• HQL的语言


     HQL: 是Hibernate Query Language的缩写 

    1、HQL查询

    特点:

    1.  与SQL相似,SQL中的语法基本上都可以直接使用
    2.  SQL查询的是表和表中的列而HQL查询的是对象或者对象中的属性
    3.  HQL的关键字不区分大小写,但是类名与属性名是区分大小写的
    4.  当查询的是类对象时,SELECT可以省略.或者使用别名查询

    1)简单的查询

    hql = "FROM Employee";
    hql = "FROM Employee AS e"; // 使用别名
    hql = "FROM Employee e"; // 使用别名,as关键字可省略

    2)带上过滤条件的(可以使用别名):Where

    hql = "FROM Employee WHERE id<10";
    hql = "FROM Employee e WHERE e.id<10";
    hql = "FROM Employee e WHERE e.id<10 AND e.id>5";

    3)带上排序条件的:Order By

    hql = "FROM Employee e WHERE e.id<10 ORDER BY e.name";
    hql = "FROM Employee e WHERE e.id<10 ORDER BY e.name DESC";
    hql = "FROM Employee e WHERE e.id<10 ORDER BY e.name DESC, id ASC";

    4)指定select子句(不可以使用select *)

    hql = "SELECT e FROM Employee e"; // 相当于"FROM Employee e" 
    hql = "SELECT e.name FROM Employee e"; // 只查询一个列,返回的集合的元素类型就是这个属性的类型
    hql = "SELECT e.id,e.name FROM Employee e"; // 查询多个列,返回的集合的元素类型是Object数组
    hql = "SELECT new Employee(e.id,e.name) FROM Employee e"; // 可以使用new语法,指定把查询出的部分属性封装到对象中

    5)执行查询,获得结果(list、uniqueResult、分页 )

    Query query = session.createQuery("FROM Employee e WHERE id<3");
    query.setFirstResult(0);
    query.setMaxResults(10);
    List list = query.list(); // 查询的结果是一个List集合
    Employee employee = (Employee) query.uniqueResult();// 查询的结果是唯一的一个结果,当结果有多个,就会抛异常

    2、其他操作

    1)聚集函数:count(), max(), min(), avg(), sum()

    hql = "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Employee"; // 返回的结果是Long型的
    hql = "SELECT min(id) FROM Employee"; // 返回的结果是id属性的类型

    2)分组: Group By ... Having

    hql = "SELECT e.name,COUNT(e.id) FROM Employee e GROUP BY e.name";
    hql = "SELECT e.name,COUNT(e.id) FROM Employee e GROUP BY e.name HAVING count(e.id)>1";
    hql = "SELECT e.name,COUNT(e.id) FROM Employee e WHERE id<9 GROUP BY e.name HAVING count(e.id)>1";
    
    hql = "SELECT e.name,COUNT(e.id) " + //
     "FROM Employee e " + //
     "WHERE id<9 " + //
     "GROUP BY e.name " + //
    "HAVING count(e.id)>1 " + //
    "ORDER BY count(e.id) ASC";
    
     hql = "SELECT e.name,COUNT(e.id) AS c " + //
    "FROM Employee e " + //
     "WHERE id<9 " + //
     "GROUP BY e.name " + //
     "HAVING count(e.id)>1 " + // 在having子句中不能使用列别名
    "ORDER BY c ASC"; // 在orderby子句中可以使用列别名

    3)连接查询 / HQL是面向对象的查询

    // >> 内连接(inner关键字可以省略)
    hql = "SELECT e.id,e.name,d.name FROM Employee e JOIN e.department d";
    hql = "SELECT e.id,e.name,d.name FROM Employee e INNER JOIN e.department d";
    
    
    // >> 左外连接(outer关键字可以省略)
     hql = "SELECT e.id,e.name,d.name FROM Employee e LEFT OUTER JOIN e.department d";
    
    
    // >> 右外连接(outer关键字可以省略)
    hql = "SELECT e.id,e.name,d.name FROM Employee e RIGHT JOIN e.department d";
    
    
    // 可以使用更方便的方法
    hql = "SELECT e.id,e.name,e.department.name FROM Employee e";

    4)查询时使用参数

    / >> 方式一:使用'?'占位
    hql = "FROM Employee e WHERE id BETWEEN ? AND ?";
    List list = session.createQuery(hql)//
    .setParameter(0, 5)// 设置参数,第1个参数的索引为0。
    .setParameter(1, 15)//
    .list();
    
    // >> 方式二:使用变量名
     hql = "FROM Employee e WHERE id BETWEEN :idMin AND :idMax";
     List list = session.createQuery(hql)//
    .setParameter("idMax", 15)//
    .setParameter("idMin", 5)//
    .list();
    
    // 当参数是集合时,一定要使用setParameterList()设置参数值
    hql = "FROM Employee e WHERE id IN (:ids)";
    List list = session.createQuery(hql)//
    .setParameterList("ids", new Object[] { 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 100 })//
    .list();

    5)使用命名查询,需要在配置文件中配置查询的HQL语句,如下:

    <query name="queryByIdRange">
                <![CDATA[FROM Employee e WHERE e.id >= :idMin AND e.id <= :idMax]]>
    </query>
    Query query = session.getNamedQuery("queryByIdRange"); query.setParameter("idMin", 3);
    query.setParameter("idMax", 10);
    List list = query.list();

    6)update,注意不会通知Session缓存,需要手动刷新session.refresh(employee)

    UPDATE Employee e SET e.name=? WHERE id>15

    7)DELETE,注意不会通知Session缓存,需要手动刷新session.refresh(employee)

    DELETE FROM Employee e WHERE id>15

    update和delete调用的是executeUpdate() API

    QBC: Query By Criteria是一种更面向对象的查询,很多的条件什么的都是通过方法添加的。



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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/heml/p/4750654.html
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