clr via c# 异常和状态管理

1,System.Exception 类---所有异常类的基类

Message	readonly	string	指出异常的原因
Data	readonly	IDictionary	引用一个键值对集合
Source	r/w	string	包含异常的程序集名称
StackTrace	r	string	包含异常之前调用所有方法和信息
TargetSite	r	MethodBase	包含抛出异常的方法
InnerException	r	Exception	如果当前异常时在处理一个异常时抛出的,则指出上个异常是什么 可以使用Exception.GetBaseException来遍历异常链表.
HResult	r/w	int	COM api 返回值维护.

1.1    Exception.GetBaseException 方法用法

•         首先创建两个异常类用于重新抛出:

class SecondLevelException : Exception
    {
        public SecondLevelException(string message, Exception inner)//使用Message和InnerExciption来初始化异常
            : base(message, inner)
        { }
    }
    class ThirdLevelException : Exception//使用Message和InnerExciption来初始化异常
    {
        public ThirdLevelException(string message, Exception inner)
            : base(message, inner)
        { }
    }

  

•       其次,创建用于抛出异常的行为方法:

static void DivideBy0()
        {
            try
            {
                int zero = 0;
                int ecks = 1 / zero;
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                throw new SecondLevelException(
                    "Forced a division by 0 and threw " +
                    "a second exception.", ex);
            }
        }
static void Rethrow()
        {
            try
            {
                DivideBy0();
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                throw new ThirdLevelException(
                    "Caught the second exception and " +
                    "threw a third in response.", ex);
            }
        }

•     创建测试方法:

 public static void Go()
        {


            try
            {
                // This function calls another that forces a 
                // division by 0.
                Rethrow();
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                Exception current;


                // This code unwinds the nested exceptions using the 
                // InnerException property.
                current = ex;
                while (current != null)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine(current.ToString());
                    Console.WriteLine();
                    current = current.InnerException;//调用当前异常的上个异常.
                }

                // Display the innermost exception.
                Console.WriteLine(
                    "Display the base exception " +
                    "using the GetBaseException method:
");
                Console.WriteLine(
                    ex.GetBaseException().ToString());
            }
        }

• 给出测试结果

ClrFromCSharp_2_2.LearnException.ThirdLevelException: Caught the second exception and threw a third in response. ---> ClrFromCSharp_2_2.LearnException.SecondLevelException: Forced a division by 0 and threw a second exception. ---> System.DivideByZeroException: 尝试除以零。
   在 ClrFromCSharp_2_2.LearnException.ExceptionRef.DivideBy0() 位置 C:
epsClrFromCSharpClrFromCSharp_2_2LearnExceptionExceptionRef.cs:行号 62
   --- 内部异常堆栈跟踪的结尾 ---
   在 ClrFromCSharp_2_2.LearnException.ExceptionRef.DivideBy0() 位置 C:
epsClrFromCSharpClrFromCSharp_2_2LearnExceptionExceptionRef.cs:行号 66
   在 ClrFromCSharp_2_2.LearnException.ExceptionRef.Rethrow() 位置 C:
epsClrFromCSharpClrFromCSharp_2_2LearnExceptionExceptionRef.cs:行号 48
   --- 内部异常堆栈跟踪的结尾 ---
   在 ClrFromCSharp_2_2.LearnException.ExceptionRef.Rethrow() 位置 C:
epsClrFromCSharpClrFromCSharp_2_2LearnExceptionExceptionRef.cs:行号 52
   在 ClrFromCSharp_2_2.LearnException.ExceptionRef.Go() 位置 C:
epsClrFromCSharpClrFromCSharp_2_2LearnExceptionExceptionRef.cs:行号 19---从最初异常---至抛出异常的一个trace.

ClrFromCSharp_2_2.LearnException.SecondLevelException: Forced a division by 0 and threw a second exception. ---> System.DivideByZeroException: 尝试除以零。
   在 ClrFromCSharp_2_2.LearnException.ExceptionRef.DivideBy0() 位置 C:
epsClrFromCSharpClrFromCSharp_2_2LearnExceptionExceptionRef.cs:行号 62
   --- 内部异常堆栈跟踪的结尾 ---
   在 ClrFromCSharp_2_2.LearnException.ExceptionRef.DivideBy0() 位置 C:
epsClrFromCSharpClrFromCSharp_2_2LearnExceptionExceptionRef.cs:行号 66
   在 ClrFromCSharp_2_2.LearnException.ExceptionRef.Rethrow() 位置 C:
epsClrFromCSharpClrFromCSharp_2_2LearnExceptionExceptionRef.cs:行号 48//从最初异常到抛出异常的一个base.

System.DivideByZeroException: 尝试除以零。
   在 ClrFromCSharp_2_2.LearnException.ExceptionRef.DivideBy0() 位置 C:
epsClrFromCSharpClrFromCSharp_2_2LearnExceptionExceptionRef.cs:行号 62//从最初异常到抛出异常的一个base.

Display the base exception using the GetBaseException method:

System.DivideByZeroException: 尝试除以零。
   在 ClrFromCSharp_2_2.LearnException.ExceptionRef.DivideBy0() 位置 C:
epsClrFromCSharpClrFromCSharp_2_2LearnExceptionExceptionRef.cs:行号 62//最底层的一个ex

• 由此我们可以看出,InnerException,是通过Throw方法在Catch块中传递的.类似

static void Rethrow()
        {
            try
            {
                DivideBy0();
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                throw new ThirdLevelException(
                    "Caught the second exception and " +
                    "threw a third in response.", ex);
            }
        }

• Exception.GetBaseException

ex.GetBaseException().ToString());//获取Exception链表的最先抛出的异常.越后面抛出的越前面.

• 定义最先抛出的异常---最Base,最底部;最后抛出的异常---Current,最顶部.

2,自定义异常类及其使用方法:

1.            定义一个自定义的异常类

[Serializable]
    public sealed class Exception<TExceptionArgs> : Exception, ISerializable where TExceptionArgs:ExceptionArgs
    {
        private const string c_args = "args";
        private readonly TExceptionArgs m_args;
        public TExceptionArgs Args { get { return m_args; } }
        public Exception(string message=null,Exception innerException = null) : this(null, message, innerException) { }
        public Exception(TExceptionArgs args,string message=null,Exception innerException = null) : base(message, innerException) { m_args = args; }
        //这个构造器用于反序列化,由于类私有的,所以构造器是私有的.
        [SecurityPermission(SecurityAction.LinkDemand,Flags=SecurityPermissionFlag.SerializationFormatter)]//给该类保护
        private Exception(SerializationInfo info,StreamingContext context):base(info,context)
        {
            m_args = (TExceptionArgs)info.GetValue(c_args, typeof(TExceptionArgs));
        }
        [SecurityPermission(SecurityAction.LinkDemand, Flags = SecurityPermissionFlag.SerializationFormatter)]
        public override void GetObjectData(SerializationInfo info,StreamingContext context)
        {
            info.AddValue(c_args, m_args);
            base.GetObjectData(info, context);
        }
        public override string Message
        {
            get
            {
                string baseMsg = base.Message;
                return (m_args == null) ? baseMsg : string.Format("{0} ({1})", baseMsg, m_args.Message);
            }
        }
        public override bool Equals(object obj)
        {
            Exception<TExceptionArgs> other = obj as Exception<TExceptionArgs>;
            if (other == null) return false;
            return object.Equals(m_args, other.m_args) && base.Equals(obj);
        }
        public override int GetHashCode()
        {
            return base.GetHashCode();
        }
    }

1. 该异常类继承了Exception和Iserializable.并且实现了类的序列化和反序列化
2. 该类可以携带一个参数类信息.

[Serializable]
    public abstract class ExceptionArgs
    {
        public virtual String Message { get { return string.Empty; } }
    }

3,建立自己的ExceptionArgs的派生类,用于携带异常信息.

public sealed class DiskFullExceptionArgs : ExceptionArgs
    {
        public string Path { get; }
        public DiskFullExceptionArgs(string path)
        {
            Path = path;
        }
        public override string Message => Path ?? base.Message;
    }

    4,使用方法:

 public static void GoCustomException()
        {
            try
            {
                throw new Exception<DiskFullExceptionArgs>(new DiskFullExceptionArgs(@"c:"), "disk is full");
            }
            catch(Exception<DiskFullExceptionArgs> e)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("the Exception Message is {0}", e.Message);//调用类e.Message
                Console.WriteLine("the ExceptionArgs Message is {0}", e.Args.Message);//调用类e.Args.Message
            }
        }

     5,结果

the Exception Message is disk is full (c:)
the ExceptionArgs Message is c: