一、简介
LVS是Linux Virtual Server的简写，意即Linux虚拟服务器，是一个虚拟的服务器集群系统。本项目在1998年5月由章文嵩博士成立，是中国国内最早出现的自由软件项目之一。
目前有三种IP负载均衡技术（VS/NAT、VS/TUN和VS/DR）；十种调度算法（rr|wrr|lc|wlc|lblc|lblcr|dh|sh|sed|nq）。
Keepalived在这里主要用作RealServer的健康状态检查以及LoadBalance主机和BackUP主机之间failover的实现。
LVS+Keepalived能实现的功能：利用LVS控制器主备模式避免单点故障以及自动删除故障WEB服务器结点并当它恢复后再自动添加到群集中。
拓扑图：
1 准备工作
a) 虚拟机上安装CentOS6.x操作系统，参考一下博客内容
http://www.cnblogs.com/seesea125/archive/2012/02/25/2368255.html
b)将上一步安装上的虚拟机clone 3分，如图所示
2个LVS服务器，一个作为Master，一个作为Backup 2个真实web服务器
c)设置各个系统的网络
c-1) win7操作系统，作为外部访问LVS服务器的设备，设置VMnet1的IP地址，如图设置
c-2)在VM软件中分别设置各个CentOS6系统的网卡
c-2-1)LVS MASTER 服务器的网卡设置，需要1块网卡连接，如图所示
c-2-2)LVS Backup 服务器的网卡设置，需要1块网卡连接，如图所示
c-2-3)设置2台真实web服务器的网卡连接，需要一块网卡连接，如图所示
c-3)通过ifconfig命令，设置各个CentOS系统的网路设置
c-3-1)LVS MASTER 服务器的网路设置，分别设置eth0为10.0.0.136 255.255.255.0,eth0:1为10.0.0.148 255.255.255.255
c-3-2)LVS BACKUP 服务器的网路设置，分别设置eth0为10.0.0.157 255.255.255.0,eth0:1为10.0.0.148 255.255.255.255
c-3-3)2台真实web 服务器的网路设置，分别设置eth0为10.0.0.137 255.255.255.0和10.0.0.139 255.255.255.0
通过以上步骤的话，通过ping命令检验是否所有的系统之间都可以联通了。
2 安装必要的软件
a) LVS MASTER和Backup 服务器
a-1)ipvsadm 和keepalived的安装
安装之前最好查看一下系统中是否已经安装了这2个软件
命令录下 yum -y install ipvsadm 和 yum -y install keepalived
a-2) 开启路由转发
[root@CentOS-LVS_MASTER ~]# vim /etc/sysctl.conf
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
[root@CentOS-LVS_MASTER ~]# sysctl -p
a-3) 配置keepalived，如图所示
Master端的配置：cat /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
! Configuration File for keepalived
global_defs {
notification_email {
root@linux.tang.chao #设置报警邮件地址，可以设置多个，每行一个。
mchina_tang@qq.com #需开启本机的sendmail服务
}
notification_email_from keepalived@localhost #设置邮件的发送地址
smtp_server 127.0.0.1 #设置smtp server地址
smtp_connect_timeout 30 #设置连接smtp server的超时时间
router_id LVS_DEVEL #表示运行keepalived服务器的一个标识。发邮件时显示在邮件主题的信息
}
vrrp_instance VI_1 {
state MASTER #指定keepalived的角色，MASTER表示此主机是主服务器，BACKUP表示此主机是备用服务器
interface eth0 #指定HA监测网络的接口
virtual_router_id 51 #虚拟路由标识，这个标识是一个数字，同一个vrrp实例使用唯一的标识。即同一vrrp_instance下，MASTER和BACKUP必须是一致的
priority 100 #定义优先级，数字越大，优先级越高，在同一个vrrp_instance下，MASTER的优先级必须大于BACKUP的优先级
advert_int 1 #设定MASTER与BACKUP负载均衡器之间同步检查的时间间隔，单位是秒
authentication { #设置验证类型和密码
auth_type PASS #设置验证类型，主要有PASS和AH两种
auth_pass 1111 #设置验证密码，在同一个vrrp_instance下，MASTER与BACKUP必须使用相同的密码才能正常通信
}
virtual_ipaddress { #设置虚拟IP地址，可以设置多个虚拟IP地址，每行一个
10.0.0.148
}
}
virtual_server 10.0.0.148 80 { #设置虚拟服务器，需要指定虚拟IP地址和服务端口，IP与端口之间用空格隔开
delay_loop 6 #设置运行情况检查时间，单位是秒
lb_algo rr #设置负载调度算法，这里设置为rr，即轮询算法
lb_kind DR #设置LVS实现负载均衡的机制，有NAT、TUN、DR三个模式可选
persistence_timeout 50 #会话保持时间，单位是秒。这个选项对动态网页是非常有用的，为集群系统中的session共享提供了一个很好的解决方案。
#有了这个会话保持功能，用户的请求会被一直分发到某个服务节点，直到超过这个会话的保持时间。
#需要注意的是，这个会话保持时间是最大无响应超时时间，也就是说，用户在操作动态页面时，如果50秒内没有执行任何操作，
#那么接下来的操作会被分发到另外的节点，但是如果用户一直在操作动态页面，则不受50秒的时间限制
protocol TCP #指定转发协议类型，有TCP和UDP两种
real_server 10.0.0.137 80 { #配置服务节点1，需要指定real server的真实IP地址和端口，IP与端口之间用空格隔开
weight 3 #配置服务节点的权值，权值大小用数字表示，数字越大，权值越高，设置权值大小可以为不同性能的服务器
#分配不同的负载，可以为性能高的服务器设置较高的权值，而为性能较低的服务器设置相对较低的权值，这样才能合理地利用和分配系统资源
TCP_CHECK { #realserver的状态检测设置部分，单位是秒
connect_timeout 10 #表示3秒无响应超时
nb_get_retry 3 #表示重试次数
delay_before_retry 3 #表示重试间隔
connect_port 80
}
}
real_server 10.0.0.139 80 {
weight 3
TCP_CHECK {
connect_timeout 10
nb_get_retry 3
delay_before_retry 3
connect_port 80
}
}
}
Backup端的配置：cat /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
! Configuration File for keepalived
global_defs {
notification_email {
root@linux.tang.chao
mchina_tang@qq.com
}
notification_email_from Alexandre.Cassen@firewall.loc
smtp_server 127.0.0.1
smtp_connect_timeout 30
router_id LVS_DEVEL
}
vrrp_instance VI_1 {
state BACKUP
interface eth0
virtual_router_id 51
priority 99
advert_int 1
authentication {
auth_type PASS
auth_pass 1111
}
virtual_ipaddress {
10.0.0.148
}
}
virtual_server 10.0.0.148 80 {
delay_loop 6
lb_algo rr
lb_kind DR
persistence_timeout 50
protocol TCP
real_server 10.0.0.137 80 {
weight 3
TCP_CHECK {
connect_timeout 10
nb_get_retry 3
delay_before_retry 3
connect_port 80
}
}
real_server 10.0.0.139 80 {
weight 3
TCP_CHECK {
connect_timeout 10
nb_get_retry 3
delay_before_retry 3
connect_port 80
}
}
}
a-4) 将keepalived设置为服务
chkconfig keepalived on
b) 在2台真实的web服务器分别配置HTTP
[root@WEB1 ~]# yum -y install httpd
[root@WEB1 ~]# cd /var/www/html/
[root@WEB1 html]# cat index.html
<h1>WEB1/10.0.0.137</h1>
[root@WEB1 html]# /etc/init.d/httpd start
另一台机器配置一样，过程略。
3、在两台Web Server上执行realserver.sh脚本，为lo:0绑定VIP地址10.0.0.148、抑制ARP广播。
[root@web1 ~]# cat realserver.sh
#!/bin/bash #description: Config realserver VIP=10.0.0.148 /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions case "$1" in start) /sbin/ifconfig lo:0 $VIP netmask 255.255.255.255 broadcast $VIP /sbin/route add -host $VIP dev lo:0 echo "1" >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/lo/arp_ignore echo "2" >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/lo/arp_announce echo "1" >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/arp_ignore echo "2" >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/arp_announce sysctl -p >/dev/null 2>&1 echo "RealServer Start OK" ;; stop) /sbin/ifconfig lo:0 down /sbin/route del $VIP >/dev/null 2>&1 echo "0" >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/lo/arp_ignore echo "0" >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/lo/arp_announce echo "0" >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/arp_ignore echo "0" >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/arp_announce echo "RealServer Stoped" ;; *) echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop}" exit 1 esac exit 0
[root@web1 ~]# sh realserver.sh start
4、分别在LVS-MASTER、LVS-BACKUP上执行service keepalived start启动keepalived就可实现负载均衡及高可用集群了；
[root@LVS-MASTER keepalived]# service keepalived start
[root@LVS-MASTER keepalived]# ipvsadm -L
IP Virtual Server version 1.2.1 (size=4096)
Prot LocalAddress:Port Scheduler Flags
-> RemoteAddress:Port Forward Weight ActiveConn InActConn
TCP 10.0.0.148:http rr persistent 50
-> 10.0.0.139:http Route 3 0 0
-> 10.0.0.137:http Route 3 0 0
[root@LVS-MASTER keepalived]#
查看日志/var/log/messages
[root@LVS-MASTER keepalived]# tail -n 30/var/log/messages
Apr 19 03:59:58 LVS-MASTER avahi-daemon[2845]: Withdrawing address record for10.0.0.148 on eth0.
Apr 19 04:00:19 LVS-MASTER Keepalived: Starting Keepalived v1.2.1 (04/17,2012)
Apr 19 04:00:19 LVS-MASTER Keepalived: Starting Healthcheck child process,pid=5960
Apr 19 04:00:19 LVS-MASTER Keepalived_healthcheckers: Netlink reflector reportsIP 10.0.0.136 added
Apr 19 04:00:19 LVS-MASTER Keepalived_healthcheckers: Netlink reflector reportsIP 10.0.0.159 added
Apr 19 04:00:19 LVS-MASTER Keepalived_healthcheckers: Registering Kernelnetlink reflector
Apr 19 04:00:19 LVS-MASTER Keepalived_healthcheckers: Registering Kernelnetlink command channel
Apr 19 04:00:19 LVS-MASTER Keepalived_healthcheckers: Opening file '/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf'.
Apr 19 04:00:19 LVS-MASTER Keepalived_healthcheckers: Configuration is using :12257 Bytes
Apr 19 04:00:19 LVS-MASTER Keepalived_healthcheckers: Using LinkWatch kernelnetlink reflector...
Apr 19 04:00:19 LVS-MASTER Keepalived_healthcheckers: Activating healtcheckerfor service [10.0.0.137:80]
Apr 19 04:00:19 LVS-MASTER Keepalived_healthcheckers: Activating healtcheckerfor service [10.0.0.139:80]
Apr 19 04:00:19 LVS-MASTER Keepalived_vrrp: Netlink reflector reports IP10.0.0.136 added
Apr 19 04:00:19 LVS-MASTER Keepalived_vrrp: Netlink reflector reports IP10.0.0.159 added
Apr 19 04:00:19 LVS-MASTER Keepalived_vrrp: Registering Kernel netlinkreflector
Apr 19 04:00:19 LVS-MASTER Keepalived_vrrp: Registering Kernel netlink commandchannel
Apr 19 04:00:19 LVS-MASTER Keepalived_vrrp: Registering gratutious ARP sharedchannel
Apr 19 04:00:19 LVS-MASTER Keepalived_vrrp: Opening file'/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf'.
Apr 19 04:00:19 LVS-MASTER Keepalived_vrrp: Configuration is using : 36698Bytes
Apr 19 04:00:19 LVS-MASTER Keepalived_vrrp: Using LinkWatch kernel netlinkreflector...
Apr 19 04:00:19 LVS-MASTER Keepalived_vrrp: VRRP sockpool: [ifindex(2),proto(112), fd(11,12)]
Apr 19 04:00:19 LVS-MASTER Keepalived: Starting VRRP child process, pid=5961
Apr 19 04:00:20 LVS-MASTER Keepalived_vrrp: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) Transition toMASTER STATE
Apr 19 04:00:21 LVS-MASTER Keepalived_vrrp: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) Entering MASTERSTATE
Apr 19 04:00:21 LVS-MASTER Keepalived_vrrp: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) settingprotocol VIPs.
Apr 19 04:00:21 LVS-MASTER Keepalived_vrrp: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) Sendinggratuitous ARPs on eth0 for 10.0.0.148
Apr 19 04:00:21 LVS-MASTER Keepalived_healthcheckers: Netlink reflector reportsIP 10.0.0.136 added
Apr 19 04:00:21 LVS-MASTER avahi-daemon[2845]: Registering new address recordfor 10.0.0.148 on eth0.
Apr 19 04:00:21 LVS-MASTER Keepalived_vrrp: Netlink reflector reports IP10.0.0.136 added
Apr 19 04:00:26 LVS-MASTER Keepalived_vrrp: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) Sendinggratuitous ARPs on eth0 for 10.0.0.148
[root@LVS-MASTER keepalived]#
四、测试
接下来做高可用性测试&故障切换测试......
####高可用性测试####
模拟故障，将LVS-MASTER上的keepalived服务停掉，然后观察LVS-BACKUP上的日志，信息如下
[root@LVS-BACKUP keepalived]# tail -f /var/log/messages
Apr 19 03:33:04 LVS-BACKUP Keepalived_vrrp: VRRP_Instance(VI_1)Transition to MASTER STATE
Apr 19 03:33:05 LVS-BACKUP Keepalived_vrrp: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) Entering MASTERSTATE
Apr 19 03:33:05 LVS-BACKUP Keepalived_vrrp: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) settingprotocol VIPs.
Apr 19 03:33:05 LVS-BACKUP Keepalived_vrrp: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) Sendinggratuitous ARPs on eth0 for 10.0.0.148
Apr 19 03:33:05 LVS-BACKUP Keepalived_vrrp: Netlink reflector reports IP10.0.0.157 added
Apr 19 03:33:05 LVS-BACKUP Keepalived_healthcheckers: Netlink reflector reportsIP 10.0.0.157 added
Apr 19 03:33:05 LVS-BACKUP avahi-daemon[2825]: Registering new address recordfor 10.0.0.148 on eth0.
Apr 19 03:33:10 LVS-BACKUP Keepalived_vrrp: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) Sendinggratuitous ARPs on eth0 for 10.0.0.148
从日志中可知，主机出现故障后，备机立刻检测到，此时备机变为MASTER角色，并且接管了主机的虚拟IP资源，最后将虚拟IP绑定在etho设备上。
将LVS-MASTER 上的keepalived服务开启后，LVS-BACKUP的日志状态。
Apr 19 03:34:02 LVS-BACKUP Keepalived_vrrp: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) Received higher prio advert
Apr 19 03:34:02 LVS-BACKUP Keepalived_vrrp: VRRP_Instance(VI_1)Entering BACKUP STATE
Apr 19 03:34:02 LVS-BACKUP Keepalived_vrrp: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) removing protocol VIPs.
Apr 19 03:34:02 LVS-BACKUP Keepalived_vrrp: Netlink reflector reports IP 10.0.0.157 removed
Apr 19 03:34:02 LVS-BACKUP Keepalived_healthcheckers: Netlink reflector reports IP 10.0.0.157 removed
Apr 19 03:34:02 LVS-BACKUP avahi-daemon[2825]: Withdrawing address record for 10.0.0.148 on eth0.
从日志可知，备机在检测到主机重新恢复正常后，释放了虚拟IP资源重新成为BACKUP角色
####故障切换测试####
故障切换是测试当某个节点出现故障后，Keepalived监制模块是否能及时发现然后屏蔽故障节点，同时将服务器转移到正常节点来执行。
将web2节点服务停掉，假设这个节点出现故障，然后主、备机日志信息如下
Apr 19 03:35:04 LVS-MASTER Keepalived_healthcheckers:TCP connection to [10.0.0.139:80] failed!!!
Apr 19 03:35:04 LVS-MASTER Keepalived_healthcheckers:Removing service [10.0.0.139:80] from VS [10.0.0.148:80]
Apr 19 03:35:04 LVS-MASTER Keepalived_healthcheckers: Remote SMTP server [127.0.0.1:25] connected.
[root@LVS-MASTER keepalived]# ipvsadm -L
IP Virtual Server version 1.2.1 (size=4096)
Prot LocalAddress:Port Scheduler Flags
-> RemoteAddress:Port Forward Weight ActiveConn InActConn
TCP 10.0.0.148:http rr persistent 50
-> 10.0.0.137:http Route 3 0 0
[root@LVS-MASTER keepalived]#
从以上可以看出，Keepalived监控模块检测到10.0.0.139这台主机出现故障后，将些web2从集群系统中剔除掉了。 此时访问http://10.0.0.148只能看到web1了)
重新启动web2节点的服务，日志信息如下：
Apr 19 03:38:22 LVS-MASTER Keepalived_healthcheckers:TCP connection to [10.0.0.139:80] success.
Apr 19 03:38:22 LVS-MASTER Keepalived_healthcheckers:Adding service [10.0.0.139:80] to VS [10.0.0.148:80]
Apr 19 03:38:22 LVS-MASTER Keepalived_healthcheckers: Remote SMTP server [127.0.0.1:25] connected.
[root@LVS-MASTERkeepalived]# ipvsadm -L
IP Virtual Server version 1.2.1 (size=4096)
Prot LocalAddress:Port Scheduler Flags
-> RemoteAddress:Port Forward Weight ActiveConn InActConn
TCP 10.0.0.148:http rr persistent 50
-> 10.0.0.139:http Route 3 0 0
-> 10.0.0.137:http Route 3 0 0
[root@LVS-MASTER keepalived]#
Keepalived监控模块检测到10.0.0.139这台主机恢复正常后，又将此节点加入集群系统中，再次访问就可以访问到web2页面了）
参考自：http://www.cnblogs.com/mchina/archive/2012/05/23/2514728.html