General Introduction
1、The objective of speech emotion recognition is to classify the speech utterance into the following emotion categories, e.g., anger, fear, happiness, neutral and sadness. It can be applied to various tasks, such as diagnosing patients’ mental illness, monitoring the drivers’ emotion variations to avoid accidents and helping the man-machine interactions.（The objective of *** is to ***. It can be applied to various tasks, such as ***.）
2、As an important branch of affective computing and speech signal processing, many studies have been made for speech emotion recognition. Various classic pattern recognition methods have been adopted to implement the classification function, such as Gaussian mixture model (GMM), hidden Markov model (HMM), support vector machine (SVM), artificial neural network (ANN), deep neural network (DNN) and extreme learning machine (ELM) algorithms. All these methods can obtain satisfactory results to some extent, however, they are conducted and evaluated on single corpus, which requires the training data and testing data are from the same corpus.（As an important branch of ***, many studies have been made for ***. Various classic *** methods have been adopted to implement ***, such as ***. All these methods can obtain satisfactory results to some extent, however, 存在的不足之处.）
3、In practice, the training and testing speech utterances are often recorded in different situations. As a result the recognition rates will obviously drop. To address this problem, recently some researches have been done for cross-corpus speech emotion recognition.（引出存在的问题. To address this problem, recently some researches have been done for ***.）
4、Inspired by the recent progress of transfer learning and non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), in our paper, a new transfer NMF (TNMF) method is presented for cross[1]corpus speech emotion recognition.（Inspired by the recent progress of *** and ***, in our paper, a new *** method is presented for ***.）
5、Clustering algorithm is a fundamental technique in unsupervised learning, it partitions a set of instances into clusters according to some similarity or distance strategies.（*** is a fundamental technique in ***, 解释这个方法或技术.）
6、In summary, our proposed MTNMF method has several advantages，1) It solves the problem of heterogeneous MTL without requiring any correspondences between tasks；2) It fully makes use of both labeled and unlabeled instances to learn the common semantic feature space for multiple tasks.（In summary, our proposed ***（提出方法的名字）method has several advantages，1）优势1；2）优势2等等.）
7、Research on *** has a long tradition
8、For decades, one of the most popular ideas in *** literature is the idea that ***
9、Recent theoretical developments have revealed that ***
10、A common strategy used to study *** is to ***
11、This research constitutes a relatively new area which has emerged from ***
12、These approaches have been influential in the field because of ***
13、In the past several decades, *** have played an important role in ***
14、There are growing appeals for ***
15、This is the field of study that deals with ***
16、Most of the theories of *** are however focused on explaining ***
17、There are three major theoretical and conceptual frameworks for ***
18、The field has gradually broadened as ***
19、This has been widely adopted in the field of ***
20、There is no previous research using *** approach.
21、As far as we know, no previous research has investigated ***
22、There has been less previous evidence for ***
23、Other studies have failed to ***
24、To our knowledge, no study has yielded ***
25、No study to date has examined ***
26、Only a few studies have shown ***
27、However, *** has rarely been studied directly.
28、Moreover, few studies have focused on ***
29、In particular no study, to our knowledge, has considered ***
Problem Definition
1、This seems to be a common problem in ***
2、This leads to myriad problems in ***
3、The main problem is that ***
4、There is a further problem with ***
5、One primary problem with *** is that ***
6、The methods are not without their problems as will be discussed in ***
7、The foremost problems are the facts that ***
8、This makes up for the problem of ***
9、This seems to be a common problem in ***
10、This is a complex problem and to simplify it requires ***
11、A challenging problem which arises in this domain is ***
12、These problems are difficult to handle ***
13、This is typically a complex problem ***
14、A well-known problem with *** is that it does not take into account the ***
15、One of the problems is that it considers only the ***
16、The key problem with this technique is ***
17、It is usually an ill-posed problem in the case of ***
18、This problem is well-posed and does not require to impose ***
19、This appears as a more straightforward problem compared to the ***
20、This turns out to be even more problematic because ***
21、The problem with such an implementation is that ***
22、This poses some problems when carrying out the ***
23、This problem has attracted more attention in the field of ***
24、This is a basic chicken-and-egg problem because ***
25、Unfortunately, this approach results in problems related to ***
26、These constraints make the problem difficult to ***
27、Most of the research in this field is aimed at solving this problem.
28、This remains an open problem in the area.
29、This problem has received substantial interest.
30、These examples highlight the problem that ***
Problems Solution
1、One way to overcome these problems is to ***
2、There are many alternative methods are available for solving these problems.
3、In order to rectify the problem of ***
4、A solution to this problem is proposed in ***
5、One approach to solve this problem involves the use of ***
6、An alternative approach to the problem is ***
7、This can be applied to solve these problems.
8、A number of works have shown that this problem can be overcome by using ***
9、A large number of alternative approaches have been developed over the last few decades to ***
10、To overcome this problem, in the next section we demonstrate ***
11、To overcome this problem, some approaches have been made ***
12、One way of recovering from this problem could be to ***.
13、This has been proposed to surmount the problems caused by ***
14、A different approach to the traditional problem is given in ***
15、A whole range of different approaches to the problem are available.
16、These techniques have potential to solve contemporary problems in ***
17、We should tailor specific solutions to specific problems ***
18、The standard solution to the problem is based on ***
19、The solution proposed here addresses only the problem of ***
20、There are techniques that have been developed to solve this problem ***
Study motivation
1、It is of interest to know whether *** still hold true.
2、It would be of special interest to ***
3、We therefore analyzed *** and investigated whether ***
4、For this study, it was of interest to investigate ***
5、We investigated whether *** can be partly explained by ***
6、To examine the impact of ***, we tested ***
7、We have investigated the effect of ***
8、We characterize different aspects of ***
9、One way to investigate *** was to ***
10、A new approach is therefore needed for ***
11、To illuminate this uncharted area, we examined ***
Aims & objectives
1、The aim is to develop more sophisticated methods for ***
2、The aim of this work is to develop ***
3、The aims in this chapter are twofold: First ***, Second ***
4、For our first goal, we focus on two problems ***
5、The aim here is to investigate ***
6、The overall goal of this work was to ***
7、This project aims to develop an overarching framework to ***
8、The aim of the experiment is to compare ***
9、The ultimate goal is to produce a ***
10、The overall goal of this thesis was to pursue ***
11、After defining the problem we explain the goals of the thesis.
12、With this aim in mind, in this paper we present a new method for ***
13、Our research aims at finding a solution for this challenging problem of ***
14、There is no overall goal, apart from ***
15、We examine some previous work and propose a new method for ***
16、There are too many simultaneous goals making it difficult to ***
17、One of the major aims of this work was to create ***
18、The main objective is to investigate methods for improving ***
19、The objectives can be restated in the light of ***
20、The objective is to devise and implement a system for ***
21、The objectives were partially met by developing a method to ***
22、The objective is to demonstrate the feasibility of ***
23、One of the objectives is to improve the ***
Significance and advantages of your work
1、This thesis documents several key contributions made to the fields of ***
2、This thesis has made a number of significant contributions to the field of ***
3、The contributions made here have wide applicability.
4、The contributions made should be of wide interest.
5、The first main contribution proposed in this field is a ***
6、The contributions of this work are presented as follows: ***
7、The main achievements, including contributions to the field can be summarised as follows: ***
8、We summarize the main contributions of this thesis.
9、The key contribution of this work is the solution it provides ***
10、It has numerous advantages as explained here ***
11、It has significant benefits in terms of ***
12、There is a clear advantage in following the methods of ***
13、This has particular advantages over other ***
14、All of these advantages make it particularly valuable in ***
15、One of the primary benefits of this algorithm is ***
16、This gives a significant advantage because ***
17、These point out the advantages and practicability of ***
18、One of the key benefits of the algorithm is ***
19、The main advantage compared to previous method is ***
20、This present some practical advantages.
21、The main advantage is the simplified pattern.
22、One practical advantage of the method is that it can be used in ***
23、The advantage becomes all the more significant when ***
24、In comparison with other techniques, this method has the advantage of ***
25、The most important advantage of this method is that it can perform very well in ***
26、It yielded significant speed advantages when ***
27、The benefit of using the *** is expected to ***
28、The main advantage is that we are able to ***
29、To give some idea of the benefits of this method ***
30、The additional advantage of using this method is that it results in ***
31、This is an important advantage of this algorithm ***
32、These are the main advantages of this method.
Experimental Results
1、In this section, a series of experiments are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
2、The clustering performance is measured via accuracy which is defined by ***（准确率公式）. The larger accuracy is, the better clustering performance is. （The *** is measured via accuracy which is defined by ***（准确率公式）. The larger accuracy is, the better *** is.）
3、As expected, HCTC is better than other methods. On the average, HCTC achieves accuracy improvement of 0.05, 0.10, 0.13, 0.12 and 0.12 against CCA, CMF, aPLSA and CSC and SNMF on all image clustering tasks respectively.（As expected, *** （提出的算法或方法）is better than other methods. On the average, *** achieves accuracy improvement of ***（高出的百分比） against ***（对比算法） on all ***（任务名称） respectively.）
4、Similar to NUS-WIDE, the trade-off parameter α1 is less than 0.5, which means the text domain plays a more important role than the image domain in transfer learning. From the ranges ofβ1 andβ2, it can be seen that the corresponding regular terms are effective for the clustering task.（Similar to ***, the trade-off parameter ***（参数表示符号）is less than 0.5, which means the ***（技术名称） plays a more important role than the ***（另外的技术名称） in ***（任务名称）. From the ranges of ***（参数表示符号）, it can be seen that the *** are effective for the ***（任务名称） task.）
5、For each configuration, we perform ten random trials and report the average classification accuracy.（For each configuration, we perform ***（几次实验结果求平均值） random trials and report the average ***（评估标准）.）
6、Comparison results of our methods with the first group of base[1]line methods on the three datasets are shown in Tables III–V, respectively. As shown in these tables, we have the following insightful observations.（Comparison results of our methods with the *** on the *** datasets are shown in ***, respectively. As shown in these tables, we have the following insightful observations.）
7、The comparison results in terms of classification accuracy are shown in Fig. 4 under varying sizes of training instances. As can be seen from the figures, by extracting semantic features for each task collectively, both proposed methods can also boost the performance of homogeneous MTL.（The comparison results in terms of ***（评估标准） are shown in *** under varying sizes of ***（横轴名称）. As can be seen from the figures, 从图中得到的结论.）
Findings
1、From the short review above, key findings emerge: ***
2、We describe the results of ***, which show ***
3、Our findings on *** at least hint that ***
4、This is an important finding in the understanding of the ***
5、The present study confirmed the findings about ***
6、Another promising finding was that ***
7、This result highlights that little is known about the ***
8、A further novel finding is that ***
9、Together, the present findings confirm ***
10、The implications of these findings are discussed in ***
11、The results demonstrate two things. First, ***. Second, ***
12、The results of the experiment found clear support for the ***
13、This analysis found evidence for ***
14、Planned comparisons revealed that ***
15、Our results casts a new light on ***
16、This section summarises the findings and contributions made.
17、It performs well, giving good results.
18、This gives clearly better results than ***
19、The results confirm that this a good choice for ***
20、From the results, it is clear that ***
21、In this section, we will illustrate some experimental results.This delivers significantly better results due to ***
22、The result now provides evidence to ***
23、It leads to good results, even if the improvement is negligible.
24、This yields increasingly good results on data.
25、The result of this analysis is then compared with the ***
26、The applicability of these new results are then tested on ***
27、This is important to correctly interpret the results.
28、The results are substantially better than ***
29、The results lead to similar conclusion where ***
30、Superior results are seen for ***
Comparison with prior studies
1、The results demonstrated in this chapter match state of the art methods.
2、Here we compare the results of the proposed method with those of the traditional methods.
3、These results go beyond previous reports, showing that ***
4、In line with previous studies ***
5、This result ties well with previous studies wherein ***
6、Contrary to the findings of *** we did not find ***
7、They have demonstrated that ***
8、Others have shown that *** improves ***
9、By comparing the results from ***, we hope to determine ***
10、However, in line with the ideas of ***, it can be concluded that ***
11、When comparing our results to those of older studies, it must be pointed out that ***
12、We have verified that using *** produces similar results.
13、Overall these findings are in accordance with findings reported by ***
14、Even though we did not replicate the previously reported ***, our results suggest that ***
15、A similar conclusion was reached by ***
16、However, when comparing our results to those of older studies, it must be pointed out ***
17、This is consistent with what has been found in previous ***
18、A similar pattern of results was obtained in ***
19、The findings are directly in line with previous findings
20、These basic findings are consistent with research showing that ***
21、Other results were broadly in line with ***
Limitations of your work
1、Because of the lack of *** we decided to not investigate ***
2、One concern about the findings of *** was that ***
3、Because of this potential limitation, we treat ***
4、The limitations of the present studies naturally include ***
5、Regarding the limitations of ***, it could be argued that ***
6、Another limitation of this ***
7、This limitation is apparent in many ***
8、Another limitation in *** involves the issue of ***
9、The main limitation is the lack of ***
10、One limitation is found in this case.
11、One limitation of these methods however is that they ***
12、It presents some limitations such as ***
13、Although widely accepted, it suffers from some limitations due to ***
14、An apparent limitation of the method is ***
15、There are several limitations to this approach.
16、One limitation of our implementation is that it is ***
17、A major source of limitation is due to ***
18、The approach utilised suffers from the limitation that ***
19、The limitations are becoming clear ***
20、It suffers from the same limitations associated with a ***
Casual arguments
1、A popular explanation of *** is that ***
2、It is by now generally accepted that ***
3、A popular explanation is that ***
4、As it is not generally agreed that ***
5、These are very small and difficult to observe.
6、It is important to highlight the fact that ***
7、An important question associated with *** is ***
8、This did not impair the ***
9、This is important because there is ***
10、This implies that *** is associated with ***
11、This is indicative for lack of ***
12、This will not be biased by ***
13、There were also some important differences in ***
14、It is interesting to note that ***
15、This may alter or improve aspects of ***
16、In contrast, this makes it possible to ***
17、This is particularly important when investigating ***
18、This has been used to successfully account for ***
19、This introduces a possible confound in ***
20、This was included to verify that ***
Speculations
1、However, we acknowledge that there are considerable discussions among researchers as to ***
2、We speculate that this might be due to ***
3、There are reasons to doubt this explanation of ***
4、It remains unclear to which degree *** are attributed to ***
5、However, *** does seem to improve ***
6、This does seem to depend on ***
7、It is important to note, that the present evidence relies on ***
8、The results show that *** does not seem to impact the ***
9、However, the extent to which it is possible to *** is unknown
10、Alternatively, it could simply mean that ***
11、It is difficult to explain such results within the context of ***
12、It is unclear whether this is a suitable for ***
13、This appears to be a case of ***
14、From this standpoint, *** can be considered as ***
15、To date, *** remain unknown
16、Under certain assumptions, this can be construed as ***
17、Because of this potential limitation, we treat ***
18、In addition, several questions remain unanswered.
19、At this stage of understanding, we believe ***
20、Therefore, it remains unclear whether ***
21、This may explain why ***
Deductive Arguments
1、A difference between these *** can only be attributable to ***
2、Nonetheless, we believe that it is well justified to ***
3、This may raise concerns about *** which can be addressed by ***
4、As discussed, this is due to the fact that ***
5、Results demonstrate that this is not necessarily true.
6、These findings support the notion that __ is not influenced by ***
7、In order to test whether this is equivalent across ***, we ***
8、Therefore, *** can be considered to be equivalent for ***
Overall summary
1、The paper concludes by arguing ***
2、On this basis, we conclude that ***
3、The authors concluded that *** is not confined to ***
4、This allows the conclusion that ***
5、The findings of this study can be understood as ***
6、This may be considered a promising aspect of ***
7、This may be considered a further validation of ***
8、Remaining issues are subject of ***
9、In summary, this paper argued that ***
10、This aspect of the research suggested that ***
11、In conclusion, *** seems to improve ***
12、In summary, this paper argued that ***
13、In conclusion, it would appear that ***
14、The analysis leads to the following conclusions: ***
15、It is difficult to arrive at any conclusions with regard to ***
16、The main conclusion that can be drawn is that ***
17、The present findings confirm ***
18、As we have argued elsewhere *** may be considered a promising aspect of ***
19、Ideally, these findings should be replicated in a study where ***
20、By using *** we tested the hypothesis that ***
21、In conclusion, *** seems to improve ***
22、Broadly translated our findings indicate that ***
23、This is an important finding in the understanding of the ***
24、More generally, these basic findings are consistent with research showing that ***
25、In addition, these findings provide additional information about ***
26、Despite the limitations these are valuable in light of ***
27、Overall, our results demonstrate a strong effect of ***
28、Nevertheless, we found ***
29、To our knowledge, this is the first report of ***
30、Our results on *** are broadly consistent with ***
31、The broad implication of the present research is that ***
32、This conclusion follows from the fact that ***
33、Collectively, our results appear consistent with ***
34、Importantly, our results provide evidence for ***
35、Results provide a basis for ***
36、This experiment adds to a growing corpus of research showing ***
37、Our data indicate that ***; a result that casts a new light on ***
38、These findings provide a potential mechanism for ***
39、We have shown that ***
40、Our data suggest that we still have a long way to go to ***
Future work
1、Future research should consider the potential effects of *** more carefully, for example ***
2、This assumption might be addressed in future studies.
3、Future research on *** might extend the explanations of ***
4、This is very much the key component in future attempts to overcome ***
5、In future work, investigating *** might prove important.
6、This is desirable for future work.
7、Future investigations are necessary to validate the kinds of conclusions that can be drawn from this study.
8、Future studies could fruitfully explore this issue further by ***
9、Future research is needed to delimitate ***
10、It will be important that future research investigate ***
11、It is a question of future research to investigate ***
12、We believe that apart from looking for ***, future research should look for ***
13、Regardless, future research could continue to explore ***
14、This is an issue for future research to explore.
15、Future studies could investigate the association between ***
16、Future studies should aim to replicate results in a larger ***
17、Future research should be devoted to the development of ***
18、This may constitute the object of future studies.
19、Future research could examine ***
20、Interesting research questions for future research that can be derived from ***
21、In future research, more research is needed to apply and test ***
22、This is an interesting topic for future work.
23、Future research should further develop and confirm these initial findings by ***
24、Future research should certainly further test whether ***
25、As also recommended above, future research should ***
26、Future research should examine strategically ***
27、Future research might apply ***
28、In addition, *** might prove an important area for future research.
29、A number of recommendations for future research are given.
30、Therefore, future research should be conducted in more realistic settings to ***
31、Further research on *** issue is warranted.
32、Further work is certainly required to disentangle these complexities in ***
33、Looking forward, further attempts could prove quite beneficial to the literature.
34、Further research is needed to confirm this novel finding.
35、These result warrant further investigation via ***
36、This provides a good starting point for discussion and further research.
37、Further studies should investigate ***
38、The possibility of *** warrants further investigation.