• [LeetCode] 48. Rotate Image 旋转图像


    You are given an n x n 2D matrix representing an image.

    Rotate the image by 90 degrees (clockwise).

    Note:

    You have to rotate the image in-place, which means you have to modify the input 2D matrix directly. DO NOT allocate another 2D matrix and do the rotation.

    Example 1:

    Given input matrix = 
    [
      [1,2,3],
      [4,5,6],
      [7,8,9]
    ],
    
    rotate the input matrix in-place such that it becomes:
    [
      [7,4,1],
      [8,5,2],
      [9,6,3]
    ]
    

    Example 2:

    Given input matrix =
    [
      [ 5, 1, 9,11],
      [ 2, 4, 8,10],
      [13, 3, 6, 7],
      [15,14,12,16]
    ], 
    
    rotate the input matrix in-place such that it becomes:
    [
      [15,13, 2, 5],
      [14, 3, 4, 1],
      [12, 6, 8, 9],
      [16, 7,10,11]
    ]

    在计算机图像处理里,旋转图片是很常见的,由于图片的本质是二维数组,所以也就变成了对数组的操作处理,翻转的本质就是某个位置上数移动到另一个位置上,比如用一个简单的例子来分析:

    1  2  3       7  4  1 
    
    4  5  6  -->   8  5  2  
    
    7  8  9       9  6  3

    对于90度的翻转有很多方法,一步或多步都可以解,先来看一种直接的方法,这种方法是按顺时针的顺序去覆盖前面的数字,从四个顶角开始,然后往中间去遍历,每次覆盖的坐标都是同理,如下:

    (i, j)  <-  (n-1-j, i)  <-  (n-1-i, n-1-j)  <-  (j, n-1-i)

    这其实是个循环的过程,第一个位置又覆盖了第四个位置,这里i的取值范围是 [0, n/2),j的取值范围是 [i, n-1-i),至于为什么i和j是这个取值范围,为啥i不用遍历 [n/2, n),若仔细观察这些位置之间的联系,不难发现,实际上j列的范围 [i, n-1-i) 顺时针翻转 90 度,正好就是i行的 [n/2, n) 的位置,这个方法每次循环换四个数字,如下所示:

    1  2  3               7  2  1            7  4  1
    
    4  5  6      -->      4  5  6   -->    8  5  2  
    
    7  8  9               9  8  3         9  6  3

    解法一:

    class Solution {
    public:
        void rotate(vector<vector<int>>& matrix) {
            int n = matrix.size();
            for (int i = 0; i < n / 2; ++i) {
                for (int j = i; j < n - 1 - i; ++j) {
                    int tmp = matrix[i][j];
                    matrix[i][j] = matrix[n - 1 - j][i];
                    matrix[n - 1 - j][i] = matrix[n - 1 - i][n - 1 - j];
                    matrix[n - 1 - i][n - 1 - j] = matrix[j][n - 1 - i];
                    matrix[j][n - 1 - i] = tmp;
                }
            }
        }
    };

    还有一种解法,首先以从对角线为轴翻转,然后再以x轴中线上下翻转即可得到结果,如下图所示(其中蓝色数字表示翻转轴):

    1  2  3       9  6  3          7  4  1
    
    4  5  6  -->   8  5  2   -->     8  5  2  
    
    7  8  9       7  4  1          9  6  3

    解法二:

    class Solution {
    public:
        void rotate(vector<vector<int>>& matrix) {
            int n = matrix.size();
            for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; ++i) {
                for (int j = 0; j < n - i; ++j) {
                    swap(matrix[i][j], matrix[n - 1- j][n - 1 - i]);
                }
            }
            reverse(matrix.begin(), matrix.end());
        }
    };

    最后再来看一种方法,这种方法首先对原数组取其转置矩阵,然后把每行的数字翻转可得到结果,如下所示(其中蓝色数字表示翻转轴,Github 上可能无法显示颜色,请参见博客园上的帖子):

    1  2  3       1  4  7          7  4  1
    
    4  5  6  -->   2  5  8   -->     8  5  2  
    
    7  8  9       3  6  9           9  6  3

    解法三:

    class Solution {
    public:
        void rotate(vector<vector<int>>& matrix) {
            int n = matrix.size();
            for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
                for (int j = i + 1; j < n; ++j) {
                    swap(matrix[i][j], matrix[j][i]);
                }
                reverse(matrix[i].begin(), matrix[i].end());
            }
        }
    };

    Github 同步地址:

    https://github.com/grandyang/leetcode/issues/48

    参考资料:

    https://leetcode.com/problems/rotate-image/

    https://leetcode.com/problems/rotate-image/discuss/18895/Clear-Java-solution

    https://leetcode.com/problems/rotate-image/discuss/18872/A-common-method-to-rotate-the-image

    LeetCode All in One 题目讲解汇总(持续更新中...)

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/grandyang/p/4389572.html
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