• 如何在 Java 中使用 MQTT


    MQTT 是一种基于发布/订阅模式的 轻量级物联网消息传输协议 ,可在严重受限的硬件设备和低带宽、高延迟的网络上实现稳定传输。它凭借简单易实现、支持 QoS、报文小等特点,占据了物联网协议的半壁江山。

    本文主要介绍如何在 Java 项目中使用 MQTT,实现客户端与服务器的连接、订阅和收发消息等功能。

    引入客户端库

    本文的开发环境为:

    本文将使用 Eclipse Paho Java Client 作为客户端,该客户端是 Java 语言中使用最为广泛的 MQTT 客户端库。

    添加以下依赖到项目 pom.xml 文件中。

    <dependencies>
       <dependency>
           <groupId>org.eclipse.paho</groupId>
           <artifactId>org.eclipse.paho.client.mqttv3</artifactId>
           <version>1.2.5</version>
       </dependency>
    </dependencies>
    

    创建 MQTT 连接

    MQTT 服务器

    本文将使用 EMQX 提供的 免费公共 MQTT 服务器,该服务基于 EMQX 的 MQTT 云平台 创建。服务器接入信息如下:

    • Broker: broker.emqx.io(中国用户可以使用 broker-cn.emqx.io
    • TCP Port: 1883
    • SSL/TLS Port: 8883

    普通 TCP 连接

    设置 MQTT Broker 基本连接参数,用户名、密码为非必选参数。

    String broker = "tcp://broker.emqx.io:1883";
    // TLS/SSL
    // String broker = "ssl://broker.emqx.io:8883";
    String username = "emqx";
    String password = "public";
    String clientid = "publish_client";
    

    然后创建 MQTT 客户端并连接。

    MqttClient client = new MqttClient(broker, clientid, new MemoryPersistence());
    MqttConnectOptions options = new MqttConnectOptions();
    options.setUserName(username);
    options.setPassword(password.toCharArray());
    client.connect(options);
    

    说明

    • MqttClient: 同步调用客户端,使用阻塞方法通信。
    • MqttClientPersistence: 代表一个持久的数据存储,用于在传输过程中存储出站和入站的信息,使其能够传递到指定的 QoS。
    • MqttConnectOptions: 连接选项,用于指定连接的参数,下面列举一些常见的方法。
      • setUserName: 设置用户名
      • setPassword: 设置密码
      • setCleanSession: 设置是否清除会话
      • setKeepAliveInterval: 设置心跳间隔
      • setConnectionTimeout: 设置连接超时时间
      • setAutomaticReconnect: 设置是否自动重连

    TLS/SSL 连接

    如果要使用自签名证书进行 TLS/SSL 连接,需添加 bcpkix-jdk15on 到 pom.xml 文件。

    <!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.bouncycastle/bcpkix-jdk15on -->
    <dependency>
       <groupId>org.bouncycastle</groupId>
       <artifactId>bcpkix-jdk15on</artifactId>
       <version>1.70</version>
    </dependency>
    

    然后使用如下代码创建 SSLUtils.java 文件。

    package io.emqx.mqtt;
    
    import org.bouncycastle.jce.provider.BouncyCastleProvider;
    import org.bouncycastle.openssl.PEMKeyPair;
    import org.bouncycastle.openssl.PEMParser;
    import org.bouncycastle.openssl.jcajce.JcaPEMKeyConverter;
    
    import javax.net.ssl.KeyManagerFactory;
    import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
    import javax.net.ssl.SSLSocketFactory;
    import javax.net.ssl.TrustManagerFactory;
    import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
    import java.io.FileInputStream;
    import java.io.FileReader;
    import java.security.KeyPair;
    import java.security.KeyStore;
    import java.security.Security;
    import java.security.cert.CertificateFactory;
    import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;
    
    public class SSLUtils {
       public static SSLSocketFactory getSocketFactory(final String caCrtFile,
                                                       final String crtFile, final String keyFile, final String password)
               throws Exception {
           Security.addProvider(new BouncyCastleProvider());
    
           // load CA certificate
           X509Certificate caCert = null;
    
           FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(caCrtFile);
           BufferedInputStream bis = new BufferedInputStream(fis);
           CertificateFactory cf = CertificateFactory.getInstance("X.509");
    
           while (bis.available() > 0) {
               caCert = (X509Certificate) cf.generateCertificate(bis);
          }
    
           // load client certificate
           bis = new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(crtFile));
           X509Certificate cert = null;
           while (bis.available() > 0) {
               cert = (X509Certificate) cf.generateCertificate(bis);
          }
    
           // load client private key
           PEMParser pemParser = new PEMParser(new FileReader(keyFile));
           Object object = pemParser.readObject();
           JcaPEMKeyConverter converter = new JcaPEMKeyConverter().setProvider("BC");
           KeyPair key = converter.getKeyPair((PEMKeyPair) object);
           pemParser.close();
    
           // CA certificate is used to authenticate server
           KeyStore caKs = KeyStore.getInstance(KeyStore.getDefaultType());
           caKs.load(null, null);
           caKs.setCertificateEntry("ca-certificate", caCert);
           TrustManagerFactory tmf = TrustManagerFactory.getInstance("X509");
           tmf.init(caKs);
    
           // client key and certificates are sent to server so it can authenticate
           KeyStore ks = KeyStore.getInstance(KeyStore.getDefaultType());
           ks.load(null, null);
           ks.setCertificateEntry("certificate", cert);
           ks.setKeyEntry("private-key", key.getPrivate(), password.toCharArray(),
                   new java.security.cert.Certificate[]{cert});
           KeyManagerFactory kmf = KeyManagerFactory.getInstance(KeyManagerFactory
                  .getDefaultAlgorithm());
           kmf.init(ks, password.toCharArray());
    
           // finally, create SSL socket factory
           SSLContext context = SSLContext.getInstance("TLSv1.2");
           context.init(kmf.getKeyManagers(), tmf.getTrustManagers(), null);
    
           return context.getSocketFactory();
      }
    }
    

    参照如下设置 options

    // 设置 SSL/TLS 连接地址
    String broker = "ssl://broker.emqx.io:8883";
    // 设置 socket factory
    String caFilePath = "/cacert.pem";
    String clientCrtFilePath = "/client.pem";
    String clientKeyFilePath = "/client.key";
    SSLSocketFactory socketFactory = getSocketFactory(caFilePath, clientCrtFilePath, clientKeyFilePath, "");
    options.setSocketFactory(socketFactory);
    

    发布 MQTT 消息

    创建一个发布客户端类 PublishSample,该类将发布一条 Hello MQTT 消息至主题 mqtt/test

    package io.emqx.mqtt;
    
    import org.eclipse.paho.client.mqttv3.MqttClient;
    import org.eclipse.paho.client.mqttv3.MqttConnectOptions;
    import org.eclipse.paho.client.mqttv3.MqttException;
    import org.eclipse.paho.client.mqttv3.MqttMessage;
    import org.eclipse.paho.client.mqttv3.persist.MemoryPersistence;
    
    public class PublishSample {
    
       public static void main(String[] args) {
    
           String broker = "tcp://broker.emqx.io:1883";
           String topic = "mqtt/test";
           String username = "emqx";
           String password = "public";
           String clientid = "publish_client";
           String content = "Hello MQTT";
           int qos = 0;
    
           try {
               MqttClient client = new MqttClient(broker, clientid, new MemoryPersistence());
               // 连接参数
               MqttConnectOptions options = new MqttConnectOptions();
               // 设置用户名和密码
               options.setUserName(username);
               options.setPassword(password.toCharArray());
               options.setConnectionTimeout(60);
          options.setKeepAliveInterval(60);
               // 连接
               client.connect(options);
               // 创建消息并设置 QoS
               MqttMessage message = new MqttMessage(content.getBytes());
               message.setQos(qos);
               // 发布消息
               client.publish(topic, message);
               System.out.println("Message published");
               System.out.println("topic: " + topic);
               System.out.println("message content: " + content);
               // 关闭连接
               client.disconnect();
               // 关闭客户端
               client.close();
          } catch (MqttException e) {
               throw new RuntimeException(e);
          }
      }
    }
    

    订阅 MQTT 主题

    创建一个订阅客户端类 SubscribeSample,该类将订阅主题 mqtt/test

    package io.emqx.mqtt;
    
    import org.eclipse.paho.client.mqttv3.*;
    import org.eclipse.paho.client.mqttv3.persist.MemoryPersistence;
    
    public class SubscribeSample {
       public static void main(String[] args) {
           String broker = "tcp://broker.emqx.io:1883";
           String topic = "mqtt/test";
           String username = "emqx";
           String password = "public";
           String clientid = "subscribe_client";
           int qos = 0;
    
           try {
               MqttClient client = new MqttClient(broker, clientid, new MemoryPersistence());
               // 连接参数
               MqttConnectOptions options = new MqttConnectOptions();
               options.setUserName(username);
               options.setPassword(password.toCharArray());
               options.setConnectionTimeout(60);
          options.setKeepAliveInterval(60);
               // 设置回调
               client.setCallback(new MqttCallback() {
    
                   public void connectionLost(Throwable cause) {
                       System.out.println("connectionLost: " + cause.getMessage());
                  }
    
                   public void messageArrived(String topic, MqttMessage message) {
                       System.out.println("topic: " + topic);
                       System.out.println("Qos: " + message.getQos());
                       System.out.println("message content: " + new String(message.getPayload()));
    
                  }
    
                   public void deliveryComplete(IMqttDeliveryToken token) {
                       System.out.println("deliveryComplete---------" + token.isComplete());
                  }
    
              });
               client.connect(options);
               client.subscribe(topic, qos);
          } catch (Exception e) {
               e.printStackTrace();
          }
      }
    }
    

    MqttCallback 说明:

    • connectionLost(Throwable cause): 连接丢失时被调用
    • messageArrived(String topic, MqttMessage message): 接收到消息时被调用
    • deliveryComplete(IMqttDeliveryToken token): 消息发送完成时被调用

    测试

    接下来运行 SubscribeSample,订阅 mqtt/test 主题。 然后运行 PublishSample,发布消息到 mqtt/test 主题。 我们将会看到发布端成功发布消息,同时订阅端接收到消息。

    Java MQTT

    至此,我们完成了在 Java 中使用 Paho Java Client 来作为 MQTT 客户端连接到 公共 MQTT 服务器,并实现了测试客户端与 MQTT 服务器的连接、消息发布和订阅。

    完整代码请见:https://github.com/emqx/MQTT-Client-Examples/tree/master/mqtt-client-Java

    版权声明: 本文为 EMQ 原创,转载请注明出处。

    原文链接:https://www.emqx.com/zh/blog/how-to-use-mqtt-in-java

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/emqx/p/16639598.html
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