULL;
- }
- /* do not emit an uevent for this simple "glue" directory */
- return k;
- }
- if (parent)
- return &parent->kobj;
- return NULL;
- }
这里的get_device_parent()就是获取父节点的kobject,但也并非就如此简单。get_device_parent()的返回值直接决定了device将被挂在哪个目录下。到底该挂在哪,是由dev->class、dev->parent、dev->parent->class等因素综合决定的。我们看get_device_parent()中是如何判断的。如果dev->class为空,表示一切随父设备,有parent则返回parent->kobj,没有则返回NULL。如果有dev->class呢,情况就比较复杂了,也许device有着与parent不同的class,也许device还没有一个parent,等等。我们看具体的情况。如果parent不为空,而且存在parent->class,则还放在parent目录下。不然,要么parent不存在,要么parent没有class,很难直接将有class的device放在parent下面。目前的解决方法很简单,在parent与device之间,再加一层表示class的目录。如果parent都没有,那就把/sys/devices/virtual当做parent。class->p->class_dirs就是专门存放这种中间kobject的kset。思路理清后,再结合实际的sysfs,代码就很容易看懂了。
- static void cleanup_glue_dir(struct device *dev, struct kobject *glue_dir)
- {
- /* see if we live in a "glue" directory */
- if (!glue_dir || !dev->class ||
- glue_dir->kset != &dev->class->p->class_dirs)
- return;
- kobject_put(glue_dir);
- }
- static void cleanup_device_parent(struct device *dev)
- {
- cleanup_glue_dir(dev, dev->kobj.parent);
- }
cleanup_device_parent()是取消对parent引用时调用的函数,看起来只针对这种glue形式的目录起作用。
- static void setup_parent(struct device *dev, struct device *parent)
- {
- struct kobject *kobj;
- kobj = get_device_parent(dev, parent);
- if (kobj)
- dev->kobj.parent = kobj;
- }
setup_parent()就是调用get_device_parent()获得应该存放的父目录kobj,并把dev->kobj.parent设为它。
- static int device_add_class_symlinks(struct device *dev)
- {
- int error;
- if (!dev->class)
- return 0;
- error = sysfs_create_link(&dev->kobj,
- &dev->class->p->class_subsys.kobj,
- "subsystem");
- if (error)
- goto out;
- /* link in the class directory pointing to the device */
- error = sysfs_create_link(&dev->class->p->class_subsys.kobj,
- &dev->kobj, dev_name(dev));
- if (error)
- goto out_subsys;
- if (dev->parent && device_is_not_partition(dev)) {
- error = sysfs_create_link(&dev->kobj, &dev->parent->kobj,
- "device");
- if (error)
- goto out_busid;
- }
- return 0;
- out_busid:
- sysfs_remove_link(&dev->class->p->class_subsys.kobj, dev_name(dev));
- out_subsys:
- sysfs_remove_link(&dev->kobj, "subsystem");
- out:
- return error;
- }
device_add_class_symlinks()在device和class直接添加一些软链接。在device目录下创建指向class的subsystem文件,在class目录下创建指向device的同名文件。如果device有父设备,而且device不是块设备分区,则在device目录下建立一个指向父设备的device链接文件。这一点在usb设备和usb接口间很常见。
- static void device_remove_class_symlinks(struct device *dev)
- {
- if (!dev->class)
- return;
- #ifdef CONFIG_SYSFS_DEPRECATED
- if (dev->parent && device_is_not_partition(dev)) {
- char *class_name;
- class_name = make_class_name(dev->class->name, &dev->kobj);
- if (class_name) {
- sysfs_remove_link(&dev->parent->kobj, class_name);
- kfree(class_name);
- }
- sysfs_remove_link(&dev->kobj, "device");
- }
- if (dev->kobj.parent != &dev->class->p->class_subsys.kobj &&
- device_is_not_partition(dev))
- sysfs_remove_link(&dev->class->p->class_subsys.kobj,
- dev_name(dev));
- #else
- if (dev->parent && device_is_not_partition(dev))
- sysfs_remove_link(&dev->kobj, "device");
- sysfs_remove_link(&dev->class->p->class_subsys.kobj, dev_name(dev));
- #endif
- sysfs_remove_link(&dev->kobj, "subsystem");
- }
device_remove_class_symlinks()删除device和class之间的软链接。
- static inline const char *dev_name(const struct device *dev)
- {
- return kobject_name(&dev->kobj);
- }
- int dev_set_name(struct device *dev, const char *fmt, ...)
- {
- va_list vargs;
- int err;
- va_start(vargs, fmt);
- err = kobject_set_name_vargs(&dev->kobj, fmt, vargs);
- va_end(vargs);
- return err;
- }
dev_name()获得设备名称,dev_set_name()设置设备名称。但这里的dev_set_name()只能在设备未注册前使用。device的名称其实是完全靠dev->kobj管理的。
- static struct kobject *device_to_dev_kobj(struct device *dev)
- {
- struct kobject *kobj;
- if (dev->class)
- kobj = dev->class->dev_kobj;
- else
- kobj = sysfs_dev_char_kobj;
- return kobj;
- }
device_to_dev_kobj()为dev选择合适的/sys/dev下的kobject,或者是块设备,或者是字符设备,或者没有。
- #define format_dev_t(buffer, dev) \
- ({ \
- sprintf(buffer, "%u:%u", MAJOR(dev), MINOR(dev)); \
- buffer; \
- })
- static int device_create_sys_dev_entry(struct device *dev)
- {
- struct kobject *kobj = device_to_dev_kobj(dev);
- int error = 0;
- char devt_str[15];
- if (kobj) {
- format_dev_t(devt_str, dev->devt);
- error = sysfs_create_link(kobj, &dev->kobj, devt_str);
- }
- return error;
- }
- static void device_remove_sys_dev_entry(struct device *dev)
- {
- struct kobject *kobj = device_to_dev_kobj(dev);
- char devt_str[15];
- if (kobj) {
- format_dev_t(devt_str, dev->devt);
- sysfs_remove_link(kobj, devt_str);
- }
- }
device_create_sys_dev_entry()是在/sys/dev相应的目录下建立对设备的软链接。先是通过device_to_dev_kobj()获得父节点的kobj,然后调用sysfs_create_link()建立软链接。
device_remove_sys_dev_entry()与其操作正相反,删除在/sys/dev下建立的软链接。
- int device_private_init(struct device *dev)
- {
- dev->p = kzalloc(sizeof(*dev->p), GFP_KERNEL);
- if (!dev->p)
- return -ENOMEM;
- dev->p->device = dev;
- klist_init(&dev->p->klist_children, klist_children_get,
- klist_children_put);
- return 0;
- }
device_private_init()分配并初始化dev->p。至于空间的释放,是等到释放设备时调用的device_release()中。
之前的函数比较散乱,或许找不出一个整体的印象。但下面马上就要看到重要的部分了,因为代码终于攒到了爆发的程度!
- /**
- * device_register - register a device with the system.
- * @dev: pointer to the device structure
- *
- * This happens in two clean steps - initialize the device
- * and add it to the system. The two steps can be called
- * separately, but this is the easiest and most common.
- * I.e. you should only call the two helpers separately if
- * have a clearly defined need to use and refcount the device
- * before it is added to the hierarchy.
- *
- * NOTE: _Never_ directly free @dev after calling this function, even
- * if it returned an error! Always use put_device() to give up the
- * reference initialized in this function instead.
- */
- int device_register(struct device *dev)
- {
- device_initialize(dev);
- return device_add(dev);
- }
device_register()是提供给外界注册设备的接口。它先是调用device_initialize()初始化dev结构,然后调用device_add()将其加入系统中。但要注意,在调用device_register()注册dev之前,有一些dev结构变量是需要自行设置的。这其中有指明设备位置的struct device *parent,struct bus_type *bus, struct class *class,有指明设备属性的 const char *init_name, struct device_type *type, const struct attribute_group **groups, void (*release)(struct device *dev), dev_t devt,等等。不同设备的使用方法不同,我们留待之后再具体分析。device_initialize()我们已经看过,下面重点看看device_add()是如何实现的。
- int device_add(struct device *dev)
- {
- struct device *parent = NULL;
- struct class_interface *class_intf;
- int error = -EINVAL;
- dev = get_device(dev);
- if (!dev)
- goto done;
- if (!dev->p) {
- error = device_private_init(dev);
- if (error)
- goto done;
- }
- /*
- * for statically allocated devices, which should all be converted
- * some day, we need to initialize the name. We prevent reading back
- * the name, and force the use of dev_name()
- */
- if (dev->init_name) {
- dev_set_name(dev, "%s", dev->init_name);
- dev->init_name = NULL;
- }
- if (!dev_name(dev))
- goto name_error;
- pr_debug("device: '%s': %s\n", dev_name(dev), __func__);
- parent = get_device(dev->parent);
- setup_parent(dev, parent);
- /* use parent numa_node */
- if (parent)
- set_dev_node(dev, dev_to_node(parent));
- /* first, register with generic layer. */
- /* we require the name to be set before, and pass NULL */
- error = kobject_add(&dev->kobj, dev->kobj.parent, NULL);
- if (error)
- goto Error;
- /* notify platform of device entry */
- if (platform_notify)
- platform_notify(dev);
- error = device_create_file(dev, &uevent_attr);
- if (error)
- goto attrError;
- if (MAJOR(dev->devt)) {
- error = device_create_file(dev, &devt_attr);
- if (error)
- goto ueventattrError;
- error = device_create_sys_dev_entry(dev);
- if (error)
- goto devtattrError;
- devtmpfs_create_node(dev);
- }
- error = device_add_class_symlinks(dev);
- if (error)
- goto SymlinkError;
- error = device_add_attrs(dev);
- if (error)
- goto AttrsError;
- error = bus_add_device(dev);
- if (error)
- goto BusError;
- error = dpm_sysfs_add(dev);
- if (error)
- goto DPMError;
- device_pm_add(dev);
- /* Notify clients of device addition. This call must come
- * after dpm_sysf_add() and before kobject_uevent().
- */
- if (dev->bus)
- blocking_notifier_call_chain(&dev->bus->p->bus_notifier,
- BUS_NOTIFY_ADD_DEVICE, dev);
- kobject_uevent(&dev->kobj, KOBJ_ADD);
- bus_probe_device(dev);
- if (parent)
- klist_add_tail(&dev->p->knode_parent,
- &parent->p->klist_children);
- if (dev->class) {
- mutex_lock(&dev->class->p->class_mutex);
- /* tie the class to the device */
- klist_add_tail(&dev->knode_class,
- &dev->class->p->class_devices);
- /* notify any interfaces that the device is here */
- list_for_each_entry(class_intf,
- &dev->class->p->class_interfaces, node)
- if (class_intf->add_dev)
- class_intf->add_dev(dev, class_intf);
- mutex_unlock(&dev->class->p->class_mutex);
- }
- done:
- put_device(dev);
- return error;
- DPMError:
- bus_remove_device(dev);
- BusError:
- device_remove_attrs(dev);
- AttrsError:
- device_remove_class_symlinks(dev);
- SymlinkError:
- if (MAJOR(dev->devt))
- device_remove_sys_dev_entry(dev);
- devtattrError:
- if (MAJOR(dev->devt))
- device_remove_file(dev, &devt_attr);
- ueventattrError:
- device_remove_file(dev, &uevent_attr);
- attrError:
- kobject_uevent(&dev->kobj, KOBJ_REMOVE);
- kobject_del(&dev->kobj);
- Error:
- cleanup_device_parent(dev);
- if (parent)
- put_device(parent);
- name_error:
- kfree(dev->p);
- dev->p = NULL;
- goto done;
- }
device_add()将dev加入设备驱动模型。它先是调用get_device(dev)增加dev的引用计数,然后调用device_private_init()分配和初始化dev->p,调用dev_set_name()设置dev名字。然后是准备将dev加入sysfs,先是用get_device(parent)增加对parent的引用计数(无论是直接挂在parent下还是通过一个类层挂在parent下都要增加parent的引用计数),然后调用setup_parent()找到实际要加入的父kobject,通过kobject_add()加入其下。然后是添加属性和属性集合的操作,调用device_create_file()添加uevent属性,调用device_add_attrs()添加device/type/class预定义的属性与属性集合。如果dev有被分配设备号,再用device_create_file()添加dev属性,并用device_create_sys_dev_entry()在/sys/dev下添加相应的软链接,最后调用devtmpfs_create_node()在/dev下创建相应的设备文件。然后调用device_add_class_symlinks()添加dev与class间的软链接,调用bus_add_device()添加dev与bus间的软链接,并将dev挂入bus的设备链表。调用dpm_sysfs_add()增加dev下的power属性集合,调用device_pm_add()将dev加入dpm_list链表。
调用kobject_uevent()发布KOBJ_ADD消息,调用bus_probe_device()为dev寻找合适的驱动。如果有parent节点,把dev->p->knode_parent挂入parent->p->klist_children链表。如果dev有所属的class,将dev->knode_class挂在class->p->class_devices上,并调用可能的类设备接口的add_dev()方法。可能对于直接在bus上的设备来说,自然可以调用bus_probe_device()查找驱动,而不与总线直接接触的设备,则要靠class来发现驱动,这里的class_interface中的add_dev()方法,就是一个绝好的机会。最后会调用put_device(dev)释放在函数开头增加的引用计数。
device_add()要做的事很多,但想想每件事都在情理之中。device是设备驱动模型的基本元素,在class、bus、dev、devices中都有它的身影。device_add()要适应各种类型的设备注册,自然会越来越复杂。可以说文件开头定义的内部函数,差不多都是为了这里服务的。
- void device_unregister(struct device *dev)
- {
- pr_debug("device: '%s': %s\n", dev_name(dev), __func__);
- device_del(dev);
- put_device(dev);
- }
有注册自然又注销。device_unregister()就是用于将dev从系统中注销,并释放创建时产生的引用计数。
- void device_del(struct device *dev)
- {
- struct device *parent = dev->parent;
- struct class_interface *class_intf;
- /* Notify clients of device removal. This call must come
- * before dpm_sysfs_remove().
- */
- if (dev->bus)
- blocking_notifier_call_chain(&dev->bus->p->bus_notifier,
- BUS_NOTIFY_DEL_DEVICE, dev);
- device_pm_remove(dev);
- dpm_sysfs_remove(dev);
- if (parent)
- klist_del(&dev->p->knode_parent);
- if (MAJOR(dev->devt)) {
- devtmpfs_delete_node(dev);
- device_remove_sys_dev_entry(dev);
- device_remove_file(dev, &devt_attr);
- }
- if (dev->class) {
- device_remove_class_symlinks(dev);
- mutex_lock(&dev->class->p->class_mutex);
- /* notify any interfaces that the device is now gone */
- list_for_each_entry(class_intf,
- &dev->class->p->class_interfaces, node)
- if (class_intf->remove_dev)
- class_intf->remove_dev(dev, class_intf);
- /* remove the device from the class list */
- klist_del(&dev->knode_class);
- mutex_unlock(&dev->class->p->class_mutex);
- }
- device_remove_file(dev, &uevent_attr);
- device_remove_attrs(dev);
- bus_remove_device(dev);
- /*
- * Some platform devices are driven without driver attached
- * and managed resources may have been acquired. Make sure
- * all resources are released.
- */
- devres_release_all(dev);
- /* Notify the platform of the removal, in case they
- * need to do anything...
- */
- if (platform_notify_remove)
- platform_notify_remove(dev);
- kobject_uevent(&dev->kobj, KOBJ_REMOVE);
- cleanup_device_parent(dev);
- kobject_del(&dev->kobj);
- put_device(parent);
- }
device_del()是与device_add()相对的函数,进行实际的将dev从系统中脱离的工作。这其中既有将dev从设备驱动模型各种链表中脱离的工作,又有将dev从sysfs的各个角落删除的工作。大致流程与dev_add()相对,就不一一介绍。
爆发结束,下面来看一些比较轻松的函数。
- /**
- * device_get_devnode - path of device node file
- * @dev: device
- * @mode: returned file access mode
- * @tmp: possibly allocated string
- *
- * Return the relative path of a possible device node.
- * Non-default names may need to allocate a memory to compose
- * a name. This memory is returned in tmp and needs to be
- * freed by the caller.
- */
- const char *device_get_devnode(struct device *dev,
- mode_t *mode, const char **tmp)
- {
- char *s;
- *tmp = NULL;
- /* the device type may provide a specific name */
- if (dev->type && dev->type->devnode)
- *tmp = dev->type->devnode(dev, mode);
- if (*tmp)
- return *tmp;
- /* the class may provide a specific name */
- if (dev->class && dev->class->devnode)
- *tmp = dev->class->devnode(dev, mode);
- if (*tmp)
- return *tmp;
- /* return name without allocation, tmp == NULL */
- if (strchr(dev_name(dev), '!') == NULL)
- return dev_name(dev);
- /* replace '!' in the name with '/' */
- *tmp = kstrdup(dev_name(dev), GFP_KERNEL);
- if (!*tmp)
- return NULL;
- while ((s = strchr(*tmp, '!')))
- s[0] = '/';
- return *tmp;
- }
device_get_devnode()返回设备的路径名。不过似乎可以由device_type或者class定义一些独特的返回名称。
- static struct device *next_device(struct klist_iter *i)
- {
- struct klist_node *n = klist_next(i);
- struct device *dev = NULL;
- struct device_private *p;
- if (n) {
- p = to_device_private_parent(n);
- dev = p->device;
- }
- return dev;
- }
- int device_for_each_child(struct device *parent, void *data,
- int (*fn)(struct device *dev, void *data))
- {
- struct klist_iter i;
- struct device *child;
- int error = 0;
- if (!parent->p)
- return 0;
- klist_iter_init(&parent->p->klist_children, &i);
- while ((child = next_device(&i)) && !error)
- error = fn(child, data);
- klist_iter_exit(&i);
- return error;
- }
- struct device *device_find_child(struct device *parent, void *data,
- int (*match)(struct device *dev, void *data))
- {
- struct klist_iter i;
- struct device *child;
- if (!parent)
- return NULL;
- klist_iter_init(&parent->p->klist_children, &i);
- while ((child = next_device(&i)))
- if (match(child, data) && get_device(child))
- break;
- klist_iter_exit(&i);
- return child;
- }
device_for_each_child()对dev下的每个子device,都调用一遍特定的处理函数。
device_find_child()则是查找dev下特点的子device,查找使用特定的match函数。
这两个遍历过程都使用了klist特有的遍历函数,支持遍历过程中的节点删除等功能。next_device()则是为了遍历方便封装的一个内部函数。
下面本该是root_device注册相关的代码。但经过检查,linux内核中使用到的root_device很少见,而且在sysfs中也未能找到一个实际的例子。所以root_device即使还未被弃用,也并非主流,我们将其跳过。
与kobject和kset类似,device也为我们提供了快速device创建方法,下面就看看吧。
- static void device_create_release(struct device *dev)
- {
- pr_debug("device: '%s': %s\n", dev_name(dev), __func__);
- kfree(dev);
- }
- struct device *device_create_vargs(struct class *class, struct device *parent,
- dev_t devt, void *drvdata, const char *fmt,
- va_list args)
- {
- struct device *dev = NULL;
- int retval = -ENODEV;
- if (class == NULL || IS_ERR(class))
- goto error;
- dev = kzalloc(sizeof(*dev), GFP_KERNEL);
- if (!dev) {
- retval = -ENOMEM;
- goto error;
- }
- dev->devt = devt;
- dev->class = class;
- dev->parent = parent;
- dev->release = device_create_release;
- dev_set_drvdata(dev, drvdata);
- retval = kobject_set_name_vargs(&dev->kobj, fmt, args);
- if (retval)
- goto error;
- retval = device_register(dev);
- if (retval)
- goto error;
- return dev;
- error:
- put_device(dev);
- return ERR_PTR(retval);
- }
- struct device *device_create(struct class *class, struct device *parent,
- dev_t devt, void *drvdata, const char *fmt, ...)
- {
- va_list vargs;
- struct device *dev;
- va_start(vargs, fmt);
- dev = device_create_vargs(class, parent, devt, drvdata, fmt, vargs);
- va_end(vargs);
- return dev;
- }
这里的device_create()提供了一个快速的dev创建注册方法。只是中间没有提供设置device_type的方法,或许是这样的device已经够特立独行了,不需要搞出一类来。
- static int __match_devt(struct device *dev, void *data)
- {
- dev_t *devt = data;
- return dev->devt == *devt;
- }
- void device_destroy(struct class *class, dev_t devt)
- {
- struct device *dev;
- dev = class_find_device(class, NULL, &devt, __match_devt);
- if (dev) {
- put_device(dev);
- device_unregister(dev);
- }
- }
device_destroy()就是与device_create()相对的注销函数。至于这里为什么会多一个put_device(dev),也很简单,因为在class_find_device()找到dev时,调用了get_device()。
- struct device *class_find_device(struct class *class, struct device *start,
- void *data,
- int (*match)(struct device *, void *))
- {
- struct class_dev_iter iter;
- struct device *dev;
- if (!class)
- return NULL;
- if (!class->p) {
- WARN(1, "%s called for class '%s' before it was initialized",
- __func__, class->name);
- return NULL;
- }
- class_dev_iter_init(&iter, class, start, NULL);
- while ((dev = class_dev_iter_next(&iter))) {
- if (match(dev, data)) {
- get_device(dev);
- break;
- }
- }
- class_dev_iter_exit(&iter);
- return dev;
- }
class_find_device()本来是class.c中的内容,其实现也于之前将的遍历dev->p->klist_children类似,无非是在klist提供的遍历方法上加以封装。但我们这里列出class_find_device()的实现与使用它的device_destroy(),却是为了更好地分析这个调用流程中dev是如何被保护的。它实际上是经历了三个保护手段:首先在class_dev_iter_next()->klist_next()中,是受到struct klist中 spinlock_t k_lock保护的。在找到下一点并解锁之前,就增加了struct klist_node中的struct kref n_ref引用计数。在当前的next()调用完,到下一个next()调用之前,都是受这个增加的引用计数保护的。再看class_find_device()中,使用get_device(dev)增加了dev本身的引用计数保护(当然也要追溯到kobj->kref中),这是第三种保护。知道device_destroy()中主动调用put_device(dev)才去除了这种保护。
本来对dev的保护,应该完全是由dev中的引用计数完成的。但实际上这种保护很多时候是间接完成的。例如这里的klist中的自旋锁,klist_node中的引用计数,都不过是为了保持class的设备链表中对dev的引用计数不消失,这是一种间接保护的手段,保证了这中间即使外界主动释放class设备链表对dev的引用计数,dev仍然不会被实际注销。这种曲折的联系,才真正发挥了引用计数的作用,构成设备驱动模型独特的魅力。
- int device_rename(struct device *dev, char *new_name)
- {
- char *old_device_name = NULL;
- int error;
- dev = get_device(dev);
- if (!dev)
- return -EINVAL;
- pr_debug("device: '%s': %s: renaming to '%s'\n", dev_name(dev),
- __func__, new_name);
- old_device_name = kstrdup(dev_name(dev), GFP_KERNEL);
- if (!old_device_name) {
- error = -ENOMEM;
- goto out;
- }
- error = kobject_rename(&dev->kobj, new_name);
- if (error)
- goto out;
- if (dev->class) {
- error = sysfs_create_link_nowarn(&dev->class->p->class_subsys.kobj,
- &dev->kobj, dev_name(dev));
- if (error)
- goto out;
- sysfs_remove_link(&dev->class->p->class_subsys.kobj,
- old_device_name);
- }
- out:
- put_device(dev);
- kfree(old_device_name);
- return error;
- }
device_rename()是供设备注册后改变名称用的,除了改变/sys/devices下地名称,还改变了/sys/class下地软链接名称。前者很自然,但后者却很难想到。即使简单的地方,经过重重调试,我们也会惊讶于linux的心细如发。
- static int device_move_class_links(struct device *dev,
- struct device *old_parent,
- struct device *new_parent)
- {
- int error = 0;
- if (old_parent)
- sysfs_remove_link(&dev->kobj, "device");
- if (new_parent)
- error = sysfs_create_link(&dev->kobj, &new_parent->kobj,
- "device");
- return error;
- #endif
- }
device_move_class_links()只是一个内部函数,后面还有操纵它的那只手。这里的device_move_class_links显得很名不副实,并没用操作class中软链接的举动。这很正常,因为在sysfs中软链接是针对kobject来说的,所以即使位置变掉了,软链接还是很很准确地定位。
- /**
- * device_move - moves a device to a new parent
- * @dev: the pointer to the struct device to be moved
- * @new_parent: the new parent of the device (can by NULL)
- * @dpm_order: how to reorder the dpm_list
- */
- int device_move(struct device *dev, struct device *new_parent,
- enum dpm_order dpm_order)
- {
- int error;
- struct device *old_parent;
- struct kobject *new_parent_kobj;
- dev = get_device(dev);
- if (!dev)
- return -EINVAL;
- device_pm_lock();
- new_parent = get_device(new_parent);
- new_parent_kobj = get_device_parent(dev, new_parent);
- pr_debug("device: '%s': %s: moving to '%s'\n", dev_name(dev),
- __func__, new_parent ? dev_name(new_parent) : "<NULL>");
- error = kobject_move(&dev->kobj, new_parent_kobj);
- if (error) {
- cleanup_glue_dir(dev, new_parent_kobj);
- put_device(new_parent);
- goto out;
- }
- old_parent = dev->parent;
- dev->parent = new_parent;
- if (old_parent)
- klist_remove(&dev->p->knode_parent);
- if (new_parent) {
- klist_add_tail(&dev->p->knode_parent,
- &new_parent->p->klist_children);
- set_dev_node(dev, dev_to_node(new_parent));
- }
- if (!dev->class)
- goto out_put;
- error = device_move_class_links(dev, old_parent, new_parent);
- if (error) {
- /* We ignore errors on cleanup since we're hosed anyway... */
- device_move_class_links(dev, new_parent, old_parent);
- if (!kobject_move(&dev->kobj, &old_parent->kobj)) {
- if (new_parent)
- klist_remove(&dev->p->knode_parent);
- dev->parent = old_parent;
- if (old_parent) {
- klist_add_tail(&dev->p->knode_parent,
- &old_parent->p->klist_children);
- set_dev_node(dev, dev_to_node(old_parent));
- }
- }
- cleanup_glue_dir(dev, new_parent_kobj);
- put_device(new_parent);
- goto out;
- }
- switch (dpm_order) {
- case DPM_ORDER_NONE:
- break;
- case DPM_ORDER_DEV_AFTER_PARENT:
- device_pm_move_after(dev, new_parent);
- break;
- case DPM_ORDER_PARENT_BEFORE_DEV:
- device_pm_move_before(new_parent, dev);
- break;
- case DPM_ORDER_DEV_LAST:
- device_pm_move_last(dev);
- break;
- }
- out_put:
- put_device(old_parent);
- out:
- device_pm_unlock();
- put_device(dev);
- return error;
- }
device_move()就是将dev移到一个新的parent下。但也有可能这个parent是空的。大部分操作围绕在引用计数上,get_device(),put_device()。而且换了新的parent,到底要加到sysfs中哪个目录下,还要再调用get_device_parent()研究一下。主要的操作就是kobject_move()和device_move_class_links()。因为在sysfs中软链接是针对kobject来说的,所以即使位置变掉了,软链接还是很很准确地定位,所以在/sys/dev、/sys/bus、/sys/class中的软链接都不用变,这实在是sysfs的一大优势。除此之外,device_move()还涉及到电源管理的问题,device移动影响到dev在dpm_list上的位置,我们对此不了解,先忽略之。
- void device_shutdown(void)
- {
- struct device *dev, *devn;
- list_for_each_entry_safe_reverse(dev, devn, &devices_kset->list,
- kobj.entry) {
- if (dev->bus && dev->bus->shutdown) {
- dev_dbg(dev, "shutdown\n");
- dev->bus->shutdown(dev);
- } else if (dev->driver && dev->driver->shutdown) {
- dev_dbg(dev, "shutdown\n");
- dev->driver->shutdown(dev);
- }
- }
- kobject_put(sysfs_dev_char_kobj);
- kobject_put(sysfs_dev_block_kobj);
- kobject_put(dev_kobj);
- async_synchronize_full();
- }
这个device_shutdown()是在系统关闭时才调用的。它动用了很少使用的devices_kset,从而可以遍历到每个注册到sysfs上的设备,调用相应的总线或驱动定义的shutdown()函数。提起这个,还是在device_initialize()中将dev->kobj->kset统一设为devices_kset的。原来设备虽然有不同的parent,但kset还是一样的。这样我们就能理解/sys/devices下的顶层设备目录是怎么来的,因为没用parent,就在调用kobject_add()时将kset->kobj当成了parent,所以会直接挂在顶层目录下。这样的��录大致有pci0000:00、virtual等等。
看完了core.c,我有种明白机器人也是由零件组成的的感觉。linux设备驱动模型的大门已经打开了四分之一。随着分析的深入,我们大概也会越来越明白linux的良苦用心。