HQL: 是Hibernate Query Language的缩写
1、HQL查询
特点:
- 与SQL相似,SQL中的语法基本上都可以直接使用
- SQL查询的是表和表中的列而HQL查询的是对象或者对象中的属性
- HQL的关键字不区分大小写,但是类名与属性名是区分大小写的
- 当查询的是类对象时,SELECT可以省略.或者使用别名查询
1)简单的查询
hql = "FROM Employee"; hql = "FROM Employee AS e"; // 使用别名 hql = "FROM Employee e"; // 使用别名,as关键字可省略
2)带上过滤条件的(可以使用别名):Where
hql = "FROM Employee WHERE id<10"; hql = "FROM Employee e WHERE e.id<10"; hql = "FROM Employee e WHERE e.id<10 AND e.id>5";
3)带上排序条件的:Order By
hql = "FROM Employee e WHERE e.id<10 ORDER BY e.name"; hql = "FROM Employee e WHERE e.id<10 ORDER BY e.name DESC"; hql = "FROM Employee e WHERE e.id<10 ORDER BY e.name DESC, id ASC";
4)指定select子句(不可以使用select *)
hql = "SELECT e FROM Employee e"; // 相当于"FROM Employee e" hql = "SELECT e.name FROM Employee e"; // 只查询一个列,返回的集合的元素类型就是这个属性的类型 hql = "SELECT e.id,e.name FROM Employee e"; // 查询多个列,返回的集合的元素类型是Object数组 hql = "SELECT new Employee(e.id,e.name) FROM Employee e"; // 可以使用new语法,指定把查询出的部分属性封装到对象中
5)执行查询,获得结果(list、uniqueResult、分页 )
Query query = session.createQuery("FROM Employee e WHERE id<3"); query.setFirstResult(0); query.setMaxResults(10); List list = query.list(); // 查询的结果是一个List集合 Employee employee = (Employee) query.uniqueResult();// 查询的结果是唯一的一个结果,当结果有多个,就会抛异常
2、其他操作
1)聚集函数:count(), max(), min(), avg(), sum()
hql = "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Employee"; // 返回的结果是Long型的 hql = "SELECT min(id) FROM Employee"; // 返回的结果是id属性的类型
2)分组: Group By ... Having
hql = "SELECT e.name,COUNT(e.id) FROM Employee e GROUP BY e.name"; hql = "SELECT e.name,COUNT(e.id) FROM Employee e GROUP BY e.name HAVING count(e.id)>1"; hql = "SELECT e.name,COUNT(e.id) FROM Employee e WHERE id<9 GROUP BY e.name HAVING count(e.id)>1"; hql = "SELECT e.name,COUNT(e.id) " + // "FROM Employee e " + // "WHERE id<9 " + // "GROUP BY e.name " + // "HAVING count(e.id)>1 " + // "ORDER BY count(e.id) ASC"; hql = "SELECT e.name,COUNT(e.id) AS c " + // "FROM Employee e " + // "WHERE id<9 " + // "GROUP BY e.name " + // "HAVING count(e.id)>1 " + // 在having子句中不能使用列别名 "ORDER BY c ASC"; // 在orderby子句中可以使用列别名
3)连接查询 / HQL是面向对象的查询
// >> 内连接(inner关键字可以省略) hql = "SELECT e.id,e.name,d.name FROM Employee e JOIN e.department d"; hql = "SELECT e.id,e.name,d.name FROM Employee e INNER JOIN e.department d"; // >> 左外连接(outer关键字可以省略) hql = "SELECT e.id,e.name,d.name FROM Employee e LEFT OUTER JOIN e.department d"; // >> 右外连接(outer关键字可以省略) hql = "SELECT e.id,e.name,d.name FROM Employee e RIGHT JOIN e.department d"; // 可以使用更方便的方法 hql = "SELECT e.id,e.name,e.department.name FROM Employee e";
4)查询时使用参数
/ >> 方式一:使用'?'占位 hql = "FROM Employee e WHERE id BETWEEN ? AND ?"; List list = session.createQuery(hql)// .setParameter(0, 5)// 设置参数,第1个参数的索引为0。 .setParameter(1, 15)// .list(); // >> 方式二:使用变量名 hql = "FROM Employee e WHERE id BETWEEN :idMin AND :idMax"; List list = session.createQuery(hql)// .setParameter("idMax", 15)// .setParameter("idMin", 5)// .list(); // 当参数是集合时,一定要使用setParameterList()设置参数值 hql = "FROM Employee e WHERE id IN (:ids)"; List list = session.createQuery(hql)// .setParameterList("ids", new Object[] { 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 100 })// .list();
5)使用命名查询,需要在配置文件中配置查询的HQL语句,如下:
<query name="queryByIdRange"> <![CDATA[FROM Employee e WHERE e.id >= :idMin AND e.id <= :idMax]]> </query>
Query query = session.getNamedQuery("queryByIdRange"); query.setParameter("idMin", 3); query.setParameter("idMax", 10); List list = query.list();
6)update,注意不会通知Session缓存,需要手动刷新session.refresh(employee)
UPDATE Employee e SET e.name=? WHERE id>15
7)DELETE,注意不会通知Session缓存,需要手动刷新session.refresh(employee)
DELETE FROM Employee e WHERE id>15
update和delete调用的是executeUpdate() API
QBC: Query By Criteria是一种更面向对象的查询,很多的条件什么的都是通过方法添加的。