（4.5）授权/权限操作/查看权限

转自：http://blog.51cto.com/jimshu/1176573

一、概述

1、GRANT

　　将安全对象的权限授予主体。

　　GRANT SELECT ON Marketing.Salesperson( SalespersonID, EmailAlias)

2、DENY

 　拒绝授予主体权限。防止主体通过其组或角色成员身份继承权限。

　 DENY SELECT ON Schema::Customers FROM Sales　　　　

3、REVOKE

　　取消以前授予或拒绝了的权限。

 　　REVOKE SELECT ON Object::Regions FROM UserA

二、示例

　　SQL Server 2012的实例中有一个名为SalesDB的数据库。SalesDB包含一个名为Customers的架构，此架构中有一个名为Regions的表。

　　数据库有一个名为Sales的角色，此角色中有一个名为UserA的用户。

　　用户UserA被授予对SalesDB.Customers.Regions的Select权限。

　　角色Sales被授予对架构Customers的Select权限。

1、不允许角色Sales（包括用户UserA）在架构Customers中Select任何表。
　　DENY SELECT ON Schema::Customers FROM Sales

2、不允许用户UserA在架构Customers中Select任何表。
　　DENY SELECT ON Schema::Customers FROM UserA

3、移除用户UserA对SalesDB.Customers.Regions的Select权限，同时让用户UserA通过角色Sales的权限仍然可以访问架构Customers中的所有表。
　　REVOKE SELECT ON Object::Regions FROM UserA

4、不允许角色Sales（包括用户UserA）对SalesDB.Customers.Regions的Select权限。
　　DENY SELECT ON Object::Regions FROM sales

5、不允许用户UserA对SalesDB.Customers.Regions的Select权限。
　　DENY SELECT ON Object::Regions FROM UserA

6、移除角色Sales在架构Customers中的Select权限，但用户UserA有SalesDB.Customers.Regions的Select权限。
　　REVOKE SELECT ON Schema::Customers FROM Sales

三、列级的安全

　　权限可以在列一级进行分配

　　可以一个语句中对多个列分配权限

　　一个列级的 GRANT 将覆盖一个表级的 DENY

GRANT SELECT ON Marketing.Salesperson

( SalespersonID, EmailAlias)

TO James;

GO

DENY SELECT ON Marketing.Salesperson

TO Holly;

GO

GRANT SELECT ON Marketing.Salesperson

( SalespersonID, FirstName, LastName)

TO Holly;

GO

四、再次授权（re-grant）

　　使用 WITH GRANT OPTION 可以使受让者将其得到的授权再次 GRANT 给其他主体

　　CASCADE 选项同时 REVOKE（或DENY）从受让者发出的授权

GRANT UPDATE ON Marketing.Salesperson

TO James

WITH GRANT OPTION;

GO

REVOKE UPDATE ON Marketing.Salesperson

FROM James

CASCADE;

GO

五、登录名与角色

--创建一个简单的登录，登录名为：newlogin；登录密码：123456；默认数据库：master，默认数据库也可以不指定。

EXEC sp_addlogin 'newlogin','123456','master'

--创建用户

--创建一个简单的用户，如果不指定用户名，则添加到当前数据库登录名中，如果不指定角色，则该用户默认属于public角色。下为添加newlogin登录名。

EXEC sp_adduser 'newlogin'

--创建一个带用户名的用户，用户可以与登录名相同（同上一种类似），也可以不同，但要设定当前登录名，用户角色可选，默认为public。下为将用户newuser添加到newlogin登录名中。

EXEC sp_adduser 'newlogin','newuser'

--创建角色

EXEC sp_addrole 'newrole'

--下为将用户下为将用户newuser添加到newlogin登录名中。并指定newrole角色。

EXEC sp_adduser 'newlogin','newuser','newrole'

--为角色newrole赋予jobs表的所有权限

GRANT ALL ON jobs TO newrole

--为角色newrole赋予sales表的查、改权限

GRANT SELECT,UPDATE ON sales TO newrole

--禁止角色newrole使用employees表的插入权限

DENY INSERT ON employees TO newrole

 

另一种创建用户和赋予角色的方式

--为登录newlogin在数据库中添加安全账户newuser

EXEC sp_grantdbaccess 'newlogin','newuser'
--添加newuser为角色newrole的成员
EXEC sp_addrolemember 'newrole','newuser'

 

--数据库用户、角色、登录的删除操作

--删除当前数据库用户

EXEC sp_revokedbaccess 'newuser';

--删除数据库登录

EXEC sp_droplogin 'newlogin'

--删除数据库角色

EXEC sp_droprole 'newrole'

--从数据库角色(newrole)中删除用户(newuser)

EXEC sp_droprolemember 'newrole', 'newuser'

--用SQL代码新建登录、用户

--创建带密码的mylogin登录名，MUST_CHANGE 选项需要用户首次连接服务器时更改此密码。

CREATE LOGIN mylogin WITH PASSWORD = '123456' MUST_CHANGE;

--创建映射到凭据的登录名。

--以下示例将创建mylogin登录名。此登录名将映射到mycredential凭据。

CREATE LOGIN mylogin WITH PASSWORD = '123456',

CREDENTIAL = mycredential;

--从Windows 域帐户创建登录名

--如果从Windows 域帐户映射登录名，则登录名必须用方括号([ ]) 括起来。

CREATE LOGIN [jackxiangzhao] FROM WINDOWS;

--如果指定用户名，则不使用默认登录名作为该数据库用户

CREATE USER myuser FOR LOGIN mylogin

--以下示例将创建用户myuser拥有的数据库角色myrole

CREATE ROLE myrole AUTHORIZATION myuser;

--以下示例将创建db_role固定数据库角色拥有的数据库角色myrole

CREATE ROLE myrole AUTHORIZATION db_role

 ALTER SERVER ROLE [sysadmin] ADD MEMBER [WIN-IUPGVIBG48Asqladmin]   把登录名添加到角色

---------------

以下部分转自：https://www.cnblogs.com/seusoftware/p/4848940.html

在SQL Server数据库中，登录账号分类如下：

(1) SQL账号，需要单独设置密码，比如：sa；

(2) Windows账号，登录windows的账号，比如: administrator，不需要另设密码；

(3) Windows Group 账号, 为本地用户组或域用户组，将组添加到登录，组成员不需要单独创建登录；

查看Windows账号，是否属于某一个/多个用户组：

exec xp_logininfo 'windows_acount','ALL'  --域用户格式为：domain_nameaccount_name

以下脚本，均假设最终登录账号为：test_login，所有数据库对应的user为test_user

一. 有没有权限

1. 检查有没有登录权限

--是否存在有效的登录账号：是否被禁用，sql login还有：密码是否过期，是否被锁定
select is_disabled, loginproperty(name,'Isexpired') is_expired, loginproperty(name,'Islocked') is_locked, * 
from sys.server_principals
where name = 'test_login'

  

2. 检查有没有访问某数据库的权限

USE DBA
GO

--检查是否有数据库的CONNECT权限即可
select b.* from sys.database_principals a
inner join sys.database_permissions b
on a.principal_id = b.grantee_principal_id
where SUSER_SNAME(a.sid) = 'test_login'
and b.permission_name = 'CONNECT'

--老的系统表sysusers也可以检查
SELECT name, hasdbaccess,* FROM sysusers a
WHERE SUSER_SNAME(a.sid) = 'test_login'

如果有很多个数据库，写个游标1个个去检查即可。

3. 检查有没有某个对象的权限

检查有没有某个对象的权限，一般是去尝试运行下脚本比较直观，如果去查各种权限表，角色错综复杂时，很难分辨；

SQL Server 2008之后引入了HAS_PERMS_BY_NAME这个函数，它可以检查当前账号的各种权限，检查其他用户需要用EXECUTE AS来切换：

USE DBA
GO
EXECUTE AS user = 'test_user'
GO
--对象权限
SELECT HAS_PERMS_BY_NAME('Sales.SalesPerson', 'OBJECT', 'INSERT');
SELECT HAS_PERMS_BY_NAME('sp_send_dbmail', 'OBJECT', 'EXEC');
--架构权限
SELECT HAS_PERMS_BY_NAME('test_schema', 'SCHEMA', 'SELECT');
REVERT;
GO

对于是否有登录、访问数据库的权限，用这个函数也可以判断：

USE master
GO
EXECUTE AS login = 'test_login'
GO
--登录权限，本机前2个参数为空即可
SELECT HAS_PERMS_BY_NAME(NULL, NULL, 'CONNECT SQL');
REVERT;
GO

USE DBA
GO
EXECUTE AS user = 'test_user'
GO
--数据库权限
SELECT HAS_PERMS_BY_NAME(db_name(), 'DATABASE', 'CONNECT');
REVERT;

二. 有哪些权限

权限可以直接分配给账号，也可以分配给账号所属的role，所以要把账号自身权限、所属role权限合并才是最终的账号权限。

Windows账号权限还可以通过用户组分配，所以还要检查这个Windows账号有没有属于某个用户组，如果有还需要加上这个用户组的权限；

下面的脚本，仅检查单个用户/用户组权限。

1. 实例级的权限

use master
GO
declare @svr_principal_name varchar(1024)
set @svr_principal_name = 'test_login'

declare @svr_principal_id int
select @svr_principal_id = principal_id 
from sys.server_principals p
where p.name = @svr_principal_name

if OBJECT_ID('tempdb..#tmp_svr_role','U') is not null
    drop table #tmp_svr_role;
create table #tmp_svr_role
(
member_principal_id     int,
member_principal_name   varchar(512),
role_principal_id       int, 
role_principal_name     varchar(512)
)

--获取登录账号的所有server role, 从sql server 2012开始，server role可以自定义，成员仅可为fixed server role
;with tmp
as
(
select * from sys.server_role_members 
where member_principal_id = @svr_principal_id
union all
select rm.* from sys.server_role_members rm
inner join tmp 
on rm.member_principal_id = tmp.role_principal_id
)
insert into #tmp_svr_role 
select a.member_principal_id, b.name,
       a.role_principal_id, c.name
 from tmp a
inner join sys.server_principals b
on a.member_principal_id = b.principal_id
inner join sys.server_principals c
on a.role_principal_id = c.principal_id

--登录账号自身权限, sys.server_permissions不包含fixed server role权限，同时手动排除掉public权限
select a.principal_id as member_principal_id, a.name as member_principal_name,
       null as role_principal_id, null as role_principal_name,
       b.permission_name, b.state_desc
from sys.server_principals a
inner join sys.server_permissions b
on a.principal_id = b.grantee_principal_id
where a.principal_id = @svr_principal_id
and b.permission_name <> 'CONNECT SQL'
union all
--server role权限，包含fixed server role和自定义的server role
select a.member_principal_id, a.member_principal_name,
       a.role_principal_id, a.role_principal_name,
       isnull(b.permission_name,'Fixed Server-Level Role: '+role_principal_name) as permission_name, isnull(b.state_desc,'GRANT') as state_desc
from #tmp_svr_role a
left join sys.database_permissions b
on a.role_principal_id = b.grantee_principal_id
union all
--public server role权限，不可以取消public权限，它是每个登录账号的最小权限，仅可连接数据库实例
select @svr_principal_id as member_principal_id,@svr_principal_name as member_principal_name,
       principal_id as role_principal_id, name as role_principal_name, 
       'CONNECT SQL' as permission_name, 'GRANT' as state_desc
from sys.server_principals
where name = 'public'

Instance-Level Permissions

注意：服务器角色的权限可以做什么具体的事情，exec sp_srvrolepermission 有大致的介绍，但是也并没有全部列出每一种数据库操作，因为有些操作是被更高级的操作包含的。

2. 数据库级的权限

仅列出数据库级别的权限，具体的对象名称并没有列出。

use DBA
GO
declare @svr_principal_name varchar(1024)
set @svr_principal_name = 'test_login'

declare @db_principal_id    int,
        @db_principal_name  varchar(512)
select @db_principal_id = principal_id,
       @db_principal_name = name
from sys.database_principals p
where SUSER_SNAME(sid) = @svr_principal_name

if OBJECT_ID('tempdb..#tmp_db_role','U') is not null
    drop table #tmp_db_role;
create table #tmp_db_role
(
member_principal_id     int,
member_principal_name   varchar(512),
role_principal_id       int, 
role_principal_name     varchar(512)
)

--获取登录账号在当前数据库的所有database role
;with tmp
as
(
select * from sys.database_role_members 
where member_principal_id = @db_principal_id
union all
select rm.* from sys.database_role_members rm
inner join tmp 
on rm.member_principal_id = tmp.role_principal_id
)
insert into #tmp_db_role 
select a.member_principal_id, b.name,
       a.role_principal_id, c.name
 from tmp a
inner join sys.database_principals b
on a.member_principal_id = b.principal_id
inner join sys.database_principals c
on a.role_principal_id = c.principal_id

--登录账号在当前数据库的自身权限, sys.database_permissions不包含fixed database role权限，同时手动排除掉public权限
select a.principal_id as member_principal_id, a.name as member_principal_name,
       null as role_principal_id, null as role_principal_name,
       b.permission_name, b.state_desc
from sys.database_principals a
inner join sys.database_permissions b
on a.principal_id = b.grantee_principal_id
where a.principal_id = @db_principal_id
and b.permission_name <> 'CONNECT'
union all
--database role权限，包含fixed database role和自定义的database role
select a.member_principal_id, a.member_principal_name,
       a.role_principal_id, a.role_principal_name,
       isnull(b.permission_name,'Fixed Database-Level Role: '+role_principal_name) as permission_name, isnull(b.state_desc,'GRANT') as state_desc
from #tmp_db_role a
left join sys.database_permissions b
on a.role_principal_id = b.grantee_principal_id
union all
--public database role权限，不可以取消public权限，它是每个登录账号映射到当前数据库的最小权限，仅可连接当前数据库
select @db_principal_id as member_principal_id, @db_principal_name as member_principal_name,
       principal_id as role_principal_id, name as role_principal_name, 
       'CONNECT' as permission_name, 'GRANT' as state_desc
from sys.database_principals
where name = 'public'

Database-Level Permissions

注意：sysadmin的账号在数据库里可能并没有做映射，但权限是有的，隐式映射的用户是dbo

3. 对象级的权限

sys.database_permissions有很多对象类型，major_id, minor_id取决于class_desc，不同的对象关联不同的系统表/视图，脚本里仅列出了最常见的OBJECT_OR_COLUMN, SCHEMA对象权限。

--建立测试用的架构，对象，列
use DBA
GO
if object_id('test_grant','U') is not null
    drop table test_grant
GO
create table test_grant(c1 int, c2 int, c3 int)
grant select (c1, c2) on test_grant to test_user;

if object_id('test_schema.test_t1','U') is not null
    drop table test_schema.test_t1
GO
if exists(select 1 from sys.schemas where name  = 'test_schema')
    drop schema test_schema
GO
create schema test_schema
create table test_schema.test_t1(c1 int, c2 int)
grant select on schema::test_schema to test_user;
GO

--开始获取对象权限
use DBA
GO
declare @svr_principal_name varchar(1024)
set @svr_principal_name = 'test_login'

declare @db_principal_id    int,
        @db_principal_name  varchar(512)
select @db_principal_id = principal_id,
       @db_principal_name = name
from sys.database_principals p
where SUSER_SNAME(sid) = @svr_principal_name

if OBJECT_ID('tempdb..#tmp_db_role','U') is not null
    drop table #tmp_db_role;
create table #tmp_db_role
(
member_principal_id     int,
member_principal_name   varchar(512),
role_principal_id       int, 
role_principal_name     varchar(512)
)

--获取登录账号在当前数据库的所有database role
;with tmp
as
(
select * from sys.database_role_members 
where member_principal_id = @db_principal_id
union all
select rm.* from sys.database_role_members rm
inner join tmp 
on rm.member_principal_id = tmp.role_principal_id
)
insert into #tmp_db_role 
select a.member_principal_id, b.name,
       a.role_principal_id, c.name
 from tmp a
inner join sys.database_principals b
on a.member_principal_id = b.principal_id
inner join sys.database_principals c
on a.role_principal_id = c.principal_id

--登录账号在当前数据库的自身对象权限(OBJECT_OR_COLUMN)
select a.principal_id as member_principal_id, a.name as member_principal_name,
       null as role_principal_id, null as role_principal_name,
       o.name as major_name, c.name as minor_name,
       b.permission_name, b.state_desc
from sys.database_principals a
inner join sys.database_permissions b
on a.principal_id = b.grantee_principal_id
left join sys.objects o
on b.major_id = o.object_id
left join sys.columns c 
on (b.major_id = c.object_id and b.minor_id = c.column_id)
where a.principal_id = @db_principal_id
and b.class_desc = 'OBJECT_OR_COLUMN'
union all
--登录账号在当前数据库的自身对象权限(SCHEMA)
select a.principal_id as member_principal_id, a.name as member_principal_name,
       null as role_principal_id, null as role_principal_name,
       s.name as major_name, null as minor_name,
       b.permission_name, b.state_desc
from sys.database_principals a
inner join sys.database_permissions b
on a.principal_id = b.grantee_principal_id
left join sys.schemas s
on b.major_id = s.schema_id
where a.principal_id = @db_principal_id
and b.class_desc = 'SCHEMA'
union all
--database role的对象权限(OBJECT_OR_COLUMN)
select a.member_principal_id, a.member_principal_name,
       a.role_principal_id, a.role_principal_name,
       o.name as major_name, c.name as minor_name,
       b.permission_name, b.state_desc
from #tmp_db_role a
inner join sys.database_permissions b --inner join, 仅自定义的database role
on a.role_principal_id = b.grantee_principal_id
left join sys.objects o
on b.major_id = o.object_id
left join sys.columns c 
on (b.major_id = c.object_id and b.minor_id = c.column_id)
where b.class_desc = 'OBJECT_OR_COLUMN'
union all
--database role的对象权限(SCHEMA)
select a.member_principal_id, a.member_principal_name,
       a.role_principal_id, a.role_principal_name,
       s.name as major_name, null as minor_name,
       b.permission_name, b.state_desc
from #tmp_db_role a
inner join sys.database_permissions b --inner join, 仅自定义的database role
on a.role_principal_id = b.grantee_principal_id
left join sys.schemas s
on b.major_id = s.schema_id
where b.class_desc = 'SCHEMA'
/*
union all
--public role有一些系统视图的select权限，可以忽略
select a.principal_id as member_principal_id, a.name as member_principal_name,
       null as role_principal_id, null as role_principal_name,
       o.name as major_name, c.name as minor_name,
       b.permission_name, b.state_desc
from sys.database_principals a
inner join sys.database_permissions b
on a.principal_id = b.grantee_principal_id
left join sys.all_objects o
on b.major_id = o.object_id
left join sys.all_columns c 
on (b.major_id = c.object_id and b.minor_id = c.column_id)
where a.name = 'public'
*/

注意：如果对象的权限是通过role衍生的，而不是直接分配给user或者role，那么并不会被列出来。试想sysadmin 的角色，难道要列出所有数据库的所有对象吗？

三. 查看自己的权限

1. 有没有登录权限

登录失败并不一定是没权限，还是找别人来检查自己账号的登录权限吧；

2. 有没有数据库访问权限

--列出所有可访问的数据库
SELECT *
FROM sys.databases
WHERE HAS_DBACCESS(name) = 1

  

3. 有没有对象访问权限

用上面提到HAS_PERMS_BY_NAME函数，它可以检查当前账号的各种权限；

SELECT HAS_PERMS_BY_NAME('test_sp', 'Object' , 'Execute')
SELECT HAS_PERMS_BY_NAME('test', 'Database' , 'Execute')

  

4. 有哪些权限

--实例级权限
SELECT * FROM fn_my_permissions(NULL, 'SERVER'); 
--数据库级权限
SELECT * FROM fn_my_permissions ('DBA', 'DATABASE'); 
--对象权限，只能一个个对象检查，不能一次返回所有对象权限，和HAS_PERMS_BY_NAME类似
SELECT * FROM fn_my_permissions ('test_grant', 'OBJECT'); 

 用于检查自己权限的方法，同样也可以检查其他账号，用EXECUTE AS切换账号即可。