1.原型链
基本思想:利用原型让一个引用类型继承另外一个引用类型的属性和方法。
构造函数,原型,实例之间的关系:每个构造函数都有一个原型对象,原型对象包含一个指向构造函数的指针,而实例都包含一个指向原型对象的内部指针。
原型链实现继承例子:
function
Super(){
this
.val = 1;
this
.arr = [1];
}
function
Sub(){
// ...
}
Sub.prototype =
new
Super();
// 核心
var
sub1 =
new
Sub();
var
sub2 =
new
Sub();
sub1.val = 2;
sub1.arr.push(2);
alert(sub1.val);
// 2
alert(sub2.val);
// 1
alert(sub1.arr);
// 1, 2
alert(sub2.arr);
// 1, 2
2.借用构造函数
基本思想:在子类型构造函数的内部调用超类构造函数,通过使用call()和apply()方法可以在新创建的对象上执行构造函数。
function
SuperType() {
this
.colors = [
"red"
,
"blue"
,
"green"
];
}
function
SubType() {
SuperType.call(
this
);
//继承了SuperType
}
var
instance1 =
new
SubType();
instance1.colors.push(
"black"
);
console.log(instance1.colors);
//"red","blue","green","black"
var
instance2 =
new
SubType();
console.log(instance2.colors);
//"red","blue","green"
例:
function
Super(val){
this
.val = val;
this
.arr = [1];
this
.fun =
function
(){
// ...
}
}
function
Sub(val){
Super.call(
this
, val);
// 核心
// ...
}
var
sub1 =
new
Sub(1);
var
sub2 =
new
Sub(2);
sub1.arr.push(2);
alert(sub1.val);
// 1
alert(sub2.val);
// 2
alert(sub1.arr);
// 1, 2
alert(sub2.arr);
// 1
alert(sub1.fun === sub2.fun);
// false
3.组合继承
基本思想:将原型链和借用构造函数的技术组合在一块,从而发挥两者之长的一种继承模式。
例子:
function
SuperType(name) {
this
.name = name;
this
.colors = [
"red"
,
"blue"
,
"green"
];
}
SuperType.prototype.sayName =
function
() {
console.log(
this
.name);
}
function
SubType(name, age) {
SuperType.call(
this
,name);
//继承属性
this
.age = age;
}
//继承方法
SubType.prototype =
new
SuperType();
Subtype.prototype.constructor = Subtype;
Subtype.prototype.sayAge =
function
() {
console.log(
this
.age);
}
var
instance1 =
new
SubType(
"EvanChen"
,18);
instance1.colors.push(
"black"
);
consol.log(instance1.colors);
//"red","blue","green","black"
instance1.sayName();
//"EvanChen"
instance1.sayAge();
//18
var
instance2 =
new
SubType(
"EvanChen666"
,20);
console.log(instance2.colors);
//"red","blue","green"
instance2.sayName();
//"EvanChen666"
instance2.sayAge();
//20
例:
function
Super(){
// 只在此处声明基本属性和引用属性
this
.val = 1;
this
.arr = [1];
}
// 在此处声明函数
Super.prototype.fun1 =
function
(){};
Super.prototype.fun2 =
function
(){};
//Super.prototype.fun3...
function
Sub(){
Super.call(
this
);
// 核心
// ...
}
Sub.prototype =
new
Super();
// 核心
var
sub1 =
new
Sub(1);
var
sub2 =
new
Sub(2);
alert(sub1.fun === sub2.fun);
// true
4.原型式继承
基本想法:借助原型可以基于已有的对象创建新对象,同时还不必须因此创建自定义的类型。
原型式继承的思想可用以下函数来说明:
function
object(o) {
function
F(){}
F.prototype = o;
return
new
F();
var
person = {
name:
"EvanChen"
,
friends:[
"Shelby"
,
"Court"
,
"Van"
];
};
var
anotherPerson = object(person);
anotherPerson.name =
"Greg"
;
anotherPerson.friends.push(
"Rob"
);
var
yetAnotherPerson = object(person);
yetAnotherPerson.name =
"Linda"
;
yetAnotherPerson.friends.push(
"Barbie"
);
console.log(person.friends);
//"Shelby","Court","Van","Rob","Barbie"
ECMAScript5通过新增Object.create()方法规范化了原型式继承,这个方法接收两个参数:一个用作新对象原型的对象和一个作为新对象定义额外属性的对象。
var
person = {
name:
"EvanChen"
,
friends:[
"Shelby"
,
"Court"
,
"Van"
];
};
var
anotherPerson = Object.create(person);
anotherPerson.name =
"Greg"
;
anotherPerson.friends.push(
"Rob"
);
var
yetAnotherPerson = Object.create(person);
yetAnotherPerson.name =
"Linda"
;
yetAnotherPerson.friends.push(
"Barbie"
);
console.log(person.friends);
//"Shelby","Court","Van","Rob","Barbie"
5.寄生式继承
基本思想:创建一个仅用于封装继承过程的函数,该函数在内部以某种方式来增强对象,最后再像真正是它做了所有工作一样返回对象。
例子:
function
createAnother(original) {
var
clone = object(original);
clone.sayHi =
function
() {
alert(
"hi"
);
};
return
clone;
}
var
person = {
name:
"EvanChen"
,
friends:[
"Shelby"
,
"Court"
,
"Van"
];
};
var
anotherPerson = createAnother(person);
anotherPerson.sayHi();
///"hi"
6.寄生组合式继承
基本思想:通过借用函数来继承属性,通过原型链的混成形式来继承方法
其基本模型如下所示:
function
inheritProperty(subType, superType) {
var
prototype = object(superType.prototype);
//创建对象
prototype.constructor = subType;
//增强对象
subType.prototype = prototype;
//指定对象
}
例子:
function
SuperType(name){
this
.name = name;
this
.colors = [
"red"
,
"blue"
,
"green"
];
}
SuperType.prototype.sayName =
function
(){
alert(
this
.name);
};
function
SubType(name,age){
SuperType.call(
this
,name);
this
.age = age;
}
inheritProperty(SubType,SuperType);
SubType.prototype.sayAge =
function
() {
alert(
this
.age);
}
function
beget(obj){
// 生孩子函数 beget:龙beget龙,凤beget凤。
var
F =
function
(){};
F.prototype = obj;
return
new
F();
}
function
Super(){
// 只在此处声明基本属性和引用属性
this
.val = 1;
this
.arr = [1];
}
// 在此处声明函数
Super.prototype.fun1 =
function
(){};
Super.prototype.fun2 =
function
(){};
//Super.prototype.fun3...
function
Sub(){
Super.call(
this
);
// 核心
// ...
}
var
proto = beget(Super.prototype);
// 核心
proto.constructor = Sub;
// 核心
Sub.prototype = proto;
// 核心
var
sub =
new
Sub();
alert(sub.val);
alert(sub.arr);