1 如何开发一个Servlet
1.1 步骤:
1)编写java类,继承HttpServlet类
2)重新doGet和doPost方法
3)Servlet程序交给tomcat服务器运行!!
3.1 servlet程序的class码拷贝到WEB-INF/classes目录
3.2 在web.xml文件中进行配置
<!-- 配置一个servlet --> <!-- servlet的配置 --> <servlet> <!-- servlet的内部名称,自定义。尽量有意义 --> <servlet-name>FirstServlet</servlet-name> <!-- servlet的类全名: 包名+简单类名 --> <servlet-class>gz.itcast.a_servlet.FirstServlet</servlet-class> </servlet> <!-- servlet的映射配置 --> <servlet-mapping> <!-- servlet的内部名称,一定要和上面的内部名称保持一致!! --> <servlet-name>FirstServlet</servlet-name> <!-- servlet的映射路径(访问servlet的名称) --> <url-pattern>/first</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
tomcat服务器启动时,首先加载webapps中的每个web应用的web.xml配置文件。
http://: http协议
localhost: 到本地的hosts文件中查找是否存在该域名对应的IP地址
127.0.0.1
8080: 找到tomcat服务器
/day10 在tomcat的webapps目录下找 day10的目录
/first 资源名称。
1)在day10的web.xml中查找是否有匹配的url-pattern的内容(/first)
2)如果找到匹配的url-pattern,则使用当前servlet-name的名称到web.xml文件中查询是否相同名称的servlet配置
3)如果找到,则取出对应的servlet配置信息中的servlet-class内容:
字符串: gz.itcast.a_servlet.FirstServlet
通过反射:
a)构造FirstServlet的对象
b)然后调用FirstServlet里面的方法
2 .Servlet的映射路径
<servlet-mapping> <!-- servlet的内部名称,一定要和上面的内部名称保持一致!! --> <servlet-name>FirstServlet</servlet-name> <!-- servlet的映射路径(访问servlet的名称) --> <url-pattern>/first</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
url-pattern 浏览器输入
精确匹配 /first http://localhost:8080/day10/first
/itcast/demo1 http://localhost:8080/day10/itcast/demo1
模糊匹配 /* http://localhost:8080/day10/任意路径
/itcast/* http://localhost:8080/day10/itcast/任意路径
*.后缀名 http://localhost:8080/day10/任意路径.do
*.do
*.action
*.html(伪静态)
注意:
1)url-pattern要么以 / 开头,要么以*开头。 例如, itcast是非法路径。
2)不能同时使用两种模糊匹配,例如 /itcast/*.do是非法路径
3)当有输入的URL有多个servlet同时被匹配的情况下:
3.1 精确匹配优先。(长的最像优先被匹配)
3.2 以后缀名结尾的模糊url-pattern优先级最低!!!
3 servlet缺省路径
servlet的缺省路径(<url-pattern>/</url-pattern>)是在tomcat服务器内置的一个路径。该路径对应的是一个DefaultServlet(缺省Servlet)。这个缺省的Servlet的作用是用于解析web应用的静态资源文件。
问题: URL输入http://localhost:8080/day10/index.html 如何读取文件????
1)到当前day10应用下的web.xml文件查找是否有匹配的url-pattern。
2)如果没有匹配的url-pattern,则交给tomcat的内置的DefaultServlet处理
3)DefaultServlet程序到day10应用的根目录下查找是存在一个名称为index.html的静态文件。
4)如果找到该文件,则读取该文件内容,返回给浏览器。
5)如果找不到该文件,则返回404错误页面。
结论: 先找动态资源,再找静态资源。
4 Sevlet的生命周期(重点)
4.1 引入
Servlet的生命周期: servlet类对象什么时候创建,什么时候调用什么方法,什么时候销毁。
以前的对象: new Student(); stu.study(); stu=null;
Servlet程序的生命周期由tomcat服务器控制的!!!!
4.2 Servlet重要的四个生命周期方法
构造方法: 创建servlet对象的时候调用。默认情况下,第一次访问servlet的时候创建servlet对象 只调用1次。证明servlet对象在tomcat是单实例的。
init方法: 创建完servlet对象的时候调用。只调用1次。
service方法: 每次发出请求时调用。调用n次。
destroy方法: 销毁servlet对象的时候调用。停止服务器或者重新部署web应用时销毁servlet对象。
只调用1次。
4.3 伪代码演示servlet的生命周期
Tomtcat内部代码运行:
1)通过映射找到到servlet-class的内容,字符串: gz.itcast.a_servlet.FirstServlet
2)通过反射构造FirstServlet对象
2.1 得到字节码对象
Class clazz = class.forName("gz.itcast.a_servlet.FirstServlet");
2.2 调用无参数的构造方法来构造对象
Object obj = clazz.newInstance(); ---1.servlet的构造方法被调用
3)创建ServletConfig对象,通过反射调用init方法
3.1 得到方法对象
Method m = clazz.getDeclareMethod("init",ServletConfig.class);
3.2 调用方法
m.invoke(obj,config); --2.servlet的init方法被调用
4)创建request,response对象,通过反射调用service方法
4.1 得到方法对象
Method m=clazz.getDeclareMethod("service",HttpServletRequest.class,HttpServletResponse.class);
4.2 调用方法
m.invoke(obj,request,response); --3.servlet的service方法被调用
5)当tomcat服务器停止或web应用重新部署,通过反射调用destroy方法
5.1 得到方法对象
Method m = clazz.getDeclareMethod("destroy",null);
5.2 调用方法
m.invoke(obj,null); --4.servlet的destroy方法被调用
4.4 用时序图来演示servlet的生命周期
代码演示:
package com.http.servletExercise; import java.io.BufferedReader; import java.io.File; import java.io.FileReader; import java.io.IOException; import java.io.PrintWriter; import java.util.Enumeration; import javax.servlet.ServletConfig; import javax.servlet.ServletException; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse; public class servlet extends HttpServlet { private ServletConfig path; /** * Constructor of the object. */ public servlet() { System.out.println("创建一个servlet!"); } @Override public void init(ServletConfig config) throws ServletException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub this.path = config; super.init(config); } private void destory() { // TODO Auto-generated method stub System.out.println("销毁一个servlet"); } @Override protected void service(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { System.out.println("收到一个请求!"); super.service(req, resp); } /** * The doGet method of the servlet. <br> * * This method is called when a form has its tag value method equals to get. * * @param request the request send by the client to the server * @param response the response send by the server to the client * @throws ServletException if an error occurred * @throws IOException if an error occurred */ int count = 0; public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { response.setCharacterEncoding("gb2312"); synchronized (servlet.class) { response.getWriter().write("这是第" + count + "个请求!"); count++; // System.out.println(path.getInitParameter("path") + "MyWeb/temp.txt");/MyWeb/WebRoot/temp.txt BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(path.getInitParameter("path") + "MyWeb/WebRoot/temp.txt")); String str; while((str = in.readLine()) != null){ System.out.println(str); } in.close(); } Enumeration<String> names = this.getServletConfig().getInitParameterNames(); while(names.hasMoreElements()){ String name = names.nextElement(); System.out.println(name + ":" + this.getServletConfig().getInitParameter(name)); } } /** * The doPost method of the servlet. <br> * * This method is called when a form has its tag value method equals to post. * * @param request the request send by the client to the server * @param response the response send by the server to the client * @throws ServletException if an error occurred * @throws IOException if an error occurred */ public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { response.setContentType("text/html"); PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); out.println("<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">"); out.println("<HTML>"); out.println(" <HEAD><TITLE>A Servlet</TITLE></HEAD>"); out.println(" <BODY>"); out.print(" This is "); out.print(this.getClass()); out.println(", using the POST method"); out.println(" </BODY>"); out.println("</HTML>"); out.flush(); out.close(); } }
5 Servlet的自动加载
默认情况下,第一次访问servlet的时候创建servlet对象。如果servlet的构造方法或init方法中执行了比较多的逻辑代码,那么导用户第一次访问sevrlet的时候比较慢。
改变servlet创建对象的时机: 提前到加载web应用的时候!!!
在servlet的配置信息中,加上一个<load-on-startup>即可!!
<servlet> <servlet-name>LifeDemo</servlet-name> <servlet-class>gz.itcast.c_life.LifeDemo</servlet-class> <!-- 让servlet对象自动加载 --> <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup> 注意: 整数值越大,创建优先级越低!! </servlet>
7 有参的init方法和无参的init方法
8 Servlet的多线程并发问题
注意: servlet对象在tomcat服务器是单实例多线程的。
因为servlet是多线程的,所以当多个servlet的线程同时访问了servlet的共享数据,如成员变量,可能会引发线程安全问题。
解决办法:
1)把使用到共享数据的代码块进行同步(使用synchronized关键字进行同步)
2)建议在servlet类中尽量不要使用成员变量。如果确实要使用成员,必须同步。而且尽量缩小同步代码块的范围。(哪里使用到了成员变量,就同步哪里!!),以避免因为同步而导致并发效率降低。
Servlet学习:
HttpServletRequest 请求对象:获取请求信息
HttpServletResponse 响应对象: 设置响应对象
ServletConfig对象 servlet配置对象
ServletContext对象; servlet的上下文对象
9 ServletConfig对象
9.1 作用
ServletConfig对象: 主要是用于加载servlet的初始化参数。在一个web应用可以存在多个ServletConfig对象(一个Servlet对应一个ServletConfig对象)
9.2 对象创建和得到
创建时机: 在创建完servlet对象之后,在调用init方法之前创建。
得到对象: 直接从有参数的init方法中得到!!!
9.3 servlet的初始化参数配置
<servlet> <servlet-name>ConfigDemo</servlet-name> <servlet-class>gz.itcast.f_config.ConfigDemo</servlet-class> <!-- 初始参数: 这些参数会在加载web应用的时候,封装到ServletConfig对象中 --> <init-param> <param-name>path</param-name> <param-value>e:/b.txt</param-value> </init-param> </servlet>
注意: servlet的参数只能由当前的这个sevlet获取!!!!
ServletConfig的API:
java.lang.String getInitParameter(java.lang.String name) 根据参数名获取参数值
java.util.Enumeration getInitParameterNames() 获取所有参数
ServletContext getServletContext() 得到servlet上下文对象
java.lang.String getServletName() 得到servlet的名称
代码练习:
package com.servlet.context; import java.io.IOException; import java.io.PrintWriter; import java.util.Enumeration; import javax.servlet.ServletContext; import javax.servlet.ServletException; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse; public class contextExercise extends HttpServlet { /** * Constructor of the object. */ public contextExercise() { super(); } /** * The doDelete method of the servlet. <br> * * This method is called when a HTTP delete request is received. * * @param request the request send by the client to the server * @param response the response send by the server to the client * @throws ServletException if an error occurred * @throws IOException if an error occurred */ public void doDelete(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { // Put your code here } /** * The doGet method of the servlet. <br> * * This method is called when a form has its tag value method equals to get. * * @param request the request send by the client to the server * @param response the response send by the server to the client * @throws ServletException if an error occurred * @throws IOException if an error occurred */ public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { ServletContext context = this.getServletContext(); String contextPath = context.getContextPath(); System.out.println(contextPath); System.out.println(context.getInitParameter("AAA")); Enumeration<String> names = context.getInitParameterNames(); while(names.hasMoreElements()){ String name = names.nextElement(); System.out.println(name + ":" + context.getInitParameter(name)); } } /** * The doPost method of the servlet. <br> * * This method is called when a form has its tag value method equals to post. * * @param request the request send by the client to the server * @param response the response send by the server to the client * @throws ServletException if an error occurred * @throws IOException if an error occurred */ public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { response.setContentType("text/html"); PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); out.println("<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">"); out.println("<HTML>"); out.println(" <HEAD><TITLE>A Servlet</TITLE></HEAD>"); out.println(" <BODY>"); out.print(" This is "); out.print(this.getClass()); out.println(", using the POST method"); out.println(" </BODY>"); out.println("</HTML>"); out.flush(); out.close(); } }
10 ServletContext对象
10.1 引入
ServletContext对象 ,叫做Servlet的上下文对象。表示一个当前的web应用环境。一个web应用中只有一 个ServletContext对象。
10.2 对象创建和得到
创建时机:加载web应用时创建ServletContext对象。
得到对象: 从ServletConfig对象的getServletContext方法得到
我们设计:
创建ServletConfig对象
public void init( ServletConfig config,ServletContext context ){ 多了一个参数
得到ServletConfig对象
得到ServletContext对象;
}
Sun公司设计
1)创建ServletContext对象 ServletContext context = new ServletContext()
2)创建ServletConfig对象 ServetConfig config = new ServletConfig();
config.setServletContxt(context);
class ServletConfig{
ServletContext context;
public ServletContext getServletContxt(){
return contxt;
}
}
public void init( ServletConfig config ){
得到ServletConfig对象
从ServletConfig对象中得到ServletContext对象
SerlvetContext context = config.getServletContext();
}
10.1 ServletContext对象的核心API(作用)
java.lang.String getContextPath() --得到当前web应用的路径
java.lang.String getInitParameter(java.lang.String name) --得到web应用的初始化参数
java.util.Enumeration getInitParameterNames()
void setAttribute(java.lang.String name, java.lang.Object object) --域对象有关的方法
java.lang.Object getAttribute(java.lang.String name)
void removeAttribute(java.lang.String name)
RequestDispatcher getRequestDispatcher(java.lang.String path) --转发(类似于重定向)
java.lang.String getRealPath(java.lang.String path) --得到web应用的资源文件
java.io.InputStream getResourceAsStream(java.lang.String path)
10.3 得到web应用路径
java.lang.String getContextPath() 用在请求重定向的资源名称中
10.4得到web应用的初始化参数(全局)
java.lang.String getInitParameter(java.lang.String name) --得到web应用的初始化参数
java.util.Enumeration getInitParameterNames()
web应用参数可以让当前web应用的所有servlet获取!!!
10.5域对象有关的方法
域对象:作用是用于保存数据,获取数据。可以在不同的动态资源之间共享数据。
案例:
Servlet1 Servlet2
name=eric
response.sendRedirect("/Servlet2?name=eric") String request.getParameter("name");
保存到域对象中 从域对象获取
Student
方案1: 可以通过传递参数的形式,共享数据。局限:只能传递字符串类型。
方案2: 可以使用域对象共享数据,好处:可以共享任何类型的数据!!!!!
ServletContext就是一个域对象!!!!
保存数据:void setAttribute(java.lang.String name, java.lang.Object object)
获取数据: java.lang.Object getAttribute(java.lang.String name)
删除数据: void removeAttribute(java.lang.String name)
ServletContext域对象:作用范围在整个web应用中有效!!!
所有域对象:
HttpServletRequet 域对象
ServletContext域对象
HttpSession 域对象
PageContext域对象
10.6 转发
RequestDispatcher getRequestDispatcher(java.lang.String path)
1)转发
a)地址栏不会改变
b)转发只能转发到当前web应用内的资源
c)可以在转发过程中,可以把数据保存到request域对象中
2)重定向
a)地址栏会改变,变成重定向到地址。
b)重定向可以跳转到当前web应用,或其他web应用,甚至是外部域名网站。
c)不能再重定向的过程,把数据保存到request中。
结论: 如果要使用request域对象进行数据共享,只能用转发技术!!!
代码1:
package com.servlet.context; import java.io.IOException; import java.io.PrintWriter; import javax.servlet.ServletContext; import javax.servlet.ServletException; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse; public class demo1 extends HttpServlet { /** * Constructor of the object. */ public demo1() { super(); } /** * The doDelete method of the servlet. <br> * * This method is called when a HTTP delete request is received. * * @param request the request send by the client to the server * @param response the response send by the server to the client * @throws ServletException if an error occurred * @throws IOException if an error occurred */ public void doDelete(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { // Put your code here } /** * The doGet method of the servlet. <br> * * This method is called when a form has its tag value method equals to get. * * @param request the request send by the client to the server * @param response the response send by the server to the client * @throws ServletException if an error occurred * @throws IOException if an error occurred */ public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { // func1(); request.setAttribute("name", "lisi"); this.getServletContext().getRequestDispatcher("/demo2").forward(request, response); } private void func1() { ServletContext context = this.getServletContext(); Student student = new Student("张三", 15, "男"); context.setAttribute("zs", student); } class Student{ private String name; private int age; private String sex; public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } public int getAge() { return age; } public void setAge(int age) { this.age = age; } public String getSex() { return sex; } public void setSex(String sex) { this.sex = sex; } public Student(String name, int age, String sex) { super(); this.name = name; this.age = age; this.sex = sex; } @Override public String toString() { return "Student [name=" + name + ", age=" + age + ", sex=" + sex + "]"; } } /** * The doPost method of the servlet. <br> * * This method is called when a form has its tag value method equals to post. * * @param request the request send by the client to the server * @param response the response send by the server to the client * @throws ServletException if an error occurred * @throws IOException if an error occurred */ public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { response.setContentType("text/html"); PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); out.println("<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">"); out.println("<HTML>"); out.println(" <HEAD><TITLE>A Servlet</TITLE></HEAD>"); out.println(" <BODY>"); out.print(" This is "); out.print(this.getClass()); out.println(", using the POST method"); out.println(" </BODY>"); out.println("</HTML>"); out.flush(); out.close(); } }
代码2:
package com.servlet.context; import java.io.IOException; import java.io.PrintWriter; import javax.servlet.ServletContext; import javax.servlet.ServletException; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse; import com.servlet.context.demo1.Student; public class demo2 extends HttpServlet { /** * Constructor of the object. */ public demo2() { super(); } /** * The doDelete method of the servlet. <br> * * This method is called when a HTTP delete request is received. * * @param request the request send by the client to the server * @param response the response send by the server to the client * @throws ServletException if an error occurred * @throws IOException if an error occurred */ public void doDelete(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { // Put your code here } /** * The doGet method of the servlet. <br> * * This method is called when a form has its tag value method equals to get. * * @param request the request send by the client to the server * @param response the response send by the server to the client * @throws ServletException if an error occurred * @throws IOException if an error occurred */ public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { // func2(); System.out.println(request.getAttribute("name")); } private void func2() { ServletContext context = this.getServletContext(); Student zs = (Student)context.getAttribute("zs"); System.out.println(zs); } /** * The doPost method of the servlet. <br> * * This method is called when a form has its tag value method equals to post. * * @param request the request send by the client to the server * @param response the response send by the server to the client * @throws ServletException if an error occurred * @throws IOException if an error occurred */ public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { response.setContentType("text/html"); PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); out.println("<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">"); out.println("<HTML>"); out.println(" <HEAD><TITLE>A Servlet</TITLE></HEAD>"); out.println(" <BODY>"); out.print(" This is "); out.print(this.getClass()); out.println(", using the POST method"); out.println(" </BODY>"); out.println("</HTML>"); out.flush(); out.close(); } }
总结:
Servlet编程:
Servlet生命周期(重点)
其他都是应用的东西(敲代码练习)
作业:
改造通讯录程序
servlet+xml版本
要求:
1)使用浏览器操作系统
提示:
添加联系人:
设计一个添加联系人html页面
保存逻辑:
AddServlet (接收页面数据(getParameter()),使用dom4j保存到xml)
修改联系人
QueryServlet (xml查询修改的联系人, 把联系人显示到一个html页面(response.getWriter.write("<html></html>")));
修改保存逻辑:
UpdateServlet ( 接收页面数据,把数据保存xml )
删除联系人:
输入删除id的html页面
删除逻辑:
DeleteServle( 接收id, 在xml文件中删除对应的联系人)