• 继承性是面向对象的重要概念之一,子类能够继承父类的某些方法和成员变量。作用域限定符为private 的成员变量是不可以被继承的。子还可以重写父类的方法。
• 继承是单继承,要多继承引入了协议
•子类定义了和父类相同的成员变量,会把父类的成员变量屏蔽掉
• 为了了解继承性,我们看看这样的一个场景:一位面向对象的程序员小赵,在编程过程中需要描述和处理个人信息,于是他定义了类Person。
@interface Person: NSObject { NSString* name; int age; NSDate birthDate; } -(NSString*) getInfo; @end
而一周以后,小赵又遇到了新的需求,需要描述和处理学生信息,于是他又定义了一个新的类Student。
@interface Student : NSObject { NSString* name; int age; NSDate birthDate; NSString* school; } -(NSString*) getInfo; @end
Student和Person两个类的结构太接近了,后者只比前者多出一个属性school,却要重复定义其它所有的内容。Objective-C提供了解决类似问题的机制,那就是类的继承。
@interface Student : Person { NSString* school; }
子类不能继承父类中作用域限定符为@private 的成员变量。子类可以重写父类的方法,及命名与父类同名的成员变量。下面通过一个矩形类和正方形类的实例说明方法重写问题。
#import <Foundation/NSObject.h> @interface Rectangle: NSObject { int width; int height; } -(Rectangle*) initWithWidth: (int) w height: (int) h; -(void) setWidth: (int) w; -(void) setHeight: (int) h; -(void) setWidth: (int) w height: (int) h; -(int) width; -(int) height; -(void) print; @end
#import "Rectangle.h” @implementation Rectangle -(Rectangle*) initWithWidth: (int) w height: (int) h { self = [super init]; if ( self ) { [self setWidth: w height: h]; } return self; } -(void) setWidth: (int) w { width = w; } -(void) setHeight: (int) h { height = h; } ... ...
-(void) setWidth: (int) w height: (int) h {
width = w;
height = h;
}
-(int) width {
return width;
}
-(int) height {
return height;
}
-(void) print {
printf( "width = %i, height = %i", width,
height );
}
@end
#import "Rectangle.h" @interface Square: Rectangle
-(Square*) initWithSize: (int) s; -(void) setSize: (int) s; -(int) size; @end
#import "Square.h" @implementation Square -(Square*) initWithSize: (int) s { self = [super init]; if ( self ) { [self setSize: s]; } return self; } -(void) setSize: (int) s { width = s; height = s; } ... ... -(int) size { return width; } -(void) setWidth: (int) w { [self setSize: w]; } -(void) setHeight: (int) h { [self setSize: h]; } @end
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h> #import "Square.h" #import "Rectangle.h" int main (int argc, const char * argv[]) { Rectangle *rec = [[Rectangle alloc] initWithWidth: 10 height: 20]; Square *sq = [[Square alloc] initWithSize: 15]; NSLog(@"Rectangle: " ); [rec print]; NSLog(@"Square: " ); [sq print]; [sq setWidth: 20]; NSLog(@"Square after change: " ); [sq print]; [rec release]; [sq release]; return 0; }
运行结果
Rectangle: width = 10, height = 20 Square: width = 15, height = 15 Square after change: width = 20, height = 20