Karma 是 Goolge 开源的一个 Test runner, 可以配合 Grunt 使用。
1. 相关插件介绍
1.1 Karma 的官网
http://karma-runner.github.io/
官网中的文档其实分多钟版本，不同版本的 karma 使用也有所不同，注意页面右上角的版本信息。
1.2 配合 Grunt 的插件 grunt-karma
https://github.com/karma-runner/grunt-karma
1.3 karma 用来启动 chrome 的 karma 插件
https://github.com/karma-runner/karma-chrome-launcher
1.4 jasmine 单元测试插件
https://github.com/karma-runner/karma-jasmine
1.5 单元测试的报表格式
单元测试默认提供了两种输出：'dots', 'progress' ，都比较简单，希望看到测试的详细输出，可以使用 reporter 插件，这里是其中之一：mocha
https://github.com/litixsoft/karma-mocha-reporter
1.6 angularJS 插件
https://github.com/karma-runner/karma-ng-scenario
1.7 requirejs 模块化插件
https://github.com/karma-runner/karma-requirejs
2. 安装插件
2.1 创建 package.json
使用 npm init 来创建 package.json 项目文件。
PS C:studydemo> npm init This utility will walk you through creating a package.json file. It only covers the most common items, and tries to guess sensible defaults. See `npm help json` for definitive documentation on these fields and exactly what they do. Use `npm install <pkg> --save` afterwards to install a package and save it as a dependency in the package.json file. Press ^C at any time to quit. name: (demo) demo version: (1.0.0) description: entry point: (index.js) test command: git repository: keywords: author: license: (ISC) MIT About to write to C:studydemopackage.json: { "name": "demo", "version": "1.0.0", "description": "", "main": "index.js", "scripts": { "test": "echo "Error: no test specified" && exit 1" }, "author": "", "license": "MIT" } Is this ok? (yes) y PS C:studydemo>
安装 Karma
PS C:studyprotocat> npm install karma --save-dev npm WARN package.json app@1.0.0 No description npm WARN package.json app@1.0.0 No repository field. npm WARN package.json app@1.0.0 No README data npm WARN optional dep failed, continuing fsevents@1.0.0 | > bufferutil@1.2.1 install C:studyprotocat ode_moduleskarma ode_modulessocket.io ode_modulesengine.io ode_modulesws ode_modulesufferutil > node-gyp rebuild C:studyprotocat ode_moduleskarma ode_modulessocket.io ode_modulesengine.io ode_modulesws ode_modulesufferutil>if not defined npm_config_node_gyp (node "C:Program Files odejs ode_modules pmin ode-gyp-bin\.... ode_modules ode-gypin ode-gyp.js" rebuild ) else (node rebuild ) Building the projects in this solution one at a time. To enable parallel build, please add the "/m" switch. bufferutil.cc C:Program Files (x86)Microsoft Visual Studio 14.0VCincludelimits(214): warning C4577: 'noexcept' used with no exception handling mode specified; termination on exception is not guaranteed. Specify /EHsc [C:studyprotocat ode_moduleskarma ode_modulessocket.io ode_modulesengine.io ode_modulesws ode_modulesufferutiluildufferutil.vcxproj] Creating library C:studyprotocat ode_moduleskarma ode_modulessocket.io ode_modulesengine.io ode_modulesws ode_modulesufferutiluildReleaseufferutil.lib and object C:studyprotocat ode_moduleskarma ode_moduless ocket.io ode_modulesengine.io ode_modulesws ode_modulesufferutiluildReleaseufferutil.expGenerating code Finished generating code bufferutil.vcxproj -> C:studyprotocat ode_moduleskarma ode_modulessocket.io ode_modulesengine.io ode_modulesws ode_modulesufferutiluildRelease\bufferutil.node | > utf-8-validate@1.2.1 install C:studyprotocat ode_moduleskarma ode_modulessocket.io ode_modulesengine.io ode_modulesws ode_modulesutf-8-validate > node-gyp rebuild C:studyprotocat ode_moduleskarma ode_modulessocket.io ode_modulesengine.io ode_modulesws ode_modulesutf-8-validate>if not defined npm_config_node_gyp (node "C:Program Files odejs ode_modules pmin ode-gyp-bin\.... ode_modules ode-gypin ode-gyp.js" rebuild ) else (node rebuild ) Building the projects in this solution one at a time. To enable parallel build, please add the "/m" switch. validation.cc C:Program Files (x86)Microsoft Visual Studio 14.0VCincludelimits(214): warning C4577: 'noexcept' used with no exception handling mode specified; termination on exception is not guaranteed. Specify /EHsc [C:studyprotocat ode_moduleskarma ode_modulessocket.io ode_modulesengine.io ode_modulesws ode_modulesutf-8-validateuildvalidation.vcxproj] Creating library C:studyprotocat ode_moduleskarma ode_modulessocket.io ode_modulesengine.io ode_modulesws ode_modulesutf-8-validateuildReleasevalidation.lib and object C:studyprotocat ode_moduleskarma ode_modulessocket.io ode_modulesengine.io ode_modulesws ode_modulesutf-8-validateuildReleasevalidation.expGenerating code Finished generating code validation.vcxproj -> C:studyprotocat ode_moduleskarma ode_modulessocket.io ode_modulesengine.io ode_modulesws ode_modulesutf-8-validateuildRelease\validation.node / > utf-8-validate@1.2.1 install C:studyprotocat ode_moduleskarma ode_modulessocket.io ode_modulessocket.io-client ode_modulesengine.io-client ode_modulesws ode_modulesutf-8-validate > node-gyp rebuild C:studyprotocat ode_moduleskarma ode_modulessocket.io ode_modulessocket.io-client ode_modulesengine.io-client ode_modulesws ode_modulesutf-8-validate>if not defined npm_config_node_gyp (node "C:Program Files odejs ode_modules pmin ode-gyp-bin\.... ode_modules ode-gypin ode-gyp.js" rebuild ) else (node rebuild ) Building the projects in this solution one at a time. To enable parallel build, please add the "/m" switch. validation.cc C:Program Files (x86)Microsoft Visual Studio 14.0VCincludelimits(214): warning C4577: 'noexcept' used with no exception handling mode specified; termination on exception is not guaranteed. Specify /EHsc [C:studyprotocat ode_moduleskarma ode_modulessocket.io ode_modulessocket.io-client ode_modulesengine.io-client ode_modulesws ode_modulesutf-8-validateuildvalidation.vcxproj] Creating library C:studyprotocat ode_moduleskarma ode_modulessocket.io ode_modulessocket.io-client ode_modulesengine.io-client ode_modulesws ode_modulesutf-8-validateuildReleasevalidation.lib and object C:studyprotocat ode_moduleskarma ode_modulessocket.io ode_modulessocket.io-client ode_modulesengine.io-client ode_modulesws ode_modulesutf-8-validateuildReleasevalidation.expGenerating code Finished generating code validation.vcxproj -> C:studyprotocat ode_moduleskarma ode_modulessocket.io ode_modulessocket.io-client ode_modulesengine.io-client ode_modulesws ode_modulesutf-8-validateuildRelease\validation.node | > bufferutil@1.2.1 install C:studyprotocat ode_moduleskarma ode_modulessocket.io ode_modulessocket.io-client ode_modulesengine.io-client ode_modulesws ode_modulesufferutil > node-gyp rebuild / C:studyprotocat ode_moduleskarma ode_modulessocket.io ode_modulessocket.io-client ode_modulesengine.io-client ode_modulesws ode_modulesufferutil>if not defined npm_config_node_gyp (node "C:Program Files odejs ode_modules pmin ode-gyp-bin\.... ode_modules ode-gypin ode-gyp.js" rebuild ) else (node rebuild ) Building the projects in this solution one at a time. To enable parallel build, please add the "/m" switch. bufferutil.cc C:Program Files (x86)Microsoft Visual Studio 14.0VCincludelimits(214): warning C4577: 'noexcept' used with no exception handling mode specified; termination on exception is not guaranteed. Specify /EHsc [C:studyprotocat ode_moduleskarma ode_modulessocket.io ode_modulessocket.io-client ode_modulesengine.io-client ode_modulesws ode_modulesufferutiluildufferutil.vcxproj] Creating library C:studyprotocat ode_moduleskarma ode_modulessocket.io ode_modulessocket.io-client ode_modulesengine.io-client ode_modulesws ode_modulesufferutiluildReleaseufferutil.lib and object C:studyprotocat ode_moduleskarma ode_modulessocket.io ode_modulessocket.io-client ode_modulesengine.io-client ode_modulesws ode_modulesufferutiluildReleaseufferutil.exp Generating code Finished generating code bufferutil.vcxproj -> C:studyprotocat ode_moduleskarma ode_modulessocket.io ode_modulessocket.io-client ode_modulesengine.io-client ode_modulesws ode_modulesufferutiluildRelease\bufferutil.node karma@0.13.10 node_moduleskarma ├── di@0.0.1 ├── rimraf@2.4.3 ├── graceful-fs@4.1.2 ├── mime@1.3.4 ├── colors@1.1.2 ├── bluebird@2.10.1 ├── http-proxy@1.11.2 (eventemitter3@1.1.1, requires-port@0.0.1) ├── source-map@0.4.4 (amdefine@1.0.0) ├── useragent@2.1.7 (lru-cache@2.2.4) ├── optimist@0.6.1 (wordwrap@0.0.3, minimist@0.0.10) ├── dom-serialize@2.2.0 (void-elements@1.0.0, custom-event@1.0.0, ent@2.2.0, extend@2.0.1) ├── minimatch@2.0.10 (brace-expansion@1.1.0) ├── glob@5.0.14 (path-is-absolute@1.0.0, inherits@2.0.1, inflight@1.0.4, once@1.3.2) ├── lodash@3.10.1 ├── expand-braces@0.1.1 (array-uniq@1.0.2, array-slice@0.2.3, braces@0.1.5) ├── connect@3.4.0 (utils-merge@1.0.0, parseurl@1.3.0, finalhandler@0.4.0, debug@2.2.0) ├── log4js@0.6.27 (async@0.2.10, underscore@1.8.2, semver@4.3.6, readable-stream@1.0.33) ├── core-js@1.1.4 ├── memoizee@0.3.9 (next-tick@0.2.2, lru-queue@0.1.0, timers-ext@0.1.0, d@0.1.1, event-emitter@0.3.3, es6-weak-map@0.1.4 , es5-ext@0.10.7) ├── body-parser@1.14.0 (bytes@2.1.0, content-type@1.0.1, depd@1.1.0, on-finished@2.3.0, raw-body@2.1.3, debug@2.2.0, ico nv-lite@0.4.11, qs@5.1.0, http-errors@1.3.1, type-is@1.6.8) ├── chokidar@1.1.0 (arrify@1.0.0, path-is-absolute@1.0.0, is-glob@2.0.0, async-each@0.1.6, glob-parent@2.0.0, is-binary- path@1.0.1, readdirp@2.0.0, anymatch@1.3.0) └── socket.io@1.3.7 (has-binary-data@0.1.3, debug@2.1.0, socket.io-parser@2.2.4, socket.io-adapter@0.3.1, engine.io@1.5. 4, socket.io-client@1.3.7)
安装 grunt-karma 插件。
PS C:studydemo> npm install grunt-karma --save-dev npm WARN package.json app@1.0.0 No description npm WARN package.json app@1.0.0 No repository field. npm WARN package.json app@1.0.0 No README data grunt-karma@0.12.1 node_modulesgrunt-karma └── lodash@3.10.1
安装之后，在 node_modules 中实际上有了 grunt, grunt-karma, 以及 karma 三个组件。
继续安装 karma 的插件。
先安装 chrome 的启动器。
PS C:studydemo> npm install --save-dev karma-chrome-launcher npm WARN package.json demo@1.0.0 No description npm WARN package.json demo@1.0.0 No repository field. npm WARN package.json demo@1.0.0 No README data karma-chrome-launcher@0.2.0 node_moduleskarma-chrome-launcher ├── fs-access@1.0.0 (null-check@1.0.0) └── which@1.1.2 (is-absolute@0.1.7)
单元测试 jasmine.
PS C:studydemo> npm install --save-dev karma-jasmine npm WARN package.json demo@1.0.0 No description npm WARN package.json demo@1.0.0 No repository field. npm WARN package.json demo@1.0.0 No README data npm WARN peerDependencies The peer dependency jasmine-core@* included from karma-jasmine will no npm WARN peerDependencies longer be automatically installed to fulfill the peerDependency npm WARN peerDependencies in npm 3+. Your application will need to depend on it explicitly. jasmine-core@2.3.4 node_modulesjasmine-core karma-jasmine@0.3.6 node_moduleskarma-jasmine
单元测试的输出报表格式 mocha.
PS C:studydemo> npm install --save-dev karma-mocha-reporter npm WARN package.json demo@1.0.0 No description npm WARN package.json demo@1.0.0 No repository field. npm WARN package.json demo@1.0.0 No README data karma-mocha-reporter@1.1.1 node_moduleskarma-mocha-reporter └── chalk@1.1.0 (escape-string-regexp@1.0.3, supports-color@2.0.0, ansi-styles@2.1.0, has-ansi@2.0.0, strip-ansi@3.0.0)
angular 插件
PS C:studydemo> npm install --save-dev karma-ng-scenario npm WARN package.json demo@1.0.0 No description npm WARN package.json demo@1.0.0 No repository field. npm WARN package.json demo@1.0.0 No README data karma-ng-scenario@0.1.0 node_moduleskarma-ng-scenario
requirejs 插件。
PS C:studydemo> npm install --save-dev karma-requirejs npm WARN package.json demo@1.0.0 No description npm WARN package.json demo@1.0.0 No repository field. npm WARN package.json demo@1.0.0 No README data npm WARN peerDependencies The peer dependency requirejs@~2.1 included from karma-requirejs will no npm WARN peerDependencies longer be automatically installed to fulfill the peerDependency npm WARN peerDependencies in npm 3+. Your application will need to depend on it explicitly. requirejs@2.1.20 node_modules equirejs karma-requirejs@0.2.2 node_moduleskarma-requirejs
3. 配置
不用版本的 karma 配置会有所不同，这里使用 v0.13 版。
karma 的运行配置可以保存在独立的文件中，也可以在 Gruntfile.js 中直接配置，由于 karma 的配置参数较多，建议保存在独立的配置文件中。
这样，我们可以针对不同的测试场景，创建不同的 karma 配置文件，最后通过 grunt 来使用。
karma 配置文件中的 basePath 是一个非常重要的参数，用来表示 karma 配置文件中的其它相对路径所依赖的起点。
如果这是一个对象路径，就会相对于配置文件来定位。
默认是 '', 也就是说配置文件所在的目录就是相对的根目录了。
在 karma 实际运行的时候，这个目录会被自动映射到 /base 之下。
files 中配置可以通过 karma 服务器访问哪些文件，在这里列出的文件，才可以通过 HTTP 访问到。当使用对象方式表示路径的时候，included 表示 karma 是不是需要自动生成一个 script 标记来加载特定的脚本，设置为 false 表示不生成这个标记，而 served 则表示是否可以通过 karma 的网站服务器访问这个文件。
plugins 在 v0.13 中可以不同配置，karma 会自动加载位于 node_modules 中的 karma-* 的 karma 模块。
// Karma configuration // Generated on Tue Sep 15 2015 12:41:55 GMT+0800 (China Standard Time) module.exports = function(config) { config.set({ // base path that will be used to resolve all patterns (eg. files, exclude) basePath: '', // frameworks to use // available frameworks: https://npmjs.org/browse/keyword/karma-adapter // if requirejs used, frameworks: ['jasmine', 'requirejs'], // list of files / patterns to load in the browser files: [ // inclueded, default: true, should the files be included in the browser using <script> tag? // use false if you want to load them manually. eg using require.js // served, default: true, should the files be served by karma's webserver? // watched, default: true, if autowatch is true, all files that have set watched to true will be watched for change { pattern: 'src/**/*.*', included: false, served: true }, { pattern: 'test/**/*_spec.js', included: false, served: true }, //in version 0.13, the item should be last 'test-main.js', ], // list of files to exclude exclude: [ 'src/js/main.js' ], // preprocess matching files before serving them to the browser // available preprocessors: https://npmjs.org/browse/keyword/karma-preprocessor preprocessors: { }, // test results reporter to use // possible values: 'dots', 'progress' // available reporters: https://npmjs.org/browse/keyword/karma-reporter reporters: ['mocha'], // web server port port: 9876, // enable / disable colors in the output (reporters and logs) colors: true, // level of logging // possible values: config.LOG_DISABLE || config.LOG_ERROR || config.LOG_WARN || config.LOG_INFO || config.LOG_DEBUG logLevel: config.LOG_INFO, // enable / disable watching file and executing tests whenever any file changes autoWatch: true, // start these browsers // available browser launchers: https://npmjs.org/browse/keyword/karma-launcher browsers: ['Chrome'], // Continuous Integration mode // if true, Karma captures browsers, runs the tests and exits singleRun: false, // By default, Karma loads all sibling NPM modules which have a name starting with karma-*. }) }
在配合 requirejs 的时候，我们还需要一个 main.js 文件对 requirejs 进行配置。
在 requirejs 中也有一个 baseUrl 配置参数，这里一定要考虑刚才karma 的 basePath 进行配置，由于在 karma 的网站中，前面又添加了 /base ，所以，现在 requirejs 的 baseUrl 就会变成 /base/src/js 了。
这样，修改了 baseUrl， 我们其它的模块 Id 就不用变化了。
我们希望能够通过 karma 直接加载测试并执行测试，所以，karma 帮助我们生成了一段脚本，从我们网站中的脚本文件中筛选出测试文件，直接加载执行，脚本通过正则表达式 /(spec|test).js$/i 来筛选，可以看到，它直接检查脚本文件名中，以 spec.js 或者 test.js 结尾的脚本文件。找到之后，通过 requirejs 配置中的 deps 提前加载并执行。
var allTestFiles = []; var TEST_REGEXP = /(spec|test).js$/i; // Get a list of all the test files to include Object.keys(window.__karma__.files).forEach(function(file) { if (TEST_REGEXP.test(file)) { // Normalize paths to RequireJS module names. // If you require sub-dependencies of test files to be loaded as-is (requiring file extension) // then do not normalize the paths // var normalizedTestModule = file.replace(/^/base/|.js$/g, ''); var normalizedTestModule = file; allTestFiles.push(normalizedTestModule); } }); require.config({ // Karma serves files under /base, which is the basePath from your config file baseUrl: '/base/src/js', paths:{ 'angular':'lib/angular.min' }, shim:{ 'angular':{ 'exports': 'angular' } }, // dynamically load all test files deps: allTestFiles, // we have to kickoff jasmine, as it is asynchronous callback: window.__karma__.start }); require(['angular', 'controllers/controllers'], function(angular, controller){ console.log('main.js loaded.'); console.log( controller); }, function(){ console.log("load error"); console.log( arguments); });
4. 测试的写法
比如，我们有一个模块的定义。
define([], function(){ return function ($scope){ $scope.name = 'World'; $scope.phones = [ {'name': 'Nexus S', 'snippet': 'Fast just got faster with Nexus S.', 'age':1 }, {'name': 'Motorola XOOM™ with Wi-Fi', 'snippet': 'The Next, Next Generation tablet.', 'age':2 }, {'name': 'MOTOROLA XOOM™', 'snippet': 'The Next, Next Generation tablet.', 'age':3 } ]; $scope.orderProp = 'age'; }; })
测试也是一个模块，一定要在测试的依赖项中，将测试所依赖的模块加载进来。
// use define to load dependency block. define(['controllers/controllers'], function(target) { // regular jasmine test case describe('PhoneCat controllers', function() { describe('PhoneListCtrl', function(){ var scope, ctrl; beforeEach(function(){ scope = {}; // create controller instance ctrl = new target( scope ); }); it('should create "Phone" model with 3 phones.', function(){ expect( scope.phones.length ).toBe( 3 ); }); it(' the name of "Phone" model should be "World".', function(){ expect( scope.name ).toBe('World'); }); it('the age of "Phone" model should be "age",', function(){ expect( scope.orderProp ).toBe( 'age' ); }) }) }); });
执行之后的输出如下：
PS C:studyphotocat> grunt karma Running "karma:unit" (karma) task 16 09 2015 14:38:05.540:WARN [karma]: No captured browser, open http://localhost:9876/ 16 09 2015 14:38:05.555:INFO [karma]: Karma v0.13.9 server started at http://localhost:9876/ 16 09 2015 14:38:05.564:INFO [launcher]: Starting browser Chrome 16 09 2015 14:38:08.382:INFO [Chrome 44.0.2403 (Windows 7 0.0.0)]: Connected on socket IUSWkKhxqSbjN8NzAAAA with id 89877642 Start: hello, jasmine. √ say hello to jasmine. PhoneCat controllers PhoneListCtrl √ should create "Phone" model with 3 phones. √ the name of "Phone" model should be "World". √ the age of "Phone" model should be "age", Finished in 0.013 secs / 0.002 secs SUMMARY: √ 4 tests completed
5. 总结
在配合 requirejs 的时候， karma 路径，requirejs 的路径一定要注意，karma 的服务器将我们的服务内容放在了 /base 之下，我们在使用的时候，必须特别注意这一点。
另外，文件名称的大小写问题，在 Windows 系统下大小写不敏感，但是，在 Linux 服务器上，大小写不同将是不同的文件。注意 Karma 服务器中，即使在 Windwos 系统下，也会区分大小写。
在配合 requirejs 时，关键是一定要通过 requirejs 来加载你的模块，而不是直接嵌入带页面中。
http://requirejs.org/docs/errors.html#mismatch
http://icodeit.org/2013/10/using-karma-as-the-javascript-test-runner/