• day35


    使用null和not null:

    使用null的时候:
    create table t1(
        ->     id int auto_increment primary key,
        ->     name varchar(32),
        ->     email varchar(32)
        -> )charset=utf8;
     insert into t1(email) values ('xx');
     select * from t1;
     select * from t1 where name='';*******
      select * from t1 where name is null;*******
    
    使用not null的时候
     create table t2(
        ->     id int auto_increment primary key,
        ->     name varchar(32) not null default '',
        ->     email varchar(32) not null default ''
        -> )charset=utf8;
    insert into t2 (email) values ('xxx');
     select * from t2;
      select * from t2 where name = '';
    

    1、单表操作(****)

    分组

    group by

    分组指的是:将所有记录按照某个相同字段进行归类,比如针对员工信息表的职位分组,或者按照性别进行分组等

    聚合函数:max(字段名),min(字段名),count(字段名),sum(字段名),avg(字段名)

    用法:select 聚合函数,选取的字段 from 表 group by 分组的字段名;

    group by:是分组的关键词

    group by必须和聚合函数 如:(count)出现

    where 条件语句和group by分组语句的先后顺序:

    where>group by >having(****)

    例:以性别为例,进行分组,统计一下男生和女生的人数是多少?

    select count(id),gender from 表名 group by gender;

    selectgender,count(id) as total from 表名 group by gender;

    字段名 as 新字段名 as可以给旧字段起新字段别名

    对部门进行分组,求出每个部门年龄最大的那个人?
    select depart_id,max(age) from 表名 group by depart_id;

    having

    表示对group by之后的数据,进行再一次的筛选

    select depart_id,avg(age) from 表名 group by depart_id;

    select depart_id,avg(age) from 表名 group by depart_id having avg(age)>35;

    where条件语句和group by 分组语句的先后顺序

    where > group by >having(******)

    升序 降序

    order by

    order by 字段名 asc (升序)desc(降序)

    如果对多个字段进行排序

    比如:

    age desc,id asc

    表示:先对age进行降序,如果age有相同的行,则对id进行升序

    select * from 表名 order by age desc,id asc;

    limit

    分页

    limit offset,size

    offset:行数据索引

    size:取多少条数据

    select * from 表名 limit 0,10;

    select * from 表名 limit 10,10;#(从第10行开始往下取10行)

    总结:(********)

    使用的顺序:

    select * from 表名 where 条件 group by 条件 having 条件 order by 条件 limit 条件:

    where > group by >having >order by >limit

    内连接:
    内连接是比较常用的连接方式,它取的值是两个表的交集;
    关键字:inner join 可简写成join
    select A.*,B.dept_code,B.dept_name from tb_user A join tb_dept B on A.dept_id = B.id;

    左连接:
    左连接是我们最常用的一种连接;关键字:left outer join 可简写成letf join
    它是以A为主表,B为副表关联查询,查询结果以A表数据为基准;
    select * from tb_user A left join tb_dept B on A.dept_id = B.id;
    如果想要筛选A表中的数据但又不存在B的关联数据,可以这样写(常用于查询脏数据);
    select *from tb_user A left join tb_dept B on A.dept_id = B.id where B.id is null;

    右连接
    右连接我们不太常用,因为它可以被左连接取代,只需要把左连接的两个关联表替换一下即可实现右连接的效果
    它是以B为主表,A为副表关联查询,查询结果以B表数据为基准;关键字:right outer join可简写成right jion
    select*from tb_user A right join tb_dept B on A.dept_id = B.id;

    其他
    还有一种连接方式也很常用[逗号分隔表],关联条件需写在where中
    有关联条件时,其查询结果与内连接相同;无关联条件时,其结果为两个表的笛卡尔积。
    select * from tb_user A,tb_dept B where A.dept_id = B.id;

    拓展
    笛卡尔乘积是指在数学中,两个集合X和Y的笛卡尔积,
    又称直积,表示为X × Y,第一个对象是X的成员 第二个对象是Y的所有可能有序对的其中一个成员

    拓展
    表关联中的where和on的区别:
    on:针对关联表进行条件筛选,不会影响结果集的数量和主表数据
    where:针对结果集进行条件筛选,会影响结果集的数量

    2、多表操作(**********)

    外键

    使用的原因:

    a.减少占用的空间

    b.只需要修改,只需要修改表中一条记录,其余的表中的数据就会相应的修改(级联)

    一对多:

    使用方法:

    constraint 外键名 foreign key (被约束的字段)reference 约束的表(约束的字段)

    create table department(
        id int auto_increment primary key,
        name varchar(32) not null default ''
    )charset utf8;
    
    insert into department(name) values ('研发部');
    insert into department(name) values ('运维部');
    insert into department(name) values ('前台部');
    insert into department(name) values ('小卖部');
    
    create table userinfo(
        id int auto_increment primary key,
        name varchar(32) not null default '',
        depart_id int not null default 1,
        constraint fk_user_depart foreign key (depart_id) references department(id)
    )charset utf8;
    insert into userinfo(name,depart_id)values ('zekai',1);
    insert into userinfo(name,depart_id)values ('xxx',2);
    insert into userinfo(name,depart_id)values ('zekai1',3);
    insert into userinfo(name,depart_id)values ('zekai2',4);
    insert into userinfo(name,depart_id)values ('zekai3',1);
    insert into userinfo(name,depart_id)values ('zekai4',2);
    
    insert into userinfo(name,depart_id)values ('zekai5',5);#(超出字段规定会报错)
    报错信息:
    ERROR 1452 (23000): Cannot add or update a child row: a foreign key constraint fails (`kk`.`userinfo`,
    CONSTRAINT `fk_user_depart` FOREIGN KEY (`depart_id`) REFERENCES `department` (`id`))
    

    多对多

    create table boy(
        id int auto_increment primary key,
        bname varchar(32) not null default ''
    )charset utf8;
    insert into boy(bname) values ('zhnagsan'),('lisi'),('zhaowu');
    
    create table girl(
        id int auto_increment primary key,
        gname varchar(32) not null default ''
    )charset utf8;
    insert into girl (gname) values ('cuihua'),('gangdan'),('jianguo');
    
    create table boy2girl(
        id int auto_increment primary key,
        bid int not null default 1,
        gid int not null default 1,
        constraint fk_boy2girl_boy foreign key (bid) references boy(id),
        constraint fk_boy2girl_girl foreign key (gid) references girl(id)
    )charset utf8;
    
    insert into boy2girl (bid,gid)values(1,1),(2,3),(3,3),(2,2);
     select * from boy left join boy2girl on boy.id=boy2girl.bid left join girl on girl.id=boy2girl.gid;
     select bname,gname from boy left join boy2girl on boy.id = boy2girl.bid left join girl on girl.id=boy2girl.gid;
     select bname,gname from boy left join boy2girl on boy.id = boy2girl.bid left join girl on girl.id=boy2girl.gid where bname='zhangsan';
    

    一对一

    user:
        id name age salary
        1  zekai 18  5000
        2  zs     23 6000
        3  xxxx   19 3000
    由于salary是比较敏感的字段,因此我们需要将此字段独拆出来,变成一张独立的表
    private:
        id salary  uid (外键+unique)
        1   5000    1
        2   6000    2   
        3   3000    3
    
    
    create table priv(
        id int auto_increment primary key,
        salary int not null default 0,
        uid int not null default 1,
        constraint fk_priv_user foreign key (uid) references user(id),
        unique(uid)
    )charset utf8;
    
    insert into priv(salary,uid) values (2000,1);
    insert into priv(salary,uid) values (2800,2);
    insert into priv(salary,uid) values (3000,3);
    

    多表联查

    1、左连接(left join ...on)

    select * from department;
    select * from userinfo;
    select userinfo.name as uname, department.name as dname  from userinfo left join department on depart_id = department.id;
    

    2、内部连接(inner join)

    select * from department inner join userinfo on department.id=userinfo.depart_id;
    
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/gfhh/p/11767707.html
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