Linux硬件信息查询命令

系统

•  uname -a              # 查看内核/操作系统/CPU信息

Linux hostname 2.6.18-128.el5 #1 SMP Wed Dec 17 11:41:38 EST 2008 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

• head -n 1 /etc/issue      # 查看操作系统版本号

Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server release 5.3 (Tikanga)

• cat /proc/cpuinfo     # 查看CPU信息

processor       : 0
vendor_id       : GenuineIntel
cpu family      : 6
model           : 44
model name      : Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU           X5670  @ 2.93GHz
stepping        : 2
cpu MHz         : 2933.582
cache size      : 12288 KB
physical id     : 1
siblings        : 12
core id         : 0
cpu cores       : 6
apicid          : 32
fpu             : yes
fpu_exception   : yes
cpuid level     : 11
wp              : yes
flags           : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc ida pni monitor ds_cpl vmx smx est tm2 cx16 xtpr popcnt lahf_lm
bogomips        : 5871.13
clflush size    : 64
cache_alignment : 64
address sizes   : 40 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management:

• hostname                                 # 查看计算机主机名

hostname.com.cn

• lspci -tv          # 列出全部PCI设备

-[0000:00]-+-00.0  Intel Corporation 5500 I/O Hub to ESI Port
           +-01.0-[02]--+-00.0  Broadcom Corporation NetXtreme II BCM57711E 10-G                       igabit PCIe
           |            -00.1  Broadcom Corporation NetXtreme II BCM57711E 10-G                       igabit PCIe
           +-02.0-[0d]--
           +-03.0-[03-05]--
           +-07.0-[06-08]--
           +-08.0-[11]--
           +-09.0-[09-0b]--+-00.0  QLogic Corp. ISP2432-based 4Gb Fibre Channel  

• lsusb -tv         # 列出全部USB设备

Bus#  6
`-Dev#   1 Vendor 0x0000 Product 0x0000
`-Dev#   2 Vendor 0x03f0 Product 0x1027
Bus#  5
`-Dev#   1 Vendor 0x0000 Product 0x0000
Bus#  4
`-Dev#   1 Vendor 0x0000 Product 0x0000
Bus#  3
`-Dev#   1 Vendor 0x0000 Product 0x0000
Bus#  2
`-Dev#   1 Vendor 0x0000 Product 0x0000
Bus#  1
`-Dev#   1 Vendor 0x0000 Product 0x0000

• lsmod                # 列出载入的内核模块 
• env                  # 查看环境变量资源

_=/bin/env
CVS_RSH=ssh
G_BROKEN_FILENAMES=1
HISTSIZE=1000
HOME=/root
INPUTRC=/etc/inputrc
KDEDIR=/usr
KDE_IS_PRELINKED=1
KDE_NO_IPV6=1
LANG=en_US.UTF-8
LESSOPEN=|/usr/bin/lesspipe.sh %s
LOGNAME=root
MAIL=/var/spool/mail/root
PATH=/usr/lib64/qt-3.3/bin:/usr/kerberos/sbin:/usr/kerberos/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin

• free -m          # 查看内存使用量和交换区使用量

             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:         48295       9647      38648       0       1165        4067
-/+ buffers/cache:       4413      43881
Swap:         3999          0       3999

• df -h            # 查看各分区使用情况

Filesystem            Size  Used   Avail   Use%      Mounted on
/dev/mapper/rootVG-root
                       83G  7.4G   72G     10%      /
/dev/mapper/rootVG-tmp
                      3.9G  137M  3.6G     4%       /tmp
/dev/mapper/rootVG-var
                       31G  5.1G   24G     18%      /var

• du -sh <文件夹名>     # 查看指定文件夹的大小

# du -sh /tmp
84K     /tmp

• grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo   # 查看内存总量

# grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo
MemTotal: 16432172 kB

• grep MemFree /proc/meminfo    # 查看空暇内存量

# grep MemFree /proc/meminfo
MemFree:      12647164 kB

• uptime                          # 查看系统执行时间、用户数、负载

14:15:28 up 4 days,  2:56,  1 user,  load average: 1.17, 1.15, 1.10

•  cat /proc/loadavg             # 查看系统负载

# cat /proc/loadavg
1.11 1.14 1.09 1/546 5175

磁盘和分区

• mount | column -t            # 查看挂接的分区状态

/dev/mapper/rootVG-root     on  /         type  ext3    (rw)
proc                        on  /proc     type  proc    (rw)
sysfs                       on  /sys      type  sysfs   (rw)
devpts                      on  /dev/pts  type  devpts  (rw,gid=5,mode=620)
/dev/mapper/rootVG-tmp      on  /tmp      type  ext3    (rw)

• fdisk -l                      # 查看全部分区

Disk /dev/cciss/c0d0: 146.7 GB, 146778685440 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 17844 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
           Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/cciss/c0d0p1   *           1          19      152586   83  Linux
/dev/cciss/c0d0p2              20       17844   143179312+  8e  Linux LVM
Disk /dev/sdc: 384.3 GB, 384399572992 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 46733 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Disk /dev/sdc doesn't contain a valid partition table
Disk /dev/sde: 225.4 GB, 225485783040 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 27413 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

• swapon -s                     # 查看全部交换分区

Filename                                Type            Size    Used    Priority
/dev/mapper/rootVG-swap                 partition       16777208        0       -1

• hdparm -i /dev/hda           # 查看磁盘參数（仅适用于IDE设备）
• dmesg | grep IDE             # 查看启动时IDE设备检測状况

Uniform Multi-Platform E-IDE driver Revision: 7.00alpha2
Probing IDE interface ide0...
Probing IDE interface ide1...

网络

• ifconfig           # 查看全部网络接口的属性

bond0     Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr F4:CE:46:7E:D7:68
          inet addr:10.56.236.101  Bcast:10.56.236.127  Mask:255.255.255.128
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MASTER MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:196625663 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:166879878 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
          RX bytes:30475502617 (28.3 GiB)  TX bytes:34248137790 (31.8 GiB)
eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr F4:CE:46:7E:D7:68
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING SLAVE MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:196625663 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:166879878 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
          RX bytes:30475502617 (28.3 GiB)  TX bytes:34248137790 (31.8 GiB)
          Interrupt:130 Memory:fb000000-fb7fffff

• iptables -L       # 查看防火墙设置

Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target     prot opt source               destination
Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT)
target     prot opt source               destination
Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target     prot opt source               destination

• route -n          # 查看路由表

Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
10.56.236.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.255.128 U     0      0        0 bond0
169.254.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U     0      0        0 bond0
0.0.0.0         10.56.236.126   0.0.0.0         UG    0      0        0 bond0

• netstat -lntp    # 查看全部监听port

Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address               Foreign Address                                                  State       PID/Program name
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:2049                0.0.0.0:*                                                        LISTEN      -
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:389                 0.0.0.0:*                                                        LISTEN      12782/ns-slapd
　　# netstat -antp # 查看全部已经建立的连接
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address               Foreign Address                                                  State       PID/Program name
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:2049                0.0.0.0:*                                                        LISTEN      -
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:389                 0.0.0.0:*                                                        LISTEN      12782/ns-slapd
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:11111               0.0.0.0:*                                                        LISTEN      15217/ricci

• netstat -s      # 查看网络统计信息

Ip:
    195815097 total packets received
    8 forwarded
    0 incoming packets discarded
    195814891 incoming packets delivered
    167012221 requests sent out
    3 outgoing packets dropped
    7 fragments dropped after timeout
    231 reassemblies required
    33 packets reassembled ok
    7 packet reassembles failed
    8 fragments received ok
    32 fragments created
Icmp:
    25034 ICMP messages received
    16 input ICMP message failed.
    ICMP input histogram:
        destination unreachable: 173
        echo requests: 13025
        echo replies: 11836
    25060 ICMP messages sent
    0 ICMP messages failed
    ICMP output histogram:
        destination unreachable: 185
        echo request: 11842
        echo replies: 13025
IcmpMsg:
        InType0: 11836
        InType3: 173
        InType8: 13025
        OutType0: 13025
        OutType3: 185
        OutType8: 11842
        OutType10: 8

进程

• ps -ef       # 查看全部进程

UID        PID  PPID  C STIME TTY      TIME CMD
root         1     0  0 Jul10 ?        00:00:05 init [3]
root         2     1  0 Jul10 ?        00:00:03 [migration/0]
root         3     1  0 Jul10 ?        00:00:00 [ksoftirqd/0]
root         4     1  0 Jul10 ?        00:00:00 [watchdog/0]

• top          # 实时显示进程状态

Tasks: 385 total,   1 running, 384 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie
Cpu(s):  0.2%us,  0.3%sy,  0.0%ni, 98.6%id,  0.8%wa,  0.0%hi,  0.1%si,  0.0%st
Mem:  16432172k total,  3795132k used, 12637040k free,   800952k buffers
Swap: 16777208k total,        0k used, 16777208k free,  1729708k cached
  PID USER      PR  NI  VIRT  RES  SHR S %CPU %MEM    TIME+  COMMAND
 7339 root      15   0 11016 1192  700 R  2.0  0.0   0:00.01 top
17378 root      10  -5     0    0    0 D  2.0  0.0   6:50.74 kjournald
    1 root      15   0 10372  704  596 S  0.0  0.0   0:05.31 init

用户

• w             # 查看活动用户

 14:33:53 up 4 days,  3:15,  1 user,  load average: 1.17, 1.14, 1.10
USER     TTY      FROM              LOGIN@   IDLE   JCPU   PCPU WHAT
root     pts/0    10.141.41.62     13:11    0.00s  0.05s  0.05s -bash

• id <username>  # 查看指定用户信息

uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root),1(bin),2(daemon),3(sys),4(adm),6(disk),10(wheel)

• last         # 查看用户登录日志

root     pts/0        10.141.41.62     Mon Jul 14 13:11   still logged in
root     pts/0        10.141.41.62     Mon Jul 14 10:38 - 12:34  (01:56)
root     pts/0        10.141.152.51    Sun Jul 13 07:14 - 11:55  (04:41)
root     pts/2        10.140.2.76      Fri Jul 11 17:50 - 18:38  (00:47)

• cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd   # 查看系统全部用户

# cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd
root
bin
daemon
adm

• cut -d: -f1 /etc/group    # 查看系统全部组

root
bin
daemon
sys
adm
tty
disk

• crontab -l                 # 查看当前用户的计划任务

服务

• chkconfig --list          # 列出全部系统服务

httpd           0:off   1:off   2:off   3:off   4:off   5:off   6:off
ip6tables       0:off   1:off   2:on    3:on    4:on    5:on    6:off
network         0:off   1:off   2:on    3:on    4:on    5:on    6:off
nfs             0:off   1:off   2:off   3:off   4:off   5:off   6:off
nfslock         0:off   1:off   2:off   3:on    4:on    5:on    6:off
nscd            0:off   1:off   2:on    3:on    4:on    5:on    6:off
ntpd            0:off   1:off   2:on    3:on    4:on    5:on    6:off
oddjobd         0:off   1:off   2:off   3:off   4:off   5:off   6:off
oractl          0:off   1:off   2:off   3:off   4:off   5:off   6:off
snmpd           0:off   1:off   2:on    3:on    4:on    5:on    6:off
snmptrapd       0:off   1:off   2:off   3:off   4:off   5:off   6:off
sshd            0:off   1:off   2:on    3:on    4:on    5:on    6:off
syslog          0:off   1:off   2:on    3:on    4:on    5:on    6:off

• chkconfig –list | grep on  # 列出全部启动的系统服务

程序

• rpm -qa                       # 查看全部安装的软件包

# rpm -qa | grep perl
perl-HTML-Parser-3.55-1.fc6
perl-Net-Telnet-3.03-5
perl-LDAP-0.33-4.el5_8
perl-XML-LibXML-1.58-6

其它经常使用命令整理例如以下：

• 查看主板的序列号：dmidecode | grep -i 'serial number'
• 用硬件检測程序kuduz探測新硬件：service kudzu start （ or restart）
• 查看CPU信息：cat /proc/cpuinfo [dmesg | grep -i 'cpu'][dmidecode -t processor]
• 查看内存信息：cat /proc/meminfo [free -m][vmstat]
• 查看板卡信息：cat /proc/pci
• 查看显卡/声卡信息：lspci |grep -i 'VGA'[dmesg | grep -i 'VGA']
• 查看网卡信息：dmesg | grep -i 'eth'[cat /etc/sysconfig/hwconf | grep -i eth][lspci | grep -i 'eth']
• 查看PCI信息：lspci （相比cat /proc/pci更直观）
• 查看USB设备：cat /proc/bus/usb/devices
• 查看键盘和鼠标：cat /proc/bus/input/devices
• 查看系统硬盘信息和使用情况：fdisk & disk – l & df
• 查看各设备的中断请求（IRQ）：cat /proc/interrupts
• 查看系统体系结构：uname -a
• 查看及启动系统的32位或64位内核模式：isalist –v [isainfo –v][isainfo –b]
• 查看硬件信息，包含bios、cpu、内存等信息：dmidecode
• 測定当前的显示器刷新频率：/usr/sbin/ffbconfig –rev ?
• 查看系统配置：/usr/platform/sun4u/sbin/prtdiag –v
• 查看当前系统中已经应用的补丁：showrev –p
• 显示当前的执行级别：who –rH
• 查看当前的bind版本号信息：nslookup –class=chaos –q=txt version.bind
• 查看硬件信息：dmesg | more
• 显示外设信息， 如usb，网卡等信息：lspci
• 查看已载入的驱动：　　lsnod lshw
• 查看当前处理器的类型和速度（主频）：psrinfo -v
• 打印当前的OBP版本号号：prtconf -v
• 查看硬盘物理信息（vendor， RPM， Capacity）：iostat –E
• 查看磁盘的几何參数和分区信息：prtvtoc /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s 
• 显示已经使用和未使用的i-node数目：

　　df –F ufs –o i 

　　isalist –v

对于“/proc”中文件可使用文件查看命令浏览其内容，文件里包括系统特定信息：

　　主机CPU信息：Cpuinfo 

　　主机DMA通道信息：Dma 

　　文件系统信息：Filesystems 

　　主机中断信息：Interrupts 

　　主机I/Oport号信息：Ioprots 

　　主机内存信息：Meninfo 

　　Linux内存版本号信息：Version

　　备注： proc – process information pseudo-filesystem 进程信息伪装文件系统