Python3中urllib详细使用方法(header,代理,超时,认证,异常处理)

转载自https://www.cnblogs.com/ifso/p/4707135.html
urllib是python的一个获取url(Uniform Resource Locators,统一资源定址器)了，我们可以利用它来抓取远程的数据进行保存哦，下面整理了一些关于urllib使用中的一些关于header,代理,超时,认证,异常处理处理方法，下面一起来看看。
python3 抓取网页资源的 N 种方法

1、最简单

import urllib.request
response = urllib.request.urlopen('http://python.org/')
html = response.read()

2、使用 Request

import urllib.request
req = urllib.request.Request('http://python.org/')
response = urllib.request.urlopen(req)
the_page = response.read()

3、发送数据

#! /usr/bin/env python3
import urllib.parse
import urllib.request
url = 'http://localhost/login.php'
user_agent = 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)'
values = {  'act' : 'login',  'login[email]' : 'abc@abc.com',  'login[password]' : '123456'  }
data = urllib.parse.urlencode(values).encode('utf8')
req = urllib.request.Request(url, data)
req.add_header('Referer', 'http://www.python.org/')
response = urllib.request.urlopen(req)
the_page = response.read()
print(the_page.decode("utf8"))

4、发送数据和header

#! /usr/bin/env python3
import urllib.parse
import urllib.request
url = 'http://localhost/login.php'
user_agent = 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)'
values = {  'act' : 'login',  'login[email]' : 'abc@abc.com',  'login[password]' : '123456'  }
headers = { 'User-Agent' : user_agent }
data = urllib.parse.urlencode(values).encode('utf8')
req = urllib.request.Request(url, data, headers)
response = urllib.request.urlopen(req)
the_page = response.read()
print(the_page.decode("utf8"))

5、http 错误

#! /usr/bin/env python3
import urllib.request
req = urllib.request.Request('http://python.org/')
try:
　　urllib.request.urlopen(req)
except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:
　　print(e.code)
print(e.read().decode("utf8"))

6、异常处理1

#! /usr/bin/env python3
from urllib.request import Request, urlopen
from urllib.error import URLError, HTTPError
req = Request('http://www.python.org/')
try:
　　response = urlopen(req)
except HTTPError as e:
　　print('The (www.python.org)server couldn't fulfill the request.')
　　print('Error code: ', e.code)
except URLError as e:
　　print('We failed to reach a server.')
　　print('Reason: ', e.reason)
else:
　　print("good!")
　　print(response.read().decode("utf8"))

7、异常处理2

#! /usr/bin/env python3
from urllib.request import Request, urlopen
from urllib.error import  URLError
req = Request("http://www.python.org/")
try:
　　response = urlopen(req)
except URLError as e:
　　if hasattr(e, 'reason'):
　　　　print('We failed to reach a server.')
　　　　print('Reason: ', e.reason)
　　elif hasattr(e, 'code'):
　　　　print('The server couldn't fulfill the request.')
　　　　print('Error code: ', e.code)
else:  print("good!")
　　print(response.read().decode("utf8"))

8、HTTP 认证

#! /usr/bin/env python3
import urllib.request
# create a password manager
password_mgr = urllib.request.HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm()
# Add the username and password.
# If we knew the realm, we could use it instead of None.
top_level_url = "https://www.python.org/"
password_mgr.add_password(None, top_level_url, 'rekfan', 'xxxxxx')
handler = urllib.request.HTTPBasicAuthHandler(password_mgr)
# create "opener" (OpenerDirector instance)
opener = urllib.request.build_opener(handler)
# use the opener to fetch a URL
a_url = "https://www.python.org/"
x = opener.open(a_url)
print(x.read())
# Install the opener.
# Now all calls to urllib.request.urlopen use our opener.
urllib.request.install_opener(opener)
a = urllib.request.urlopen(a_url).read().decode('utf8')
print(a)

9、使用代理

#! /usr/bin/env python3
import urllib.request
proxy_support = urllib.request.ProxyHandler({'sock5': 'localhost:1080'})
opener = urllib.request.build_opener(proxy_support)
urllib.request.install_opener(opener)
a = urllib.request.urlopen("http://www.python.org/").read().decode("utf8")
print(a)

10、超时

#! /usr/bin/env python3
import socket
import urllib.request
# timeout in seconds
timeout = 2
socket.setdefaulttimeout(timeout)
# this call to urllib.request.urlopen now uses the default timeout
# we have set in the socket module
req = urllib.request.Request('http://www.python.org/')
a = urllib.request.urlopen(req).read()
print(a)