系统
- uname -a # 查看内核/操作系统/CPU信息
Linux hostname 2.6.18-128.el5 #1 SMP Wed Dec 17 11:41:38 EST 2008 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
- head -n 1 /etc/issue # 查看操作系统版本号
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server release 5.3 (Tikanga)
- cat /proc/cpuinfo # 查看CPU信息
processor : 0 vendor_id : GenuineIntel cpu family : 6 model : 44 model name : Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU X5670 @ 2.93GHz stepping : 2 cpu MHz : 2933.582 cache size : 12288 KB physical id : 1 siblings : 12 core id : 0 cpu cores : 6 apicid : 32 fpu : yes fpu_exception : yes cpuid level : 11 wp : yes flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc ida pni monitor ds_cpl vmx smx est tm2 cx16 xtpr popcnt lahf_lm bogomips : 5871.13 clflush size : 64 cache_alignment : 64 address sizes : 40 bits physical, 48 bits virtual power management:
- hostname # 查看计算机主机名
hostname.com.cn
- lspci -tv # 列出全部PCI设备
-[0000:00]-+-00.0 Intel Corporation 5500 I/O Hub to ESI Port
+-01.0-[02]--+-00.0 Broadcom Corporation NetXtreme II BCM57711E 10-G igabit PCIe
| -00.1 Broadcom Corporation NetXtreme II BCM57711E 10-G igabit PCIe
+-02.0-[0d]--
+-03.0-[03-05]--
+-07.0-[06-08]--
+-08.0-[11]--
+-09.0-[09-0b]--+-00.0 QLogic Corp. ISP2432-based 4Gb Fibre Channel
- lsusb -tv # 列出全部USB设备
Bus# 6 `-Dev# 1 Vendor 0x0000 Product 0x0000 `-Dev# 2 Vendor 0x03f0 Product 0x1027 Bus# 5 `-Dev# 1 Vendor 0x0000 Product 0x0000 Bus# 4 `-Dev# 1 Vendor 0x0000 Product 0x0000 Bus# 3 `-Dev# 1 Vendor 0x0000 Product 0x0000 Bus# 2 `-Dev# 1 Vendor 0x0000 Product 0x0000 Bus# 1 `-Dev# 1 Vendor 0x0000 Product 0x0000
- lsmod # 列出载入的内核模块
- env # 查看环境变量资源
_=/bin/env CVS_RSH=ssh G_BROKEN_FILENAMES=1 HISTSIZE=1000 HOME=/root INPUTRC=/etc/inputrc KDEDIR=/usr KDE_IS_PRELINKED=1 KDE_NO_IPV6=1 LANG=en_US.UTF-8 LESSOPEN=|/usr/bin/lesspipe.sh %s LOGNAME=root MAIL=/var/spool/mail/root PATH=/usr/lib64/qt-3.3/bin:/usr/kerberos/sbin:/usr/kerberos/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
- free -m # 查看内存使用量和交换区使用量
total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 48295 9647 38648 0 1165 4067 -/+ buffers/cache: 4413 43881 Swap: 3999 0 3999
- df -h # 查看各分区使用情况
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/rootVG-root
83G 7.4G 72G 10% /
/dev/mapper/rootVG-tmp
3.9G 137M 3.6G 4% /tmp
/dev/mapper/rootVG-var
31G 5.1G 24G 18% /var
- du -sh <文件夹名> # 查看指定文件夹的大小
# du -sh /tmp 84K /tmp
- grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo # 查看内存总量
# grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo MemTotal: 16432172 kB
- grep MemFree /proc/meminfo # 查看空暇内存量
# grep MemFree /proc/meminfo MemFree: 12647164 kB
- uptime # 查看系统执行时间、用户数、负载
14:15:28 up 4 days, 2:56, 1 user, load average: 1.17, 1.15, 1.10
- cat /proc/loadavg # 查看系统负载
# cat /proc/loadavg 1.11 1.14 1.09 1/546 5175
磁盘和分区
- mount | column -t # 查看挂接的分区状态
/dev/mapper/rootVG-root on / type ext3 (rw) proc on /proc type proc (rw) sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) /dev/mapper/rootVG-tmp on /tmp type ext3 (rw)
- fdisk -l # 查看全部分区
Disk /dev/cciss/c0d0: 146.7 GB, 146778685440 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 17844 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/cciss/c0d0p1 * 1 19 152586 83 Linux
/dev/cciss/c0d0p2 20 17844 143179312+ 8e Linux LVM
Disk /dev/sdc: 384.3 GB, 384399572992 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 46733 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Disk /dev/sdc doesn't contain a valid partition table
Disk /dev/sde: 225.4 GB, 225485783040 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 27413 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
- swapon -s # 查看全部交换分区
Filename Type Size Used Priority /dev/mapper/rootVG-swap partition 16777208 0 -1
- hdparm -i /dev/hda # 查看磁盘參数（仅适用于IDE设备）
- dmesg | grep IDE # 查看启动时IDE设备检測状况
Uniform Multi-Platform E-IDE driver Revision: 7.00alpha2 Probing IDE interface ide0... Probing IDE interface ide1...
网络
- ifconfig # 查看全部网络接口的属性
bond0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr F4:CE:46:7E:D7:68
inet addr:10.56.236.101 Bcast:10.56.236.127 Mask:255.255.255.128
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MASTER MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:196625663 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:166879878 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:30475502617 (28.3 GiB) TX bytes:34248137790 (31.8 GiB)
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr F4:CE:46:7E:D7:68
UP BROADCAST RUNNING SLAVE MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:196625663 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:166879878 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:30475502617 (28.3 GiB) TX bytes:34248137790 (31.8 GiB)
Interrupt:130 Memory:fb000000-fb7fffff
- iptables -L # 查看防火墙设置
Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination
- route -n # 查看路由表
Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 10.56.236.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.128 U 0 0 0 bond0 169.254.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 bond0 0.0.0.0 10.56.236.126 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 bond0
- netstat -lntp # 查看全部监听port
Active Internet connections (only servers) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:2049 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN - tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:389 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 12782/ns-slapd # netstat -antp # 查看全部已经建立的连接 Active Internet connections (servers and established) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:2049 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN - tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:389 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 12782/ns-slapd tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:11111 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 15217/ricci
- netstat -s # 查看网络统计信息
Ip:
195815097 total packets received
8 forwarded
0 incoming packets discarded
195814891 incoming packets delivered
167012221 requests sent out
3 outgoing packets dropped
7 fragments dropped after timeout
231 reassemblies required
33 packets reassembled ok
7 packet reassembles failed
8 fragments received ok
32 fragments created
Icmp:
25034 ICMP messages received
16 input ICMP message failed.
ICMP input histogram:
destination unreachable: 173
echo requests: 13025
echo replies: 11836
25060 ICMP messages sent
0 ICMP messages failed
ICMP output histogram:
destination unreachable: 185
echo request: 11842
echo replies: 13025
IcmpMsg:
InType0: 11836
InType3: 173
InType8: 13025
OutType0: 13025
OutType3: 185
OutType8: 11842
OutType10: 8进程
- ps -ef # 查看全部进程
UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD root 1 0 0 Jul10 ? 00:00:05 init [3] root 2 1 0 Jul10 ? 00:00:03 [migration/0] root 3 1 0 Jul10 ? 00:00:00 [ksoftirqd/0] root 4 1 0 Jul10 ? 00:00:00 [watchdog/0]
- top # 实时显示进程状态
Tasks: 385 total, 1 running, 384 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
Cpu(s): 0.2%us, 0.3%sy, 0.0%ni, 98.6%id, 0.8%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.1%si, 0.0%st
Mem: 16432172k total, 3795132k used, 12637040k free, 800952k buffers
Swap: 16777208k total, 0k used, 16777208k free, 1729708k cached
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
7339 root 15 0 11016 1192 700 R 2.0 0.0 0:00.01 top
17378 root 10 -5 0 0 0 D 2.0 0.0 6:50.74 kjournald
1 root 15 0 10372 704 596 S 0.0 0.0 0:05.31 init
用户
- w # 查看活动用户
14:33:53 up 4 days, 3:15, 1 user, load average: 1.17, 1.14, 1.10 USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT root pts/0 10.141.41.62 13:11 0.00s 0.05s 0.05s -bash
- id <username> # 查看指定用户信息
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root),1(bin),2(daemon),3(sys),4(adm),6(disk),10(wheel)
- last # 查看用户登录日志
root pts/0 10.141.41.62 Mon Jul 14 13:11 still logged in root pts/0 10.141.41.62 Mon Jul 14 10:38 - 12:34 (01:56) root pts/0 10.141.152.51 Sun Jul 13 07:14 - 11:55 (04:41) root pts/2 10.140.2.76 Fri Jul 11 17:50 - 18:38 (00:47)
- cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd # 查看系统全部用户
# cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd root bin daemon adm
- cut -d: -f1 /etc/group # 查看系统全部组
root bin daemon sys adm tty disk
- crontab -l # 查看当前用户的计划任务
服务
- chkconfig --list # 列出全部系统服务
httpd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off ip6tables 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off network 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off nfs 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off nfslock 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off nscd 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off ntpd 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off oddjobd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off oractl 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off snmpd 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off snmptrapd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off sshd 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off syslog 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
- chkconfig –list | grep on # 列出全部启动的系统服务
程序
- rpm -qa # 查看全部安装的软件包
# rpm -qa | grep perl perl-HTML-Parser-3.55-1.fc6 perl-Net-Telnet-3.03-5 perl-LDAP-0.33-4.el5_8 perl-XML-LibXML-1.58-6
其它经常使用命令整理例如以下：
- 查看主板的序列号：dmidecode | grep -i 'serial number'
- 用硬件检測程序kuduz探測新硬件：service kudzu start （ or restart）
- 查看CPU信息：cat /proc/cpuinfo [dmesg | grep -i 'cpu'][dmidecode -t processor]
- 查看内存信息：cat /proc/meminfo [free -m][vmstat]
- 查看板卡信息：cat /proc/pci
- 查看显卡/声卡信息：lspci |grep -i 'VGA'[dmesg | grep -i 'VGA']
- 查看网卡信息：dmesg | grep -i 'eth'[cat /etc/sysconfig/hwconf | grep -i eth][lspci | grep -i 'eth']
- 查看PCI信息：lspci （相比cat /proc/pci更直观）
- 查看USB设备：cat /proc/bus/usb/devices
- 查看键盘和鼠标：cat /proc/bus/input/devices
- 查看系统硬盘信息和使用情况：fdisk & disk – l & df
- 查看各设备的中断请求（IRQ）：cat /proc/interrupts
- 查看系统体系结构：uname -a
- 查看及启动系统的32位或64位内核模式：isalist –v [isainfo –v][isainfo –b]
- 查看硬件信息，包含bios、cpu、内存等信息：dmidecode
- 測定当前的显示器刷新频率：/usr/sbin/ffbconfig –rev ?
- 查看系统配置：/usr/platform/sun4u/sbin/prtdiag –v
- 查看当前系统中已经应用的补丁：showrev –p
- 显示当前的执行级别：who –rH
- 查看当前的bind版本号信息：nslookup –class=chaos –q=txt version.bind
- 查看硬件信息：dmesg | more
- 显示外设信息， 如usb，网卡等信息：lspci
- 查看已载入的驱动： lsnod lshw
- 查看当前处理器的类型和速度（主频）：psrinfo -v
- 打印当前的OBP版本号号：prtconf -v
- 查看硬盘物理信息（vendor， RPM， Capacity）：iostat –E
- 查看磁盘的几何參数和分区信息：prtvtoc /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s
- 显示已经使用和未使用的i-node数目：
df –F ufs –o i
isalist –v
对于“/proc”中文件可使用文件查看命令浏览其内容，文件里包括系统特定信息：
主机CPU信息：Cpuinfo
主机DMA通道信息：Dma
文件系统信息：Filesystems
主机中断信息：Interrupts
主机I/Oport号信息：Ioprots
主机内存信息：Meninfo
Linux内存版本号信息：Version
备注： proc – process information pseudo-filesystem 进程信息伪装文件系统