• Ajax


     一. Ajax

    #AJAX = 异步 JavaScript和XML(标准通用标记语言的子集)
    
    #AJAX 是一种用于创建快速动态网页的技术。
    #通过在后台与服务器进行少量数据交换,AJAX 可以使网页实现异步更新。这意味着可以在不重新加载整个网页的情况下,对网页的某部分进行更新。
    #传统的网页(不使用 AJAX)如果需要更新内容,必须重载整个网页页面
     
    #使用Javascript向服务器提出请求并处理响应而不阻塞用户!核心对象XMLHTTPRequest。通过这个对象,您的JavaScript 可在不重载页面的情况与Web服务器交换数据,即在不需要刷新页面的情况下,就可以产生局部刷新的效果
    
    #目的:AJAX不是一种新的编程语言,而是一种用于创建更好更快以及交互性更强的Web应用程序的技术。
    
    #Ajax主要就是使用 【XmlHttpRequest】对象来完成请求的操作,该对象在主流浏览器中均存在(除早起的IE),Ajax首次出现IE5.5中存在(ActiveX控件)。

    a. XmlHttpRequest对象的主要方法:

    a. void open(String method,String url,Boolen async)
       用于创建请求
        
       参数:
           method: 请求方式(字符串类型),如:POST、GET、DELETE...
           url:    要请求的地址(字符串类型)
           async:  是否异步(布尔类型)
     
    b. void send(String body)
        用于发送请求
     
        参数:
            body: 要发送的数据(字符串类型)
     
    c. void setRequestHeader(String header,String value)
        用于设置请求头
     
        参数:
            header: 请求头的key(字符串类型)
            vlaue:  请求头的value(字符串类型)
     
    d. String getAllResponseHeaders()
        获取所有响应头
     
        返回值:
            响应头数据(字符串类型)
     
    e. String getResponseHeader(String header)
        获取响应头中指定header的值
     
        参数:
            header: 响应头的key(字符串类型)
     
        返回值:
            响应头中指定的header对应的值
     
    f. void abort()
     
        终止请求
    View Code

    b. XmlHttpRequest对象的主要属性:

    a. Number readyState
       状态值(整数)
     
       详细:
          0-未初始化,尚未调用open()方法;
          1-启动,调用了open()方法,未调用send()方法;
          2-发送,已经调用了send()方法,未接收到响应;
          3-接收,已经接收到部分响应数据;
          4-完成,已经接收到全部响应数据;
     
    b. Function onreadystatechange
       当readyState的值改变时自动触发执行其对应的函数(回调函数)
     
    c. String responseText
       服务器返回的数据(字符串类型)
     
    d. XmlDocument responseXML
       服务器返回的数据(Xml对象)
     
    e. Number states
       状态码(整数),如:200404...
     
    f. String statesText
       状态文本(字符串),如:OK、NotFound...
    View Code

    c. 原生Ajax 和 jQueery Ajax

    1. XMLHttpRequest
    
    2. jQuery Ajax(“jQuery Ajax本质 XMLHttpRequest 或 ActiveXObject”)

    1. 原生Post/Get 和 jQuery Ajax 向后台发送请求

    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
    
        url(r'^index/', views.index),
        url(r'^jQuery_add/', views.jQuery_add),
        url(r'^Ajax_add/', views.Ajax_add),
    
    ]
    urls.py
    from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse,redirect
    
    # Create your views here.
    
    def index(request):
        return render(request,"index.html")
    
    
    def jQuery_add(request):
        a1 = int(request.POST.get("a1"))
        a2 = int(request.POST.get("a2"))
        return HttpResponse(a1+a2)
    
    
    def Ajax_add(request):
        if request.method == "GET":
            a1 = int(request.GET.get("a1"))
            a2 = int(request.GET.get("a2"))
            print("Ajax_add....")
            return HttpResponse(a1+a2)
        else:
            a1 = int(request.POST.get("a1"))
            a2 = int(request.POST.get("a2"))
            return HttpResponse(a1+a2)
    View.py
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Title</title>
    </head>
    <body>
    
    <input type="text" id="a1"> +
    <input type="text" id="a2"> =
    <input type="text" id="a3">
    
    <input type="submit" value="jQuery提交" onclick="jQuery_add()">
    <input type="submit" value="Ajax_get_提交" onclick="Ajax_get_add()">
    <input type="submit" value="Ajax_post_提交" onclick="Ajax_post_add()">
    
    <script src="/static/jquery-3.2.1.js"></script>
    
    <script>
        function jQuery_add() {
            $.ajax({
                url:"/jQuery_add/",
                type:"POST",
                data:{"a1":$("#a1").val(),"a2":$("#a2").val()},
                success:function (arg) {
                    $("#a3").val(arg);
                }
            })
        }
    
        function Ajax_get_add() {
            var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
            d1 = $("#a1").val();
            d2 = $("#a2").val();
            xhr.onreadystatechange = function () {
                if(xhr.readyState ==4){
                    $("#a3").val(xhr.responseText)
                }
            };
            xhr.open("GET","/Ajax_add/?a1=" + d1 +"&a2=" + d2 +"");
            xhr.send();
        }
        
        function Ajax_post_add() {
            var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
            d1 = $("#a1").val();
            d2 = $("#a2").val();
            xhr.onreadystatechange = function () {
                if(xhr.readyState ==4){
                    $("#a3").val(xhr.responseText)
                }
            };
            xhr.open("POST","/Ajax_add/");
            xhr.setRequestHeader("Content-Type","application/x-www-form-urlencoded");
            xhr.send("a1=" + d1 +"&a2=" + d2 +"");
        }
    
    </script>
    
    
    </body>
    </html>
    index.html

    d. 伪Ajax (非XMLHttpRequest)

    1. iframe标签

    #iframe标签: 具有不刷新页面就可以发送HTTP请求的功能
    #由于HTML标签的iframe标签具有局部加载内容的特性,所以可以使用其来伪造Ajax请求

    iframe演示

    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^autohome/', views.autohome),
    ]
    urls.py 
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title></title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <div>
            <input type="text" id="txt1" />
            <input type="button" value="查看" onclick="changeScr();"/>
        </div>
    
        <iframe id="ifr" style=" 1000px;height: 2000px;" src="http://www.autohome.com.cn"></iframe>
    
        <script>
            function changeScr(){
                var inp = document.getElementById('txt1').value;
                document.getElementById('ifr').src = inp;
            }
        </script>
    </body>
    </html>
    autohome.html
    def autohome(request):
        return render(request,'autohome.html')
    View.py

    2. 通过iframe form 实现伪Ajax向后端发送请求 

    urlpatterns = [
    
        url(r'^fake_ajax/', views.fake_ajax),
    
    ]
    urls.py
    def fake_ajax(request):
        if request.method == "GET":
            return render(request,"fake_ajax.html")
        else:
            print(request.POST)
            return HttpResponse("...")
    View.py
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Title</title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <form id="f1" action="/fake_ajax/" method="POST" target="ifr">
            <iframe id="ifr" name="ifr" style="display: none"></iframe>
            <input type="text" name="user">
            <a onclick="submitForm()">提交</a>
        </form>
        
        <script>
            function submitForm() {
                document.getElementById("f1").submit();
                document.getElementById("ifr").onload = loadIframe;
            }
    
            function loadIframe() {
                var content = document.getElementById("ifr").contentWindow.document.body.innerText
                alert(content)
            }
        </script>
    
    </body>
    </html>
    fake_ajax.html

    二. 基于Ajax上传文件 

    a. 通过创建 FormData()对象,发送字符串

    urlpatterns = [
        
        url(r'^upload/', views.upload),
    ]
    urls.py
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Title</title>
    </head>
    <body>
    <h3>原生Ajax上传文件</h3>
    {#    <input type="file" id="i1">#}
    <a onclick="upload()">上传</a>
    
    
    
    <script src="/static/jquery-3.2.1.js"></script>
    <script>
    
        function upload() {
            var formdata = new FormData();  //创建一个对象
            formdata.append("k1","v1");     //字符串
    
            var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
    
            xhr.onreadystatechange = function () {
                if(xhr.readyState ==4){
                    alert(xhr.responseText)
                }
            };
            xhr.open("POST","/upload/");
    {#        xhr.setRequestHeader("Content-Type","application/x-www-form-urlencoded");#}
            //发送字符串的时候不需要加上面
            xhr.send(formdata);     //发送字符串,
        }
    
    </script>
    
    
    </body>
    </html>
    upload.html
    def upload(request):
        if request.method == "GET":
            return render(request,"upload.html")
        else:
            print(request.POST,request.FILES)
            return HttpResponse("...")
    view.py

    b. 原生Ajax上传文件 

    urlpatterns = [
     
        url(r'^upload/', views.upload),
    ]
    urls.py
    import os
    def upload(request):
        if request.method == "GET":
            return render(request,"upload.html")
        else:
            print(request.POST,request.FILES)
            file_obj = request.FILES.get("file")
            file_path = os.path.join("static",file_obj.name)
            with open(file_path,"wb") as f:
                for chunk in file_obj.chunks():
                    f.write(chunk)
            return HttpResponse(file_path)
    view.py
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Title</title>
    </head>
    <body>
    <h3>原生Ajax上传文件</h3>
    <input type="file" id="i1">
    <a onclick="upload()">上传</a>
    <div id="container1">
    
    </div>
    
    
    
    <script src="/static/jquery-3.2.1.js"></script>
    <script>
    
        function upload() {
            var formdata = new FormData();  //创建一个对象
            formdata.append("k1","v1");
            formdata.append("file",document.getElementById("i1").files[0]);
    
            var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
    
            xhr.onreadystatechange = function () {
                if(xhr.readyState ==4){
                    var file_path = xhr.responseText;
                    var tag = document.createElement("img");
                    tag.src = "/" + file_path;
                    document.getElementById("container1").appendChild(tag);
                }
            };
            xhr.open("POST","/upload/");
            xhr.send(formdata);
        }
    
    </script>
    
    
    </body>
    </html>
    upload.html

    c. jQuery 上传文件 

    urlpatterns = [
    
        url(r'^upload/', views.upload),
    ]
    urls.py
    import os
    def upload(request):
        if request.method == "GET":
            return render(request,"upload.html")
        else:
            print(request.POST,request.FILES)
            file_obj = request.FILES.get("file")
            file_path = os.path.join("static",file_obj.name)
            with open(file_path,"wb") as f:
                for chunk in file_obj.chunks():
                    f.write(chunk)
            return HttpResponse(file_path)
    
    
            return HttpResponse("...")
    view.py
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Title</title>
    </head>
    <body>
    <h3>原生jQery上传文件</h3>
    <input type="file" id="i2">
    <a onclick="upload2()">上传</a>
    <div id="container2">
    
    </div>
    
    
    
    <script src="/static/jquery-3.2.1.js"></script>
    <script>
    
    
    
        function upload2() {
            var formdata = new FormData();  //创建一个对象
            formdata.append("k1","v1");
            formdata.append("file",$("#i2")[0].files[0]);
    
    
            $.ajax({
                url: "/upload/",
                type: "POST",
                data:formdata,
                contentType:false,
                processData:false,  //这两个参数是formdata jquery不做数据的处理 ,以原生的formdata向后端传数据
                success:function (arg) {
                    var tag = document.createElement("img");
                    tag.src = "/" + arg;
                    $("#container2").append(tag);
                }
            })
        }
    
    
    </script>
    
    
    </body>
    </html>
    upload.html

    d.伪造

    urlpatterns = [
     
        url(r'^upload/', views.upload),
    ]
    urls.py
    import os
    def upload(request):
        if request.method == "GET":
            return render(request,"upload.html")
        else:
            print(request.POST,request.FILES)
            file_obj = request.FILES.get("file")
            file_path = os.path.join("static",file_obj.name)
            with open(file_path,"wb") as f:
                for chunk in file_obj.chunks():
                    f.write(chunk)
            return HttpResponse(file_path)
    
    
            return HttpResponse("...")
    view.py
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Title</title>
    </head>
    <body>
    <h3>伪 Ajax上传文件</h3>
    
    
    //enctype="multipart/form-data"  #form表单传文件加
    
    <form id="f1" action="/upload/" method="POST" target="ifr" enctype="multipart/form-data">
        <iframe id="ifr" name="ifr" style="display: none"></iframe>
        <input type="file" name="file">
        <a onclick="upload3()">上传</a>
    </form>
    
    <div id="container3"></div>
    
    <script src="/static/jquery-3.2.1.js"></script>
    <script>
    
        function upload3() {
    
            document.getElementById("f1").submit();
            document.getElementById("ifr").onload = loadIframe;
        }
    
        function loadIframe() {
            var content = document.getElementById("ifr").contentWindow.document.body.innerText;
    
            var tag = document.createElement("img");
            tag.src = "/" + content;
            $("#container3").append(tag);
        }
    
    </script>
    
    
    </body>
    </html>
    upload.html

    三. Jsonp 

    json  是一种数据格式
    
    之前 Ajax 提交请求时候没有写IP和端口 是自己给自己发送 称作同源
    现在 Ajax 提交请求时候向其它IP或端口发送请求 对方可以接收请求并返回数据 但客户端浏览器拦截不能接收跨域的数据 同源策略在限制 
    
    同源策略是指域名 协议 端口相同 同源策略是浏览器加的
    
    Ajax出现跨域问题  a img没有出现问题
    
    Ajax请求 实现跨域强求数据
    	- jsonp
    	- cors
    - 同源策略 浏览器做的限制,访问自己网站可以,访问其它网站,浏览器会限制
        - 限制    Ajax
        - 不限制  script
     
    - jsonp是一种方式,目的是解决跨域问题
     
     
    - 其它
        - 只能发get请求
        - 约定
     
     
    - 开发需求 向其它网站发送Http请求
        - 浏览器直接发送请求[考虑同源]
        - 浏览器-->服务端-->发送请求
     
     
     
    - 浏览器直接发送请求[考虑同源]
     
        - 要求:
            1. 客户端
                - URL?callback=xxx
                - function xxx(arg)
            2. 服务端
                -获取 funcname = request.GET.get(callback)
                -返回 funcname(...)
    View Code

    a. 自创建 script 从www.s4.com跨域向www.s5.com发送数据,接受数据 

    1. www.s4.com

    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
    
        url(r'^jsonp/', views.jsonp),
    ]
    urls.py
    def jsonp(request):
        return render(request,"jsonp.html")
    view.py
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Title</title>
    </head>
    <body>
    
    
    <input type="button" value="获取用户列表" onclick="getUsers()">
    
    <ul id="user_list"></ul>
    
    <script>
        function getUsers() {
            var tag = document.createElement("script");
            tag.src = "http://www.s5.com:9000/user/?callback=bbb";
            document.head.appendChild(tag);
        }
    
        function bbb(arg) {
    
            console.log(arg);
            for (var i=0 ;i<arg.length;i++){
                var tag = document.createElement("li");
                tag.innerText = arg[i];
                document.getElementById("user_list").appendChild(tag);
            }
    
        }
    </script>
    
    
    </body>
    </html>
    jsonp.html

    2. www.s5.com

    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
    
        url(r'^user', views.user),
    ]
    urls.py
    from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
    
    # Create your views here.
    
    import json
    def user(request):
        v = request.GET.get("callback")
        print("请求来了")
        user_list = ["alex","egon","root"]
    
        user_list_str = json.dumps(user_list)
    
        temp = "%s(%s)" % (v,user_list_str)
        print(temp)
    
        return HttpResponse(temp)
    view.py

    b. jQuery跨域发送数据

    1. www.s4.com

    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Title</title>
    </head>
    <body>
    
    
    <input type="button" value="获取用户列表" onclick="getUsers()">
    
    <ul id="user_list"></ul>
    
    
    <script src="/static/jquery-3.2.1.js"></script>
    <script>
    
    
        function getUsers() {
            $.ajax({
                url:"http://www.s5.com:9000/user/",
                type:"GET",
                dataType:"JSONP",
                jsonp:"callback",
                jsonpCallback:'bbb'
            //相当于 http://www.s5.com:9000/user/?callback=bbb
            })
        }
    
          function bbb(arg) {
              console.log(arg);
              for (var i = 0; i < arg.length; i++) {
                  var tag = document.createElement("li");
                  tag.innerText = arg[i];
                  document.getElementById("user_list").appendChild(tag);
              }
          }
    
    </script>
    
    </body>
    </html>
    view.py

    四. cors 

    cors 跨站资源共享
    
    #响应头加入
    obj["Access-Control-Allow-Origin"] = "http://www.s4.com:8000"   #仅这个域名可以访问
    obj["Access-Control-Allow-Origin"] = "*" 						#所有域名都可以访问
    

    a. www.s4.com 访问 www.s5.com,在响应头加入数据,同源策略就不生效 

    1. www.s4.com

    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
        url(r'^cors/', views.cors),
    ]
    urls.py
    from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
    
    # Create your views here.
    
    
    def cors(request):
        return render(request,"core.html")
    view.py
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Title</title>
    </head>
    <body>
    
    <input type="button" value="获取用户列表" onclick="getUsers()">
    
    <ul id="user_list"></ul>
    
    <script src="/static/jquery-3.2.1.js"></script>
    
    <script>
        function getUsers() {
            $.ajax({
                url:"http://www.s5.com:9000/user/",
                type:"GET",
                success:function (arg) {
                    console.log(arg);
                    console.log(typeof arg);
                    for (var i = 0; i < arg.length; i++) {
                     var tag = document.createElement("li");
                    tag.innerText = arg[i];
                    document.getElementById("user_list").appendChild(tag);
                    }
                }
            })
        }
    </script>
    
    
    
    </body>
    </html>
    core.html

    www.s5.com

    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
    
        url(r'^user', views.user),
    ]
    urls.py
    from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
    
    # Create your views here.
    
    import json
    def user(request):
    
        user_list = ["alex","egon","root"]
        user_list_str = json.dumps(user_list)
    
        obj = HttpResponse(user_list_str)
    
        obj["Access-Control-Allow-Origin"] = "http://www.s4.com:8000"
        return obj
    views.py

    b.预检request.method == "OPTIONS

    1. www.s4.com

    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
    
        url(r'^cors/', views.cors),
    ]
    urls.py
    from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
    
    # Create your views here.
    
    
    
    def cors(request):
        return render(request,"core.html")
    views.py
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Title</title>
    </head>
    <body>
    
    <input type="button" value="获取用户列表" onclick="getUsers()">
    
    <ul id="user_list"></ul>
    
    <script src="/static/jquery-3.2.1.js"></script>
    
    <script>
        function getUsers() {
            $.ajax({
                url:"http://www.s5.com:9000/user/",
                type:"DELETE",
                success:function (arg) {
                    console.log(arg);
                    
                }
            })
        }
    </script>
    
    
    
    </body>
    </html>
    core.html

    2. www.s5.com

    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
    
        url(r'^user', views.user),
    ]
    urls.py
    from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
    
    # Create your views here.
    
    import json
    def user(request):
        print(request.method)
        if request.method == "OPTIONS":
    
            obj = HttpResponse()
            obj["Access-Control-Allow-Origin"] = "*"
            obj["Access-Control-Allow-Methods"] = "DELETE"
            return obj
    
        obj = HttpResponse("..")
        obj["Access-Control-Allow-Origin"] = "*"
        return obj
    view.py

    五. 请求头

    content-type
    
    	content-type=“application/x-www-form-urlencoded”   #默认值 格式为?name=yuan&pwd=123
    	content-type=“application/json”  				   #向服务器发送的是json格式  

    六. Ajax 向后端发送数据

                # 方式一:
    
                    #前端
    
                    $.ajax({
                        url:'xx',
                        type:'post',
                        data: JSON.stringfy(pList),
                        headers:{'Content-Type':'application/json'},
                        //contentType:'json',
                        success:function(arg){
                        }
                    
                    })
    
                    后端
    
                    # 使用request.body取值
                    json.loads(request.body.decode('utf-8'))
                
                # 方式二:
    
                    #前端
    
                    $.ajax({
                        url:'xx',
                        type:'post',
                        data: {k1: JSON.stringfy(pList),'age':18}  // k1="[....]"&age=18
                        success:function(arg){
                        }
                    
                    })
    
                    #后端
    
                    # 使用request.POST取值
                    json.loads(request.POST.get('k1'))
    View Code

     

      

    武沛齐

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/golangav/p/7126438.html
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