• servlet编程


    1 如何开发一个Servlet

      1.1 步骤:

      1)编写java类,继承HttpServlet

      2)重新doGetdoPost方法

      3Servlet程序交给tomcat服务器运行!!

      3.1 servlet程序的class码拷贝到WEB-INF/classes目录

      3.2 web.xml文件中进行配置

    <!-- 配置一个servlet -->
      <!-- servlet的配置 -->
      <servlet>
          <!-- servlet的内部名称,自定义。尽量有意义 -->
          <servlet-name>FirstServlet</servlet-name>
          <!-- servlet的类全名: 包名+简单类名 -->
          <servlet-class>gz.itcast.a_servlet.FirstServlet</servlet-class>
      </servlet>
      
      
      <!-- servlet的映射配置 -->
      <servlet-mapping>
          <!-- servlet的内部名称,一定要和上面的内部名称保持一致!! -->
          <servlet-name>FirstServlet</servlet-name>
          <!-- servlet的映射路径(访问servlet的名称) -->
          <url-pattern>/first</url-pattern>
      </servlet-mapping>

    tomcat服务器启动时,首先加载webapps中的每个web应用的web.xml配置文件。

    http://: http协议

    localhost 到本地的hosts文件中查找是否存在该域名对应的IP地址

    127.0.0.1

    8080    找到tomcat服务器

    /day10     tomcatwebapps目录下找 day10的目录

    /first    资源名称。

    1)在day10web.xml中查找是否有匹配的url-pattern的内容(/first

    2)如果找到匹配的url-pattern,则使用当前servlet-name的名称到web.xml文件中查询是否相同名称的servlet配置

    3)如果找到,则取出对应的servlet配置信息中的servlet-class内容:

    字符串: gz.itcast.a_servlet.FirstServlet

    通过反射:

    a)构造FirstServlet的对象

    b)然后调用FirstServlet里面的方法

    2 .Servlet的映射路径

    <servlet-mapping>
          <!-- servlet的内部名称,一定要和上面的内部名称保持一致!! -->
          <servlet-name>FirstServlet</servlet-name>
          <!-- servlet的映射路径(访问servlet的名称) -->
          <url-pattern>/first</url-pattern>
      </servlet-mapping>

                          url-pattern                   浏览器输入

    精确匹配               /first                 http://localhost:8080/day10/first

              /itcast/demo1          http://localhost:8080/day10/itcast/demo1

    模糊匹配             /*                   http://localhost:8080/day10/任意路径

            /itcast/*           http://localhost:8080/day10/itcast/任意路径

            *.后缀名     http://localhost:8080/day10/任意路径.do

            *.do

            *.action

            *.html(伪静态)

    注意:

    1url-pattern要么以 / 开头,要么以*开头。  例如, itcast是非法路径。

    2)不能同时使用两种模糊匹配,例如 /itcast/*.do是非法路径

    3)当有输入的URL有多个servlet同时被匹配的情况下:

      3.1 精确匹配优先。(长的最像优先被匹配)

      3.2 以后缀名结尾的模糊url-pattern优先级最低!!!

    3 servlet缺省路径

    servlet的缺省路径(<url-pattern>/</url-pattern>)是在tomcat服务器内置的一个路径。该路径对应的是一个DefaultServlet(缺省Servlet)。这个缺省的Servlet的作用是用于解析web应用的静态资源文件

    问题: URL输入http://localhost:8080/day10/index.html 如何读取文件????

      1)到当前day10应用下的web.xml文件查找是否有匹配的url-pattern

      2)如果没有匹配的url-pattern,则交给tomcat的内置的DefaultServlet处理

      3DefaultServlet程序到day10应用的根目录下查找是存在一个名称为index.html的静态文件。

      4)如果找到该文件,则读取该文件内容,返回给浏览器。

      5)如果找不到该文件,则返回404错误页面。

    结论: 先找动态资源,再找静态资源。

    4 Sevlet的生命周期(重点)

    4.1 引入

      Servlet的生命周期: servlet类对象什么时候创建,什么时候调用什么方法,什么时候销毁。

      以前的对象: new Student(); stu.study();   stu=null;

      Servlet程序的生命周期由tomcat服务器控制的!!!!

    4.2 Servlet重要的四个生命周期方法

    构造方法: 创建servlet对象的时候调用。默认情况下,第一次访问servlet的时候创建servlet对象 只调用1次。证明servlet对象在tomcat是单实例的。

    init方法: 创建完servlet对象的时候调用。只调用1次。

    service方法: 每次发出请求时调用。调用n次。

    destroy方法: 销毁servlet对象的时候调用。停止服务器或者重新部署web应用时销毁servlet对象。

    只调用1次。

    4.3 伪代码演示servlet的生命周期

    Tomtcat内部代码运行:

      1)通过映射找到到servlet-class的内容,字符串: gz.itcast.a_servlet.FirstServlet

      2)通过反射构造FirstServlet对象

        2.1 得到字节码对象

          Class clazz = class.forName("gz.itcast.a_servlet.FirstServlet");

        2.2 调用无参数的构造方法来构造对象

          Object obj = clazz.newInstance();     ---1.servlet的构造方法被调用

      3)创建ServletConfig对象,通过反射调用init方法

        3.1 得到方法对象

          Method m = clazz.getDeclareMethod("init",ServletConfig.class);

        3.2 调用方法

          m.invoke(obj,config);             --2.servletinit方法被调用

      4)创建requestresponse对象,通过反射调用service方法

        4.1 得到方法对象

        Method m=clazz.getDeclareMethod("service",HttpServletRequest.class,HttpServletResponse.class);

        4.2 调用方法

          m.invoke(obj,request,response);  --3.servletservice方法被调用

      5)当tomcat服务器停止或web应用重新部署,通过反射调用destroy方法

        5.1 得到方法对象

          Method m = clazz.getDeclareMethod("destroy",null);

        5.2 调用方法

          m.invoke(obj,null);            --4.servletdestroy方法被调用

    4.4 用时序图来演示servlet的生命周期

    代码演示:

    package com.http.servletExercise;
    
    import java.io.BufferedReader;
    import java.io.File;
    import java.io.FileReader;
    import java.io.IOException;
    import java.io.PrintWriter;
    import java.util.Enumeration;
    
    import javax.servlet.ServletConfig;
    import javax.servlet.ServletException;
    import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
    import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
    import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
    
    public class servlet extends HttpServlet {
        private ServletConfig path;
        /**
         * Constructor of the object.
         */
        public servlet() {
            System.out.println("创建一个servlet!");
        }
        @Override
        public void init(ServletConfig config) throws ServletException {
            // TODO Auto-generated method stub
            this.path = config;
            super.init(config);
        }
        private void destory() {
            // TODO Auto-generated method stub
            System.out.println("销毁一个servlet");
        }
    
        @Override
        protected void service(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)
                throws ServletException, IOException {
            System.out.println("收到一个请求!");
            super.service(req, resp);
        }
        /**
         * The doGet method of the servlet. <br>
         *
         * This method is called when a form has its tag value method equals to get.
         * 
         * @param request the request send by the client to the server
         * @param response the response send by the server to the client
         * @throws ServletException if an error occurred
         * @throws IOException if an error occurred
         */
        int count = 0;
        public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
                throws ServletException, IOException {
            response.setCharacterEncoding("gb2312");
            synchronized (servlet.class) {
                response.getWriter().write("这是第" + count + "个请求!");
                count++;
    //            System.out.println(path.getInitParameter("path") + "MyWeb/temp.txt");/MyWeb/WebRoot/temp.txt
                BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(path.getInitParameter("path") + "MyWeb/WebRoot/temp.txt"));
                String str;
                while((str = in.readLine()) != null){
                    System.out.println(str);
                }
                in.close();
            }
            Enumeration<String> names = this.getServletConfig().getInitParameterNames();
            while(names.hasMoreElements()){
                String name = names.nextElement();
                System.out.println(name + ":" + this.getServletConfig().getInitParameter(name));
            }
            
        }
    
        /**
         * The doPost method of the servlet. <br>
         *
         * This method is called when a form has its tag value method equals to post.
         * 
         * @param request the request send by the client to the server
         * @param response the response send by the server to the client
         * @throws ServletException if an error occurred
         * @throws IOException if an error occurred
         */
        public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
                throws ServletException, IOException {
    
            response.setContentType("text/html");
            PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
            out.println("<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">");
            out.println("<HTML>");
            out.println("  <HEAD><TITLE>A Servlet</TITLE></HEAD>");
            out.println("  <BODY>");
            out.print("    This is ");
            out.print(this.getClass());
            out.println(", using the POST method");
            out.println("  </BODY>");
            out.println("</HTML>");
            out.flush();
            out.close();
        }
    
    }

    5 Servlet的自动加载

    默认情况下,第一次访问servlet的时候创建servlet对象。如果servlet的构造方法或init方法中执行了比较多的逻辑代码,那么导用户第一次访问sevrlet的时候比较慢。

    改变servlet创建对象的时机: 提前到加载web应用的时候!!!

    servlet的配置信息中,加上一个<load-on-startup>即可!!

    <servlet>
        <servlet-name>LifeDemo</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class>gz.itcast.c_life.LifeDemo</servlet-class>
        <!-- 让servlet对象自动加载 -->
        <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>  注意: 整数值越大,创建优先级越低!!
      </servlet>

    7 有参的init方法和无参的init方法

    8 Servlet的多线程并发问题

      注意: servlet对象在tomcat服务器是单实例多线程的。

      因为servlet是多线程的,所以当多个servlet的线程同时访问了servlet的共享数据,如成员变量,可能会引发线程安全问题。

      解决办法:

        1)把使用到共享数据的代码块进行同步(使用synchronized关键字进行同步)

        2)建议在servlet类中尽量不要使用成员变量。如果确实要使用成员,必须同步。而且尽量缩小同步代码块的范围。(哪里使用到了成员变量,就同步哪里!!),以避免因为同步而导致并发效率降低。

    Servlet学习:

         HttpServletRequest  请求对象:获取请求信息

         HttpServletResponse 响应对象: 设置响应对象

         ServletConfig对象    servlet配置对象

         ServletContext对象; servlet的上下文对象

    9 ServletConfig对象

      9.1 作用

        ServletConfig对象: 主要是用于加载servlet的初始化参数。在一个web应用可以存在多个ServletConfig对象(一个Servlet对应一个ServletConfig对象)

      9.2 对象创建和得到

        创建时机: 在创建完servlet对象之后,在调用init方法之前创建。

        得到对象: 直接从有参数的init方法中得到!!!

      9.3 servlet的初始化参数配置

      <servlet>
        <servlet-name>ConfigDemo</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class>gz.itcast.f_config.ConfigDemo</servlet-class>
        <!-- 初始参数: 这些参数会在加载web应用的时候,封装到ServletConfig对象中 -->
        <init-param>
            <param-name>path</param-name>
            <param-value>e:/b.txt</param-value>
        </init-param>
      </servlet>

    注意: servlet的参数只能由当前的这个sevlet获取!!!!

    ServletConfigAPI

      java.lang.String getInitParameter(java.lang.String name)  根据参数名获取参数值

      java.util.Enumeration getInitParameterNames()    获取所有参数

         ServletContext getServletContext()     得到servlet上下文对象

      java.lang.String getServletName()       得到servlet的名称

    代码练习:

    package com.servlet.context;
    
    import java.io.IOException;
    import java.io.PrintWriter;
    import java.util.Enumeration;
    
    import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
    import javax.servlet.ServletException;
    import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
    import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
    import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
    
    public class contextExercise extends HttpServlet {
    
        /**
         * Constructor of the object.
         */
        public contextExercise() {
            super();
        }
    
        /**
         * The doDelete method of the servlet. <br>
         *
         * This method is called when a HTTP delete request is received.
         * 
         * @param request the request send by the client to the server
         * @param response the response send by the server to the client
         * @throws ServletException if an error occurred
         * @throws IOException if an error occurred
         */
        public void doDelete(HttpServletRequest request,
                HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
    
            // Put your code here
        }
    
        /**
         * The doGet method of the servlet. <br>
         *
         * This method is called when a form has its tag value method equals to get.
         * 
         * @param request the request send by the client to the server
         * @param response the response send by the server to the client
         * @throws ServletException if an error occurred
         * @throws IOException if an error occurred
         */
        public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
                throws ServletException, IOException {
            
            ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
            String contextPath = context.getContextPath();
            System.out.println(contextPath);
            System.out.println(context.getInitParameter("AAA"));
            
            Enumeration<String> names = context.getInitParameterNames();
            while(names.hasMoreElements()){
                String name = names.nextElement();
                System.out.println(name + ":" + context.getInitParameter(name));
            }
            
        }
    
        /**
         * The doPost method of the servlet. <br>
         *
         * This method is called when a form has its tag value method equals to post.
         * 
         * @param request the request send by the client to the server
         * @param response the response send by the server to the client
         * @throws ServletException if an error occurred
         * @throws IOException if an error occurred
         */
        public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
                throws ServletException, IOException {
    
            response.setContentType("text/html");
            PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
            out.println("<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">");
            out.println("<HTML>");
            out.println("  <HEAD><TITLE>A Servlet</TITLE></HEAD>");
            out.println("  <BODY>");
            out.print("    This is ");
            out.print(this.getClass());
            out.println(", using the POST method");
            out.println("  </BODY>");
            out.println("</HTML>");
            out.flush();
            out.close();
        }
    
    }

    10 ServletContext对象

      10.1 引入

        ServletContext对象 ,叫做Servlet的上下文对象。表示一个当前的web应用环境。一个web应用中只有一 ServletContext对象。

      10.2 对象创建和得到

        创建时机:加载web应用时创建ServletContext对象。

        得到对象: ServletConfig对象的getServletContext方法得到

        我们设计:

        创建ServletConfig对象

        public void init( ServletConfig configServletContext context ){  多了一个参数

        得到ServletConfig对象

        得到ServletContext对象;

        }

      Sun公司设计

        1)创建ServletContext对象   ServletContext  context = new ServletContext()

        2)创建ServletConfig对象   ServetConfig config = new ServletConfig();

                                                  config.setServletContxt(context);

                    class  ServletConfig{

                        ServletContext context;

                        public ServletContext getServletContxt(){

                        return contxt;

                      }

                    }

          public void init( ServletConfig config ){

            得到ServletConfig对象

            从ServletConfig对象中得到ServletContext对象

            SerlvetContext context = config.getServletContext();

           }

    10.1 ServletContext对象的核心API(作用)

      java.lang.String getContextPath()   --得到当前web应用的路径

      java.lang.String getInitParameter(java.lang.String name)  --得到web应用的初始化参数

      java.util.Enumeration getInitParameterNames()  

      void setAttribute(java.lang.String name, java.lang.Object object) --域对象有关的方法

      java.lang.Object getAttribute(java.lang.String name)  

      void removeAttribute(java.lang.String name)  

      RequestDispatcher getRequestDispatcher(java.lang.String path)   --转发(类似于重定向)

      java.lang.String getRealPath(java.lang.String path)     --得到web应用的资源文件

      java.io.InputStream getResourceAsStream(java.lang.String path)  

    10.3 得到web应用路径

      java.lang.String getContextPath()  用在请求重定向的资源名称中

    10.4得到web应用的初始化参数(全局)

      java.lang.String getInitParameter(java.lang.String name)  --得到web应用的初始化参数

      java.util.Enumeration getInitParameterNames()  

      web应用参数可以让当前web应用的所有servlet获取!!!

    10.5域对象有关的方法

      域对象:作用是用于保存数据,获取数据。可以在不同的动态资源之间共享数据

    案例:   

    Servlet1                   Servlet2

            name=eric                     

    response.sendRedirect("/Servlet2?name=eric")             String request.getParameter("name");

    保存到域对象中            从域对象获取

    Student                  

    方案1: 可以通过传递参数的形式,共享数据。局限:只能传递字符串类型。

    方案2: 可以使用域对象共享数据,好处:可以共享任何类型的数据!!!!!

    ServletContext就是一个域对象!!!!

    保存数据:void setAttribute(java.lang.String name, java.lang.Object object)

    获取数据: java.lang.Object getAttribute(java.lang.String name)  

    删除数据: void removeAttribute(java.lang.String name)  

    ServletContext域对象:作用范围在整个web应用中有效!!!

    所有域对象:

    HttpServletRequet 域对象

    ServletContext域对象

    HttpSession 域对象

    PageContext域对象

    10.6 转发

     RequestDispatcher getRequestDispatcher(java.lang.String path)

    1)转发

       a)地址栏不会改变

       b)转发只能转发到当前web应用内的资源

      c)可以在转发过程中,可以把数据保存到request域对象中

    2)重定向

      a)地址栏会改变,变成重定向到地址。

      b)重定向可以跳转到当前web应用,或其他web应用,甚至是外部域名网站。

      c)不能再重定向的过程,把数据保存到request中。

    结论: 如果要使用request域对象进行数据共享,只能用转发技术!!!

     代码1:

    package com.servlet.context;
    
    import java.io.IOException;
    import java.io.PrintWriter;
    
    import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
    import javax.servlet.ServletException;
    import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
    import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
    import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
    
    public class demo1 extends HttpServlet {
    
        /**
         * Constructor of the object.
         */
        public demo1() {
            super();
        }
    
        /**
         * The doDelete method of the servlet. <br>
         *
         * This method is called when a HTTP delete request is received.
         * 
         * @param request the request send by the client to the server
         * @param response the response send by the server to the client
         * @throws ServletException if an error occurred
         * @throws IOException if an error occurred
         */
        public void doDelete(HttpServletRequest request,
                HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
    
            // Put your code here
        }
    
        /**
         * The doGet method of the servlet. <br>
         *
         * This method is called when a form has its tag value method equals to get.
         * 
         * @param request the request send by the client to the server
         * @param response the response send by the server to the client
         * @throws ServletException if an error occurred
         * @throws IOException if an error occurred
         */
        public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
                throws ServletException, IOException {
    
    //        func1();
            request.setAttribute("name", "lisi");
            this.getServletContext().getRequestDispatcher("/demo2").forward(request, response);
            
        }
    
        private void func1() {
            ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
            Student student = new Student("张三", 15, "男");
            context.setAttribute("zs", student);
        }
        class Student{
            private String name;
            private int age;
            private String sex;
            public String getName() {
                return name;
            }
            public void setName(String name) {
                this.name = name;
            }
            public int getAge() {
                return age;
            }
            public void setAge(int age) {
                this.age = age;
            }
            public String getSex() {
                return sex;
            }
            public void setSex(String sex) {
                this.sex = sex;
            }
            public Student(String name, int age, String sex) {
                super();
                this.name = name;
                this.age = age;
                this.sex = sex;
            }
            @Override
            public String toString() {
                return "Student [name=" + name + ", age=" + age + ", sex=" + sex
                        + "]";
            }
            
        }
    
        /**
         * The doPost method of the servlet. <br>
         *
         * This method is called when a form has its tag value method equals to post.
         * 
         * @param request the request send by the client to the server
         * @param response the response send by the server to the client
         * @throws ServletException if an error occurred
         * @throws IOException if an error occurred
         */
        public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
                throws ServletException, IOException {
    
            response.setContentType("text/html");
            PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
            out.println("<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">");
            out.println("<HTML>");
            out.println("  <HEAD><TITLE>A Servlet</TITLE></HEAD>");
            out.println("  <BODY>");
            out.print("    This is ");
            out.print(this.getClass());
            out.println(", using the POST method");
            out.println("  </BODY>");
            out.println("</HTML>");
            out.flush();
            out.close();
        }
    
    }

    代码2:

    package com.servlet.context;
    
    import java.io.IOException;
    import java.io.PrintWriter;
    
    import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
    import javax.servlet.ServletException;
    import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
    import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
    import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
    
    import com.servlet.context.demo1.Student;
    
    public class demo2 extends HttpServlet {
    
        /**
         * Constructor of the object.
         */
        public demo2() {
            super();
        }
    
        /**
         * The doDelete method of the servlet. <br>
         *
         * This method is called when a HTTP delete request is received.
         * 
         * @param request the request send by the client to the server
         * @param response the response send by the server to the client
         * @throws ServletException if an error occurred
         * @throws IOException if an error occurred
         */
        public void doDelete(HttpServletRequest request,
                HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
    
            // Put your code here
        }
    
        /**
         * The doGet method of the servlet. <br>
         *
         * This method is called when a form has its tag value method equals to get.
         * 
         * @param request the request send by the client to the server
         * @param response the response send by the server to the client
         * @throws ServletException if an error occurred
         * @throws IOException if an error occurred
         */
        public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
                throws ServletException, IOException {
    
    //        func2();
            System.out.println(request.getAttribute("name"));
        }
    
        private void func2() {
            ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
            Student zs = (Student)context.getAttribute("zs");
            System.out.println(zs);
        }
    
        /**
         * The doPost method of the servlet. <br>
         *
         * This method is called when a form has its tag value method equals to post.
         * 
         * @param request the request send by the client to the server
         * @param response the response send by the server to the client
         * @throws ServletException if an error occurred
         * @throws IOException if an error occurred
         */
        public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
                throws ServletException, IOException {
    
            response.setContentType("text/html");
            PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
            out.println("<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">");
            out.println("<HTML>");
            out.println("  <HEAD><TITLE>A Servlet</TITLE></HEAD>");
            out.println("  <BODY>");
            out.print("    This is ");
            out.print(this.getClass());
            out.println(", using the POST method");
            out.println("  </BODY>");
            out.println("</HTML>");
            out.flush();
            out.close();
        }
    
    }

    总结:

      Servlet编程:

      Servlet生命周期(重点)

      其他都是应用的东西(敲代码练习)

    作业:

      改造通讯录程序

      servlet+xml版本

    要求:

      1)使用浏览器操作系统

      提示:

      添加联系人:

      设计一个添加联系人html页面

      保存逻辑:

        AddServlet  (接收页面数据(getParameter()),使用dom4j保存到xml

      修改联系人

        QueryServlet xml查询修改的联系人, 把联系人显示到一个html页面(response.getWriter.write("<html></html>")));

      修改保存逻辑:

        UpdateServlet ( 接收页面数据,把数据保存xml )

      删除联系人:

          输入删除idhtml页面

      删除逻辑:

        DeleteServle( 接收id, 在xml文件中删除对应的联系人)

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/handsomecui/p/6069635.html
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