with上下文管理

介绍

with上下文管理在python中实现了__enter__和__exit__方法，即支持上下文管理器协议。上下文管理器就是支持上下文管理器协议的对象，它是为了with而生。当with语句在开始运行时，会在上下文管理器对象上调用 enter 方法。with语句运行结束后，会在上下文管理器对象上调用 exit 方法

with的语法:

with EXPR as VAR:    BLOCK

这是上面语法的伪代码:

mgr = (EXPR)   
exit = type(mgr).__exit__  # Not calling it yet
value = type(mgr).__enter__(mgr)    
exc = True     
try:
    try:
        VAR = value  # Only if "as VAR" is present
        BLOCK
    except:
        # The exceptional case is handled here
        exc = False
        if not exit(mgr, *sys.exc_info()):
            raise
        # The exception is swallowed if exit() returns true
finally:
    # The normal and non-local-goto cases are handled here
    if exc:
        exit(mgr, None, None, None)

1、生成上下文管理器mgr
2、如果没有发现__exit__, __enter__两个方法，解释器会抛出AttributeError异常
3、调用上下文管理器的 enter() 方法
4、如果语法里的as VAR没有写，那么 伪代码里的 VAR= 这部分也会同样被忽略
5、如果BLOCK中的代码正常结束，或者是通过break, continue ,return 来结束，exit()会使用三个None的参数来返回
6、如果执行过程中出现异常，则使用 sys.exc_info的异常信息为参数调用 exit(exc_type, exc_value, exc_traceback)

之前我们对文件的操作是这样的:

try:
    f = open('filename')
except:
    print("Unexpected error:", sys.exc_info()[0])
else:
    print(f.readlines())
    f.close()

现在有了with语句可以使代码更加简洁，减少编码量,下面的语句会在执行完后自动关闭文件(即使出现异常也会)。:

with open('example.info', 'r') as f:
    print(f.readlines())

一个例子:

class TmpTest:
    def __init__(self,filename):
        self.filename=filename
    def __enter__(self):
        self.f = open(self.filename, 'r')
       # return self.f
    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        self.f.close()

test=TmpTest('file')

with test as t:
    print ('test result: {}'.format(t))

返回:

test result: None

这个例子里面__enter__没有返回，所以with语句里的"as t"到的是None，修改一下上面的例子:

class TmpTest:
    def __init__(self,filename):
        self.filename=filename
    def __enter__(self):
        self.f = open(self.filename, 'r')
        return self.f
    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        self.f.close()

test=TmpTest('file')

with test as t:
    print ('test result: {}'.format(t))

返回:

test result: <_io.TextIOWrapper name='file' mode='r' encoding='cp936'>

如果在__init__或者__enter__中抛出异常，则不会进入到__exit__中:

class TmpTest:
    def __init__(self,filename):
        self.filename=filename
        print("__init__")
        raise ImportError
    def __enter__(self):
        self.f = open(self.filename, 'r')
        print("__enter__")
        return self.f
    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        print("__exit__")
        self.f.close()

test=TmpTest('file')
with test as t:
    print ('test result: {}'.format(t))

返回:

__init__
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "D:/pythonScript/leetcode/leetcode.py", line 14, in <module>
    test=TmpTest('file')
  File "D:/pythonScript/leetcode/leetcode.py", line 5, in __init__
    raise ImportError
ImportError

如果在__exit__中返回True,则不会产生异常:

class TmpTest:
    def __init__(self,filename):
        self.filename=filename
        print("__init__")

    def __enter__(self):
        self.f = open(self.filename, 'r')
        print("__enter__")
        return self.f

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        print("__exit__ {} ".format(exc_type))
        self.f.close()
        return True

test=TmpTest('file')
with test as t:
    print ('test result: {}'.format(t))
    raise ImportError
print("no error")

返回:

__init__
__enter__
test result: <_io.TextIOWrapper name='file' mode='r' encoding='cp936'>
__exit__ <class 'ImportError'>
no error

笔试题举例

"""
面试题
请在Context类中添加代码完成该类的实现
class Context:
    pass

with Context() as ctx:
    ctx.do_something()
"""
class Context:
    def __enter__(self):
        return self
    
    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        pass
    
    def do_something(self):
        pass

with Context() as ctx:
    ctx.do_something()