第3章 docker镜像和容器管理的基本命令

安装完的docker后，我们就要接触相应的基础命令，下面我们分镜像命令和容器命令进行相应的介绍。

查看镜像的相关命令

1标识镜像的方法 

• 第一种：REPOSITORY ：TAG 
• 第二种：IMAGE ID (镜像id)
  
  

• 		1、REPOSITORY ：TAG
  			centos:latest
  		2、IMAGE ID  (镜像id)
          	0d120b6ccaa8 （sha256:64位的号码，默认只截取12位）

2.查看镜像

• docker image ls  查看镜像信息

• docker image ls --no-trunc  详细查看镜像信息

• [root@localhost ~]# docker image ls 
  REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
  nginx               latest              bc9a0695f571        8 days ago          133MB
  centos              7                   8652b9f0cb4c        2 weeks ago         204MB
  centos              7.9.2009            8652b9f0cb4c        2 weeks ago         204MB
  centos              7.6.1810            f1cb7c7d58b7        20 months ago       202MB
  [root@localhost ~]# docker image ls --no-trunc
  REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID                                                                  CREATED             SIZE
  nginx               latest              sha256:bc9a0695f5712dcaaa09a5adc415a3936ccba13fc2587dfd76b1b8aeea3f221c   8 days ago          133MB
  centos              7                   sha256:8652b9f0cb4c0599575e5a003f5906876e10c1ceb2ab9fe1786712dac14a50cf   2 weeks ago         204MB
  centos              7.9.2009            sha256:8652b9f0cb4c0599575e5a003f5906876e10c1ceb2ab9fe1786712dac14a50cf   2 weeks ago         204MB
  centos              7.6.1810            sha256:f1cb7c7d58b73eac859c395882eec49d50651244e342cd6c68a5c7809785f427   20 months ago       202MB

 　　

• 描述

• docker image ls 列出映像

• 用法

• docker image ls [OPTIONS] [REPOSITORY[:TAG]]

• 选项

名字，速记	默认	描述
--all , -a		Show all images (default hides intermediate images) -----显示所有映像（默认隐藏中间映像）
--digests		Show digests -----显示摘要
--filter , -f		Filter output based on conditions provided -----根据提供的条件过滤输出
--format		Pretty-print images using a Go template -----使用Go模板的漂亮打印映像
--no-trunc		Don’t truncate output -----不要截断输出
--quiet , -q		Only show numeric IDs -----仅显示数字ID

3.查看镜像详细信息

• 1.通过id号进行查看（id号不需要全部复制）
  [root@localhost ~]# docker image inspect bc9a0695f5712dcaaa
  2.通过镜像名：tag进行查看
  [root@localhost ~]# docker image inspect nginx:lates

4.image 的基础命令

• 1.	 [root@localhost Carrie]# docker image --help
  Usage:	docker image COMMAND
  
  Manage images
  
  Commands:
    build       Build an image from a Dockerfile
    创建       从dockerfile生成一个镜像
    history     Show the history of an image
    历史       显示镜像的历史
    import      Import the contents from a tarball to create a filesystem image

                               从tarball导入内容以创建文件系统映像。

    inspect     Display detailed information on one or more images
    检查       在一个或多个图像上显示详细信息
    load        Load an image from a tar archive or STDIN
    加载        从a tar archive or STDIN中加载一个镜像
    ls          List images
    list show    列出镜像
    prune       Remove unused images
    修剪        删除未使用的镜像
    pull        Pull an image or a repository from a registry
    拉取       从注册表中拉取镜像或存储库
    push        Push an image or a repository to a registry
    推          给注册表推镜像或存储库
    rm          Remove one or more images
    删除          删除一个或者多个镜像
    save        Save one or more images to a tar archive (streamed to STDOUT by default)
    保存        保存一个或者多个镜像到a tar archive (streamed to STDOUT by default)
    tag         Create a tag TARGET_IMAGE that refers to SOURCE_IMAGE   
    标记       创建一个标志 （改名作用）
  

  　　

查看docker信息的命令

1.查看docker的版本信息

•  docker version

• [root@localhost docker]# docker version
  Client: Docker Engine - Community
   Version:           19.03.13
   API version:       1.40
   Go version:        go1.13.15
   Git commit:        4484c46d9d
   Built:             Wed Sep 16 17:03:45 2020
   OS/Arch:           linux/amd64
   Experimental:      false
  
  Server: Docker Engine - Community
   Engine:
    Version:          19.03.13
    API version:      1.40 (minimum version 1.12)
    Go version:       go1.13.15
    Git commit:       4484c46d9d
    Built:            Wed Sep 16 17:02:21 2020
    OS/Arch:          linux/amd64
    Experimental:     false
   containerd:
    Version:          1.3.7
    GitCommit:        8fba4e9a7d01810a393d5d25a3621dc101981175
   runc:
    Version:          1.0.0-rc10
    GitCommit:        dc9208a3303feef5b3839f4323d9beb36df0a9dd
   docker-init:
    Version:          0.18.0
    GitCommit:        fec3683
  

2.查看docker的详细信息

• 　docker info

• [root@localhost docker]# docker info
  Client:
   Debug Mode: false
  
  Server:
   Containers: 0
    Running: 0
    Paused: 0
    Stopped: 0
   Images: 1
   Server Version: 19.03.13
   Storage Driver: overlay2
    Backing Filesystem: xfs
    Supports d_type: true
    Native Overlay Diff: true
   Logging Driver: json-file
   Cgroup Driver: cgroupfs
   Plugins:
    Volume: local
    Network: bridge host ipvlan macvlan null overlay
    Log: awslogs fluentd gcplogs gelf journald json-file local logentries splunk syslog
   Swarm: inactive
   Runtimes: runc
   Default Runtime: runc
   Init Binary: docker-init
   containerd version: 8fba4e9a7d01810a393d5d25a3621dc101981175
   runc version: dc9208a3303feef5b3839f4323d9beb36df0a9dd
   init version: fec3683
   Security Options:
    seccomp
     Profile: default
   Kernel Version: 3.10.0-1160.6.1.el7.x86_64
   Operating System: CentOS Linux 7 (Core)
   OSType: linux
   Architecture: x86_64
   CPUs: 2
   Total Memory: 3.682GiB
   Name: localhost.localdomain
   ID: HKP3:SX23:3TYR:OV22:A6HB:7GZW:L5IY:PMFF:Q7BS:4PZP:X2UB:OEHT
   Docker Root Dir: /var/lib/docker
   Debug Mode: false
   Registry: https://index.docker.io/v1/
   Labels:
   Experimental: false
   Insecure Registries:
    127.0.0.0/8
   Registry Mirrors:
    https://72idtxd8.mirror.aliyuncs.com/
   Live Restore Enabled: false
  

　

镜像的基础操作

1.查找镜像

• docker search  nginx (从网上查找的镜像）
• 如果想指定星级 可以加-s 星级数(docker search nginx -s 20) ----------->显示星级数高于20的镜像

• [root@localhost docker]# docker search nginx
  NAME                               DESCRIPTION                                     STARS               OFFICIAL            AUTOMATED
  名字                                描述                                            星级                 是否官方创建           
  
  nginx                              Official build of Nginx.                        14063               [OK]                
  jwilder/nginx-proxy                Automated Nginx reverse proxy for docker con…   1912                                    [OK]
  richarvey/nginx-php-fpm            Container running Nginx + PHP-FPM capable of…   795                                     [OK]
  linuxserver/nginx                  An Nginx container, brought to you by LinuxS…   131                                     
  jc21/nginx-proxy-manager           Docker container for managing Nginx proxy ho…   115                                     
  tiangolo/nginx-rtmp                Docker image with Nginx using the nginx-rtmp…   105                                     [OK]
  bitnami/nginx                      Bitnami nginx Docker Image                      90                                      [OK]
  alfg/nginx-rtmp                    NGINX, nginx-rtmp-module and FFmpeg from sou…   80                                      [OK]
  jlesage/nginx-proxy-manager        Docker container for Nginx Proxy Manager        72                                      [OK]
  nginxdemos/hello                   NGINX webserver that serves a simple page co…   63                                      [OK]
  nginx/nginx-ingress                NGINX Ingress Controller for Kubernetes         45                                      
  privatebin/nginx-fpm-alpine        PrivateBin running on an Nginx, php-fpm & Al…   42                                      [OK]
  nginxinc/nginx-unprivileged        Unprivileged NGINX Dockerfiles                  21                                      
  schmunk42/nginx-redirect           A very simple container to redirect HTTP tra…   19                                      [OK]
  nginx/nginx-prometheus-exporter    NGINX Prometheus Exporter                       15                                      
  centos/nginx-112-centos7           Platform for running nginx 1.12 or building …   15                                      
  staticfloat/nginx-certbot          Opinionated setup for automatic TLS certs lo…   14                                      [OK]
  raulr/nginx-wordpress              Nginx front-end for the official wordpress:f…   13                                      [OK]
  centos/nginx-18-centos7            Platform for running nginx 1.8 or building n…   13                                      
  mailu/nginx                        Mailu nginx frontend                            8                                       [OK]
  bitwarden/nginx                    The Bitwarden nginx web server acting as a r…   7                                       
  flashspys/nginx-static             Super Lightweight Nginx Image                   7                                       [OK]
  bitnami/nginx-ingress-controller   Bitnami Docker Image for NGINX Ingress Contr…   6                                       [OK]
  wodby/nginx                        Generic nginx                                   1                                       [OK]
  ansibleplaybookbundle/nginx-apb    An APB to deploy NGINX   
  

  　　

2.从仓库中拉取镜像（下载镜像）

• docker image pull nginx 

• [root@localhost docker]# docker image ls -a
  REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
  [root@localhost docker]# docker pull nginx
  Using default tag: latest
  latest: Pulling from library/nginx
  852e50cd189d: Pull complete 
  571d7e852307: Pull complete 
  addb10abd9cb: Pull complete 
  d20aa7ccdb77: Pull complete 
  8b03f1e11359: Pull complete 
  Digest: sha256:6b1daa9462046581ac15be20277a7c75476283f969cb3a61c8725ec38d3b01c3
  Status: Downloaded newer image for nginx:latest
  docker.io/library/nginx:latest
  [root@localhost docker]#  docker images
  REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
  nginx               latest              bc9a0695f571        9 days ago          133MB
  

3.从容器中导出镜像到宿主机

• docker image save nginx > /Carrie/nginx  

• [root@localhost Carrie]# docker image save nginx > /Carrie/nginx
  

4.删除镜像

• 删除一个镜像：docker image  rm nginx 
• 删除所有镜像：docker image rmi -f  'docker image ls -q'

• [root@localhost Carrie]# docker image rm nginx
  Untagged: nginx:latest
  Untagged: nginx@sha256:6b1daa9462046581ac15be20277a7c75476283f969cb3a61c8725ec38d3b01c3
  Deleted: sha256:bc9a0695f5712dcaaa09a5adc415a3936ccba13fc2587dfd76b1b8aeea3f221c
  Deleted: sha256:a6862ade3b91fdde2aa8a3d77fdcc95b1eb6c606be079c11b7f97f249d0e731d
  Deleted: sha256:32bcbe3740b68d0625744e774b404140366c0c4a2b2eadf32280d66ba001b4fb
  Deleted: sha256:2dc5e43f496e41a18c016904b6665454a53be22eb4dcc1b468d864b4e2d1f311
  Deleted: sha256:5fe6a7c579cd9fbcfa604810974c4c0c16893f4c40bc801545607ebd0accea74
  Deleted: sha256:f5600c6330da7bb112776ba067a32a9c20842d6ecc8ee3289f1a713b644092f8
  

5.从宿主机中导入镜像

• docker image tag nginx load -i /Carrie/nginx (-i 从tar包中读取文件内容）

• [root@localhost Carrie]# docker image tag nginx load -i /Carrie/nginx 
  f5600c6330da: Loading layer [==================================================>]  72.52MB/72.52MB
  7ccabd267c9f: Loading layer [==================================================>]  64.54MB/64.54MB
  850c2400ea4d: Loading layer [==================================================>]  3.072kB/3.072kB
  f790aed835ee: Loading layer [==================================================>]  4.096kB/4.096kB
  7e914612e366: Loading layer [==================================================>]  3.584kB/3.584kB
  Loaded image: nginx:latest
  [root@localhost Carrie]# docker image ls
  REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
  nginx               latest              bc9a0695f571        12 hours ago        133MB
  centos              7                   8652b9f0cb4c        11 days ago         204MB
  centos              7.6.1810            f1cb7c7d58b7        20 months ago       202MB
  

6.镜像命名

•  docker image tag ID号  新名:TAG

• [root@localhost docker]# docker images
  REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
  nginx               latest              bc9a0695f571        9 days ago          133MB
  centos              7                   8652b9f0cb4c        2 weeks ago         204MB
  [root@localhost docker]# docker image tag 8652b9f0cb4c centos7.0:7.0
  [root@localhost docker]# docker images
  REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
  nginx               latest              bc9a0695f571        9 days ago          133MB
  centos7.0           7.0                 8652b9f0cb4c        2 weeks ago         204MB
  centos              7                   8652b9f0cb4c        2 weeks ago         204MB
  

7.镜像的上传（将镜像传到仓库中）

•  
•  
•  

容器的基础操作

• 启动容器是要依赖镜像的
• 容器一般有两种形式一种为交互式容器(工具类容器），另一种为守护式容器

1.启动交互式容器

• docker container run -it nginx 
• 参数介绍如下：

• –detach	-d	在后台运行容器，并且打印容器id。
  –interactive	-i	即使没有连接，也要保持标准输入保持打开状态，一般与 -t 连用。
  –tty	-t	分配一个伪tty，一般与 -i 连用。

•  docker容器运行之后，不会进入容器，只会提示容器已经运行

  [root@localhost docker]# docker container run -it nginx
  /docker-entrypoint.sh: /docker-entrypoint.d/ is not empty, will attempt to perform configuration
  /docker-entrypoint.sh: Looking for shell scripts in /docker-entrypoint.d/
  /docker-entrypoint.sh: Launching /docker-entrypoint.d/10-listen-on-ipv6-by-default.sh
  10-listen-on-ipv6-by-default.sh: Getting the checksum of /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
  10-listen-on-ipv6-by-default.sh: Enabled listen on IPv6 in /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
  /docker-entrypoint.sh: Launching /docker-entrypoint.d/20-envsubst-on-templates.sh
  /docker-entrypoint.sh: Configuration complete; ready for start up
  

• 如果想要进入容器，需要开启一个进程窗口，一般是/bin/bash
• docker container run -it nginx /bin/bash

• [root@localhost docker]# docker container run -it nginx /bin/bash
  root@36a432a211d4:/# 
  

2.启动守护式容器

•  docker run -d --name="container-nginx" nginx 
•  --name='' ------容器名字

  [root@localhost docker]# docker run -d --name="container-nginx" nginx 
  83f20975051a756b756ed6cddfaea7b22d3e23a6d91faaeb06d0df4f47abdada

  这就是已经启动了nginx的服务，用curl命令可以直接看到nginx的页面

• [root@localhost docker]# curl 192.168.2.222:8080
  <!DOCTYPE html>
  <html>
  <head>
  <title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
  <style>
      body {
           35em;
          margin: 0 auto;
          font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;
      }
  </style>
  </head>
  <body>
  <h1>Welcome to nginx!</h1>
  <p>If you see this page, the nginx web server is successfully installed and
  working. Further configuration is required.</p>
  
  <p>For online documentation and support please refer to
  <a href="http://nginx.org/">nginx.org</a>.<br/>
  Commercial support is available at
  <a href="http://nginx.com/">nginx.com</a>.</p>
  
  <p><em>Thank you for using nginx.</em></p>
  </body>
  </html>

3.docker容器的网络访问

　　默认情况下，容器之间是可以ping通的，但是容器无法和宿主机外部连接，所以无法在浏览器中显示nginx.

　　解决这个问题只需要启动容器时需要指定映射。

• 1.宿主机的8080端口映射到container的80端口    ： -p 8080:80 映射端口

  [root@localhost docker]# docker run -d --name="container-nginx" -p 8080:80 nginx
  

•  查看容器和宿主机是否连接
• 
•  2.指定某段地址的8080端口映射到container的80端口   

• [root@localhost docker]# docker run -d --name="container-nginx" -p 192.168.2.0:8080:80 nginx
  

  　　

• 3.随机某段地址的端口映射到container的80端口 （随机端口从32768开始）

• [root@localhost docker]# docker run -d --name="container-nginx" -p 192.168.2.0::80 nginx
  

  　　

• 4.随机端口映射到container的80端口 

• [root@localhost docker]# docker run -d --name="container-nginx" -p 80 nginx
  

  　　

4 .查看版本

• cat /etc/redhat-release

• [root@localhost docker]# cat /etc/redhat-release 
  CentOS Linux release 7.9.2009 (Core)
  

5.查看容器的状态

• docker container ls

• [root@localhost docker]# docker container ls
  CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS              PORTS                  NAMES
  
  容器的唯一标识         镜像                容器的命令                 时间                 状态                映射端口                名字
  1e42240498a7        nginx               "/docker-entrypoint.…"   About an hour ago   Up About an hour    0.0.0.0:8080->80/tcp   Carrie_nginx
  

6.查看容器的状态信息

• 第一种：docker container ls -a  显示所有容器
• 第二种： docker container ps    显示开启的容器

• [root@localhost ~]# docker container ls -a
  CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS                      PORTS                  NAMES
  83f20975051a        nginx               "/docker-entrypoint.…"   12 hours ago        Up 5 seconds                80/tcp                 container-nginx
  b95a2f892de1        nginx               "/docker-entrypoint.…"   12 hours ago        Exited (0) 12 hours ago                            brave_bell
  36a432a211d4        nginx               "/docker-entrypoint.…"   12 hours ago        Exited (130) 12 hours ago                          magical_kowalevski
  1577a37d246d        nginx               "/docker-entrypoint.…"   12 hours ago        Exited (0) 12 hours ago                            affectionate_poincare
  579c50bca513        nginx               "/docker-entrypoint.…"   12 hours ago        Exited (0) 12 hours ago                            awesome_neumann
  1e42240498a7        nginx               "/docker-entrypoint.…"   13 hours ago        Up 13 hours                 0.0.0.0:8080->80/tcp   Carrie_nginx
  [root@localhost ~]# docker container ps
  CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS              PORTS                  NAMES
  83f20975051a        nginx               "/docker-entrypoint.…"   12 hours ago        Up About a minute   80/tcp                 container-nginx
  1e42240498a7        nginx               "/docker-entrypoint.…"   13 hours ago        Up 13 hours         0.0.0.0:8080->80/tcp   Carrie_nginx
  

7.启动容器

• 当镜像变成容器启动时用run命令，当容器生成再进行启动时就需要用start命令
• 启动到后台

• [root@localhost ~]# docker container ls -a
  CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             
  1e42240498a7        nginx               "/docker-entrypoint.…"   13 hours ago        Up 13 hours                 0.0.0.0:8080->80/tcp   Carrie_nginx
  [root@localhost ~]# docker container start 1e42240498a7 
  1e42240498a7
  

8.进入容器的命令

• 1.docker run；创建和启动一个新的容器实例，操作对象是镜像，选项较多，如果你要创建和启动一个容器，只能用run；
• 实例：docker run -d --name="container-nginx" nginx

• [root@localhost docker]# docker run -d --name="container-nginx" nginx 
  83f20975051a756b756ed6cddfaea7b22d3e23a6d91faaeb06d0df4f47abdada
  

  　　

• 2.docker exec: 在已运行的容器中，执行命令，操作对象是容器，如果你要进入已运行的容器，并且执行命令，用exec；用exec的方式进入容器，退出容器时不会关闭容器

• 实例：docker container exec -it 1e42240498a7 /bin/bash

• [root@localhost ~]# docker container start 1e4
  1e4
  [root@localhost ~]# docker container exec -it 1e42240498a7 /bin/bash
  root@1e42240498a7:/# ls -a
  .   .dockerenv	boot  docker-entrypoint.d   etc   lib	 media	opt   root  sbin  sys  usr
  ..  bin		dev   docker-entrypoint.sh  home  lib64  mnt	proc  run   srv   tmp  var
  

  　　

• 3.docker attach: 同样操作的是已运行的容器，可以将本机标准输入（键盘输入）输到容器中，也可以将容器的输出显示在本机的屏幕上，如果你想查看容器运行过程中产生的标准输入输出，用attach，用attach的方式进入容器，但是退出容器时会关闭容器
• 实例：docker container attach 1e42240498a7

• [root@localhost ~]# docker container ps
  CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS              PORTS                  NAMES
  83f20975051a        nginx               "/docker-entrypoint.…"   13 hours ago        Up 4 seconds        80/tcp                 container-nginx
  1e42240498a7        nginx               "/docker-entrypoint.…"   14 hours ago        Up 35 seconds       0.0.0.0:8080->80/tcp   Carrie_nginx
  [root@localhost ~]# docker container attach 1e42240498a7
  

　       

           了解进入容器的命令详解请查看下一章博客：https://www.cnblogs.com/hanjiali/p/14088844.html

9.关闭容器 

• docker container stop  1e42240498a7 
• 停止容器

• [root@localhost ~]# docker container stop  1e42240498a7 
  1e42240498a7
  

 　　

10.容器前台转后台运行

• curl+p,q  将容器丢到后台运行　 
• docker run后面追加-d=true或者-d，那么容器将会运行在后台模式。

11.容器的导出

• docker export 1e4 > /Carrie/nginx.tar

• [root@localhost ~]# docker container ps
  CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS              PORTS                  NAMES
  1e42240498a7        nginx               "/docker-entrypoint.…"   15 hours ago        Up 8 minutes        0.0.0.0:8080->80/tcp   Carrie_nginx
  [root@localhost ~]# docker export 1e4 > /Carrie/nginx.tar
  [root@localhost ~]# ls /Carrie/nginx.tar 
  /Carrie/nginx.tar
  

12.容器的导入

• docker import /Carrie/nginx.tar

• [root@localhost ~]# docker container ps
  CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS              PORTS                  NAMES
  1e42240498a7        nginx               "/docker-entrypoint.…"   15 hours ago        Up 8 minutes        0.0.0.0:8080->80/tcp   Carrie_nginx
  [root@localhost ~]# docker rm -f 1e4
  1e4
  [root@localhost ~]# docker container ls -a
  CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS                      PORTS               NAMES
  
  [root@localhost ~]# docker import /Carrie/nginx.tar
  sha256:7959eb583395d45ecb7d2e152061ade41742c3cf5f208d5f49c8d270ad9247bb
  
  [root@localhost ~]# docker images 
  REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
  <none>              <none>              7959eb583395        29 seconds ago      131MB
  [root@localhost ~]# docker tag 7959eb583395 nginx:Carrie
  [root@localhost ~]# docker images 
  REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
  nginx               Carrie              7959eb583395        3 minutes ago       131MB