Django+xadmin打造在线教育平台（二）

目录

在线教育平台（一）      在线教育平台（二）

在线教育平台（三）      在线教育平台（四）

在线教育平台（五）      在线教育平台（六）

在线教育平台（七）      在线教育平台（八）

在线教育平台（九）      在线教育平台（十）

代码

github下载

在线演示

教程

学习自慕课网-使用python3.x与Django2.0.1开发的在线教育平台

三、xadmin后台管理

3.1.xadmin的安装

django2.0的安装（源码安装方式）：

https://github.com/sshwsfc/xadmin/tree/django2

把zip文件放到pip目录下，运行下面命令安装：

pip install xadmin-django2

是文件README.rst 出现了 Unicode 解码错误，这个文件是没有什么用处的，可以新建一个同名的空白文件替换掉

 首先下载zip源码包：github.com/sshwsfc/xadmin

 解压后，打开README.rst文件，清空里面的内容，然后保存。

再压缩成zip，放到pip目录下：C:UsersAdministratorAppDataLocalProgramsPythonPython36Libsite-packagespip

此时打开cmd进行安装：pip install xadmin-master.zip

如果上面安装提示Runtime错误：

更换安装源（使用豆瓣源）

pip install -i https://pypi.douban.com/simple xadmin-django2

安装成功后，同时也安装了很多依赖的包。

3.2.xadmin的设置

 （1）新建Python Package "extra_apps",把源码xadmin文件夹放到extra_apps文件夹下面，此时目录结构如下：

（2）把extra_apps右键mark为Source Root并在settings中加入

sys.path.insert(0,os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'extra_apps'))

（3）因为我们用源码的xadmin,所以要卸载之前安装的

pip uninstall xadmin

(4)配置路由

把admin改成xadmin

# urls.py

from django.urls import path

import xadmin

urlpatterns = [
    path('xadmin/', xadmin.site.urls),
]

(5)注册app

把下面两个app注册到settings.py的INSTALLED_APPS中

'xadmin',
'crispy_forms'

(6)重新生成数据库

python manage.py makemigrations

python manage.py migrate

(7)设置成中文

LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-hans'

TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai'

USE_I18N = True

USE_L10N = True

USE_TZ = False

(8)创建一个管理员用户

python manage.py createsuperuser

现在就可以运行了 

python manage.py runserver 

访问后台：http://127.0.0.1:8000/xadmin

 可以看到成功进入管理界面

datetimefield报错问题解决：

当我们点增加用户信息，会报错

可以看到报的是xadmin/widgets中第80行

 def render(self, name, value, attrs=None):
        input_html = [ht for ht in super(AdminSplitDateTime, self).render(name, value, attrs).split('
') if ht != '']
        # return input_html
        return mark_safe('<div class="datetime clearfix"><div class="input-group date bootstrap-datepicker"><span class="input-group-addon"><i class="fa fa-calendar"></i></span>%s'
                         '<span class="input-group-btn"><button class="btn btn-default" type="button">%s</button></span></div>'
                         '<div class="input-group time bootstrap-clockpicker"><span class="input-group-addon"><i class="fa fa-clock-o">'
                         '</i></span>%s<span class="input-group-btn"><button class="btn btn-default" type="button">%s</button></span></div></div>' % (input_html[0], _(u'Today'), input_html[1], _(u'Now')))

上面贴出来的最后一行代码就是widgets.py的第80行代码。

可以看出这句代码是希望用“ ”把input_html里的两个标签拆开，但两个标签之间没有换行，所以没能拆分，导致报错。

input_html[1]就是报错的代码，因为input_html里只有一个元素。

 解决办法：

既然“ ”不能拆分标签，那么就换一种拆分方式，使用“/><”拆分。

原代码：

input_html = [ht for ht in super(AdminSplitDateTime, self).render(name, value, attrs).split('
') if ht != '']

修改后代码：

input_html = [ht for ht in super(AdminSplitDateTime, self).render(name, value, attrs).split('/><') if ht != '']
input_html[0] = input_html[0] + "/>"
input_html[1] = "<" + input_html[1]

再运行就正常了

3.3.users app的models注册

（1）在users下面创建adminx.py,代码如下：

# users/adminx.py

import xadmin

from .models import EmailVerifyRecord

#xadmin中这里是继承object，不再是继承admin
class EmailVerifyRecordAdmin(object):
    pass

xadmin.site.register(EmailVerifyRecord,EmailVerifyRecordAdmin)

(2)完善功能，增加显示字段，搜索和过滤

修改users/adminx.py,代码如下：

# users/adminx.py

import xadmin

from .models import EmailVerifyRecord

#xadmin中这里是继承object，不再是继承admin
class EmailVerifyRecordAdmin(object):
    # 显示的列
    list_display = ['code', 'email', 'send_type', 'send_time']
    # 搜索的字段，不要添加时间搜索
    search_fields = ['code', 'email', 'send_type']
    # 过滤
    list_filter = ['code', 'email', 'send_type', 'send_time']

xadmin.site.register(EmailVerifyRecord,EmailVerifyRecordAdmin)

刷新后的界面：

users中Banner也注册进去

class BannerAdmin(object):
    list_display = ['title', 'image', 'url','index', 'add_time']
    search_fields = ['title', 'image', 'url','index']
    list_filter = ['title', 'image', 'url','index', 'add_time']


xadmin.site.register(Banner,BannerAdmin)

3.4.剩余app model注册

（1）course

代码如下： 注意外键

# course/adminx.py

import xadmin

from .models import Course, Lesson, Video, CourseResource


class CourseAdmin(object):
    '''课程'''
    
    list_display = [ 'name','desc','detail','degree','learn_times','students']
    search_fields = ['name', 'desc', 'detail', 'degree', 'students']
    list_filter = [ 'name','desc','detail','degree','learn_times','students']
    

class LessonAdmin(object):
    '''章节'''
    
    list_display = ['course', 'name', 'add_time']
    search_fields = ['course', 'name']
    #这里course__name是根据课程名称过滤
    list_filter = ['course__name', 'name', 'add_time']


class VideoAdmin(object):
    '''视频'''
    
    list_display = ['lesson', 'name', 'add_time']
    search_fields = ['lesson', 'name']
    list_filter = ['lesson', 'name', 'add_time']


class CourseResourceAdmin(object):
    '''课程资源'''
    
    list_display = ['course', 'name', 'download', 'add_time']
    search_fields = ['course', 'name', 'download']
    list_filter = ['course__name', 'name', 'download', 'add_time']


# 将管理器与model进行注册关联
xadmin.site.register(Course, CourseAdmin)
xadmin.site.register(Lesson, LessonAdmin)
xadmin.site.register(Video, VideoAdmin)
xadmin.site.register(CourseResource, CourseResourceAdmin)

（2）organizations

 代码如下：

# organization/adminx.py

import xadmin

from .models import CityDict, CourseOrg, Teacher



class CityDictAdmin(object):
    '''城市'''
    
    list_display = ['name', 'desc', 'add_time']
    search_fields = ['name', 'desc']
    list_filter = ['name', 'desc', 'add_time']


class CourseOrgAdmin(object):
    '''机构'''
    
    list_display = ['name', 'desc', 'click_nums', 'fav_nums','add_time' ]
    search_fields = ['name', 'desc', 'click_nums', 'fav_nums']
    list_filter = ['name', 'desc', 'click_nums', 'fav_nums','city__name','address','add_time']


class TeacherAdmin(object):
    '''老师'''
    
    list_display = [ 'name','org', 'work_years', 'work_company','add_time']
    search_fields = ['org', 'name', 'work_years', 'work_company']
    list_filter = ['org__name', 'name', 'work_years', 'work_company','click_nums', 'fav_nums', 'add_time']


xadmin.site.register(CityDict, CityDictAdmin)
xadmin.site.register(CourseOrg, CourseOrgAdmin)
xadmin.site.register(Teacher, TeacherAdmin)

(3)operation

代码如下：

# operation/adminx.py

import xadmin

from .models import UserAsk, UserCourse, UserMessage, CourseComments, UserFavorite


class UserAskAdmin(object):
    '''用户表单我要学习'''

    list_display = ['name', 'mobile', 'course_name', 'add_time']
    search_fields = ['name', 'mobile', 'course_name']
    list_filter = ['name', 'mobile', 'course_name', 'add_time']


#
class UserCourseAdmin(object):
    '''用户课程学习'''

    list_display = ['user', 'course', 'add_time']
    search_fields = ['user', 'course']
    list_filter = ['user', 'course', 'add_time']



class UserMessageAdmin(object):
    '''用户消息后台'''

    list_display = ['user', 'message', 'has_read', 'add_time']
    search_fields = ['user', 'message', 'has_read']
    list_filter = ['user', 'message', 'has_read', 'add_time']



class CourseCommentsAdmin(object):
    '''用户评论后台'''

    list_display = ['user', 'course', 'comments', 'add_time']
    search_fields = ['user', 'course', 'comments']
    list_filter = ['user', 'course', 'comments', 'add_time']



class UserFavoriteAdmin(object):
    '''用户收藏后台'''

    list_display = ['user', 'fav_id', 'fav_type', 'add_time']
    search_fields = ['user', 'fav_id', 'fav_type']
    list_filter = ['user', 'fav_id', 'fav_type', 'add_time']


# 将后台管理器与models进行关联注册。
xadmin.site.register(UserAsk, UserAskAdmin)
xadmin.site.register(UserCourse, UserCourseAdmin)
xadmin.site.register(UserMessage, UserMessageAdmin)
xadmin.site.register(CourseComments, CourseCommentsAdmin)
xadmin.site.register(UserFavorite, UserFavoriteAdmin)

 全部代码：

# users/adminx.py

import xadmin

from .models import EmailVerifyRecord,Banner

#xadmin中这里是继承object，不再是继承admin
class EmailVerifyRecordAdmin(object):
    # 显示的列
    list_display = ['code', 'email', 'send_type', 'send_time']
    # 搜索的字段
    search_fields = ['code', 'email', 'send_type']
    # 过滤
    list_filter = ['code', 'email', 'send_type', 'send_time']


class BannerAdmin(object):
    list_display = ['title', 'image', 'url','index', 'add_time']
    search_fields = ['title', 'image', 'url','index']
    list_filter = ['title', 'image', 'url','index', 'add_time']


xadmin.site.register(EmailVerifyRecord,EmailVerifyRecordAdmin)
xadmin.site.register(Banner,BannerAdmin)

# course/adminx.py

import xadmin

from .models import Course, Lesson, Video, CourseResource


# Course的admin管理器
class CourseAdmin(object):
    '''课程'''

    list_display = [ 'name','desc','detail','degree','learn_times','students']
    search_fields = ['name', 'desc', 'detail', 'degree', 'students']
    list_filter = [ 'name','desc','detail','degree','learn_times','students']


class LessonAdmin(object):
    '''章节'''

    list_display = ['course', 'name', 'add_time']
    search_fields = ['course', 'name']
    #这里course__name是根据课程名称过滤
    list_filter = ['course__name', 'name', 'add_time']


class VideoAdmin(object):
    '''视频'''

    list_display = ['lesson', 'name', 'add_time']
    search_fields = ['lesson', 'name']
    list_filter = ['lesson', 'name', 'add_time']


class CourseResourceAdmin(object):
    '''课程资源'''

    list_display = ['course', 'name', 'download', 'add_time']
    search_fields = ['course', 'name', 'download']
    list_filter = ['course__name', 'name', 'download', 'add_time']


# 将管理器与model进行注册关联
xadmin.site.register(Course, CourseAdmin)
xadmin.site.register(Lesson, LessonAdmin)
xadmin.site.register(Video, VideoAdmin)
xadmin.site.register(CourseResource, CourseResourceAdmin)

# organization/adminx.py

import xadmin

from .models import CityDict, CourseOrg, Teacher


class CityDictAdmin(object):
    '''城市'''

    list_display = ['name', 'desc', 'add_time']
    search_fields = ['name', 'desc']
    list_filter = ['name', 'desc', 'add_time']


class CourseOrgAdmin(object):
    '''机构'''

    list_display = ['name', 'desc', 'click_nums', 'fav_nums','add_time' ]
    search_fields = ['name', 'desc', 'click_nums', 'fav_nums']
    list_filter = ['name', 'desc', 'click_nums', 'fav_nums','city__name','address','add_time']


class TeacherAdmin(object):
    '''老师'''

    list_display = [ 'name','org', 'work_years', 'work_company','add_time']
    search_fields = ['org', 'name', 'work_years', 'work_company']
    list_filter = ['org__name', 'name', 'work_years', 'work_company','click_nums', 'fav_nums', 'add_time']


xadmin.site.register(CityDict, CityDictAdmin)
xadmin.site.register(CourseOrg, CourseOrgAdmin)
xadmin.site.register(Teacher, TeacherAdmin)

# operation/adminx.py

import xadmin

from .models import UserAsk, UserCourse, UserMessage, CourseComments, UserFavorite


class UserAskAdmin(object):
    '''用户表单我要学习'''

    list_display = ['name', 'mobile', 'course_name', 'add_time']
    search_fields = ['name', 'mobile', 'course_name']
    list_filter = ['name', 'mobile', 'course_name', 'add_time']


#
class UserCourseAdmin(object):
    '''用户课程学习'''

    list_display = ['user', 'course', 'add_time']
    search_fields = ['user', 'course']
    list_filter = ['user', 'course', 'add_time']



class UserMessageAdmin(object):
    '''用户消息后台'''

    list_display = ['user', 'message', 'has_read', 'add_time']
    search_fields = ['user', 'message', 'has_read']
    list_filter = ['user', 'message', 'has_read', 'add_time']



class CourseCommentsAdmin(object):
    '''用户评论后台'''

    list_display = ['user', 'course', 'comments', 'add_time']
    search_fields = ['user', 'course', 'comments']
    list_filter = ['user', 'course', 'comments', 'add_time']



class UserFavoriteAdmin(object):
    '''用户收藏后台'''

    list_display = ['user', 'fav_id', 'fav_type', 'add_time']
    search_fields = ['user', 'fav_id', 'fav_type']
    list_filter = ['user', 'fav_id', 'fav_type', 'add_time']


# 将后台管理器与models进行关联注册。
xadmin.site.register(UserAsk, UserAskAdmin)
xadmin.site.register(UserCourse, UserCourseAdmin)
xadmin.site.register(UserMessage, UserMessageAdmin)
xadmin.site.register(CourseComments, CourseCommentsAdmin)
xadmin.site.register(UserFavorite, UserFavoriteAdmin)

此时项目目录结构：

 运行项目，进后台管理界面如下：

 3.5.xadmin的全局配置

将全局配置修改:

• 如左上角：django Xadmin。下面的我的公司
• 主题修改，app名称汉化，菜单收叠。

 使用Xadmin的主题功能。

把全站的配置放在usersadminx.py中:

 （1）添加主题功能

from xadmin import views

# 创建xadmin的最基本管理器配置，并与view绑定
class BaseSetting(object):
    # 开启主题功能
    enable_themes = True
    use_bootswatch = True

# 将基本配置管理与view绑定
xadmin.site.register(views.BaseAdminView,BaseSetting)

没添加主题前，右上角界面

添加主题后，可以选择自己喜欢的主题

（2）全局配置

 修改django admin 和下面的我的公司收起菜单

# 全局修改，固定写法
class GlobalSettings(object):
    # 修改title
    site_title = 'NBA后台管理界面'
    # 修改footer
    site_footer = '科比的公司'
    # 收起菜单
    menu_style = 'accordion'

# 将title和footer信息进行注册
xadmin.site.register(views.CommAdminView,GlobalSettings)

# users/adminx.py

import xadmin

from .models import EmailVerifyRecord,Banner

from xadmin import views

# 创建xadmin的最基本管理器配置，并与view绑定
class BaseSetting(object):
    # 开启主题功能
    enable_themes = True
    use_bootswatch = True

# 全局修改，固定写法
class GlobalSettings(object):
    # 修改title
    site_title = 'NBA后台管理界面'
    # 修改footer
    site_footer = '科比的公司'
    # 收起菜单
    menu_style = 'accordion'


#xadmin中这里是继承object，不再是继承admin
class EmailVerifyRecordAdmin(object):
    # 显示的列
    list_display = ['code', 'email', 'send_type', 'send_time']
    # 搜索的字段
    search_fields = ['code', 'email', 'send_type']
    # 过滤
    list_filter = ['code', 'email', 'send_type', 'send_time']


class BannerAdmin(object):
    list_display = ['title', 'image', 'url','index', 'add_time']
    search_fields = ['title', 'image', 'url','index']
    list_filter = ['title', 'image', 'url','index', 'add_time']


xadmin.site.register(EmailVerifyRecord,EmailVerifyRecordAdmin)
xadmin.site.register(Banner,BannerAdmin)

# 将基本配置管理与view绑定
xadmin.site.register(views.BaseAdminView,BaseSetting)

# 将title和footer信息进行注册
xadmin.site.register(views.CommAdminView,GlobalSettings)

再进后台的界面，如下：

（3）修改app的名字

 在apps.py里面配置app的显示名称

 以users/apps.py为例，其它三个同样操作

默认apps.py里面的代码

from django.apps import AppConfig


class UsersConfig(AppConfig):
    name = 'users'

修改后：

from django.apps import AppConfig


class UsersConfig(AppConfig):
    name = 'users'
    verbose_name = '用户'

还要在users/__init__.py中引用apps.py的配置

添加代码如下：

# users/__init__.py

default_app_config = 'users.apps.UsersConfig'

其它三个app也同样方法改成显示中文

 大功告成

四、完成登录功能

4.1.首页和登录页面的配置

（1）把html文件中index.html拷贝到templates文件夹内

前端初始文件可以去我github上面下载：https://github.com/derek-zhang123/MxOnline

（2）新建static目录用来存放静态文件

在settings.py中设置路径

STATICFILES_DIRS = (
    os.path.join(BASE_DIR,'static'),
)

(3)引用静态文件

 使用ctrl+f查找出所有“../”， 然后ctrl+r 全部替换为“/static/”

(4)配置静态文件的url

MxOnline/urls.py中

# MxOnline/urls.py

import xadmin

from django.urls import path

from django.views.generic import TemplateView

urlpatterns = [
    path('xadmin/', xadmin.site.urls),
    path('', TemplateView.as_view(template_name='index.html'),name='index'),
]

(5)登录页面

把login.html拷贝到templates文件夹下

使用ctrl+f查找出所有“../”， 然后ctrl+r 全部替换为“/static/”

 配置login的url

# MxOnline/urls.py

urlpatterns = [
    path('xadmin/', xadmin.site.urls),
    path('', TemplateView.as_view(template_name='index.html'),name='index'),
    path('login/', TemplateView.as_view(template_name='login.html'),name='login'),
]

更改index.html里面跳转到登录界面的url

原始样子

<!-- <a style="color:white" class="fr registerbtn" href="register.html">注册</a> -->

<!-- <a style="color:white" class="fr loginbtn" href="login.html">登录</a>  -->

取消注释，将login.html改为“login/”

<a style="color:white" class="fr registerbtn" href="register.html">注册</a>
<a style="color:white" class="fr loginbtn" href="/login/">登录</a>

现在可以访问index页面，然后点‘’登录”,跳转到登录页面了

4.2.用户登录

（1）修改login的路由

from django.views.generic import TemplateView
from users import views


urlpatterns = [
    path('xadmin/', xadmin.site.urls),
    path('', TemplateView.as_view(template_name='index.html'),name='index'),
    path('login/',views.user_login,name = 'login'),     #修改login路由
]

（2）写login的视图

from django.shortcuts import render
from django.contrib.auth import authenticate,login

def user_login(request):
    if request.method == 'POST':
        # 获取用户提交的用户名和密码
        user_name = request.POST.get('username',None)
        pass_word = request.POST.get('password',None)
        # 成功返回user对象,失败None
        user = authenticate(username=user_name,password=pass_word)
        # 如果不是null说明验证成功
        if user is not None:
            # 登录
            login(request,user)
            return render(request,'index.html')
        else:
            return render(request,'login.html',{'msg':'用户名或密码错误'})
    
    elif request.method == 'GET':
        return render(request,'login.html')

(3)更改login.html

 <form action="/login/" method="post" autocomplete="off">
                    <input type='hidden' name='csrfmiddlewaretoken' value='mymQDzHWl2REXIfPMg2mJaLqDfaS1sD5' />
                    <div class="form-group marb20 ">
                        <label>用&nbsp;户&nbsp;名</label>
                        <input name="username" id="account_l" type="text" placeholder="手机号/邮箱" />
                    </div>
                    <div class="form-group marb8 ">
                        <label>密&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;码</label>
                        <input name="password" id="password_l" type="password" placeholder="请输入您的密码" />
                    </div>
                    <div class="error btns login-form-tips" id="jsLoginTips">{{ msg }}</div>
                     <div class="auto-box marb38">

                        <a class="fr" href="forgetpwd.html">忘记密码？</a>
                     </div>
                     <input class="btn btn-green" id="jsLoginBtn" type="submit" value="立即登录 > " />
                <input type='hidden' name='csrfmiddlewaretoken' value='5I2SlleZJOMUX9QbwYLUIAOshdrdpRcy' />
                    {% csrf_token %}
                </form>

如果用户登录错误，应该有提示错误信息，下面代码：

<div class="error btns login-form-tips" id="jsLoginTips">{{ msg }}</div>

（4）修改index.html

原始index.html的代码

<div  class=" header">
             <div class="top">
                <div class="wp">
                    <div class="fl"><p>服务电话：<b>33333333</b></p></div>
                    <!--登录后跳转-->

                        
                         <a style="color:white" class="fr registerbtn" href="register.html">注册</a>
                         <a style="color:white" class="fr loginbtn" href="/login/">登录</a>
                        
                        <div class="personal">
                            <dl class="user fr">
                                <dd>bobby<img class="down fr" src="/static/images/top_down.png"/></dd>
                                <dt><img width="20" height="20" src="/static/media/image/2016/12/default_big_14.png"/></dt>
                            </dl>
                            <div class="userdetail">
                                <dl>
                                    <dt><img width="80" height="80" src="/static/media/image/2016/12/default_big_14.png"/></dt>
                                    <dd>
                                        <h2>django</h2>
                                        <p>bobby</p>
                                    </dd>
                                </dl>
                                <div class="btn">
                                    <a class="personcenter fl" href="usercenter-info.html">进入个人中心</a>
                                    <a class="fr" href="/logout/">退出</a>
                                </div>
                            </div>
                        </div>


                </div>
            </div>

 我们应该做个验证，当用户已登录状态的时候，显示用户姓名和图像及其个人中心信息

 如果没有登录，则显示登录和注册

更改代码如下：

<div  class=" header">
             <div class="top">
                {% if request.user.is_authenticated %}
                <div class="personal">
                            <dl class="user fr">
                                <dd>bobby<img class="down fr" src="/static/images/top_down.png"/></dd>
                                <dt><img width="20" height="20" src="/static/media/image/2016/12/default_big_14.png"/></dt>
                            </dl>
                            <div class="userdetail">
                                <dl>
                                    <dt><img width="80" height="80" src="/static/media/image/2016/12/default_big_14.png"/></dt>
                                    <dd>
                                        <h2>django</h2>
                                        <p>bobby</p>
                                    </dd>
                                </dl>
                                <div class="btn">
                                    <a class="personcenter fl" href="usercenter-info.html">进入个人中心</a>
                                    <a class="fr" href="/logout/">退出</a>
                                </div>
                            </div>
                        </div>
                {% else %}
                <div class="wp">
                    <div class="fl"><p>服务电话：<b>33333333</b></p></div>
                    <!--登录后跳转-->

                        
                         <a style="color:white" class="fr registerbtn" href="register.html">注册</a>
                         <a style="color:white" class="fr loginbtn" href="/login/">登录</a>
                        



                </div>
                {% endif %}
            </div>

 （5）增加邮箱登录

 让用户可以通过邮箱或者用户名都可以登录，用自定义authenticate方法

这里是继承ModelBackend类来做的验证

class ModelBackend:
    """
    Authenticates against settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL.
    """

    def authenticate(self, request, username=None, password=None, **kwargs):
        if username is None:
            username = kwargs.get(UserModel.USERNAME_FIELD)
        try:
            user = UserModel._default_manager.get_by_natural_key(username)
        except UserModel.DoesNotExist:
            # Run the default password hasher once to reduce the timing
            # difference between an existing and a nonexistent user (#20760).
            UserModel().set_password(password)
        else:
            if user.check_password(password) and self.user_can_authenticate(user):
                return user

    def user_can_authenticate(self, user):
        """
        Reject users with is_active=False. Custom user models that don't have
        that attribute are allowed.
        """
        is_active = getattr(user, 'is_active', None)
        return is_active or is_active is None

    def _get_user_permissions(self, user_obj):
        return user_obj.user_permissions.all()

    def _get_group_permissions(self, user_obj):
        user_groups_field = get_user_model()._meta.get_field('groups')
        user_groups_query = 'group__%s' % user_groups_field.related_query_name()
        return Permission.objects.filter(**{user_groups_query: user_obj})

    def _get_permissions(self, user_obj, obj, from_name):
        """
        Return the permissions of `user_obj` from `from_name`. `from_name` can
        be either "group" or "user" to return permissions from
        `_get_group_permissions` or `_get_user_permissions` respectively.
        """
        if not user_obj.is_active or user_obj.is_anonymous or obj is not None:
            return set()

        perm_cache_name = '_%s_perm_cache' % from_name
        if not hasattr(user_obj, perm_cache_name):
            if user_obj.is_superuser:
                perms = Permission.objects.all()
            else:
                perms = getattr(self, '_get_%s_permissions' % from_name)(user_obj)
            perms = perms.values_list('content_type__app_label', 'codename').order_by()
            setattr(user_obj, perm_cache_name, {"%s.%s" % (ct, name) for ct, name in perms})
        return getattr(user_obj, perm_cache_name)

    def get_user_permissions(self, user_obj, obj=None):
        """
        Return a set of permission strings the user `user_obj` has from their
        `user_permissions`.
        """
        return self._get_permissions(user_obj, obj, 'user')

    def get_group_permissions(self, user_obj, obj=None):
        """
        Return a set of permission strings the user `user_obj` has from the
        groups they belong.
        """
        return self._get_permissions(user_obj, obj, 'group')

    def get_all_permissions(self, user_obj, obj=None):
        if not user_obj.is_active or user_obj.is_anonymous or obj is not None:
            return set()
        if not hasattr(user_obj, '_perm_cache'):
            user_obj._perm_cache = set()
            user_obj._perm_cache.update(self.get_user_permissions(user_obj))
            user_obj._perm_cache.update(self.get_group_permissions(user_obj))
        return user_obj._perm_cache

    def has_perm(self, user_obj, perm, obj=None):
        if not user_obj.is_active:
            return False
        return perm in self.get_all_permissions(user_obj, obj)

    def has_module_perms(self, user_obj, app_label):
        """
        Return True if user_obj has any permissions in the given app_label.
        """
        if not user_obj.is_active:
            return False
        for perm in self.get_all_permissions(user_obj):
            if perm[:perm.index('.')] == app_label:
                return True
        return False

    def get_user(self, user_id):
        try:
            user = UserModel._default_manager.get(pk=user_id)
        except UserModel.DoesNotExist:
            return None
        return user if self.user_can_authenticate(user) else None

from django.contrib.auth.backends import ModelBackend
from .models import UserProfile
from django.db.models import Q

#邮箱和用户名都可以登录
# 基础ModelBackend类，因为它有authenticate方法
class CustomBackend(ModelBackend):
    def authenticate(self, request, username=None, password=None, **kwargs):
        try:
            # 不希望用户存在两个，get只能有一个。两个是get失败的一种原因 Q为使用并集查询
            user = UserProfile.objects.get(Q(username=username)|Q(email=username))

            # django的后台中密码加密：所以不能password==password
            # UserProfile继承的AbstractUser中有def check_password(self, raw_password):
            if user.check_password(password):
                return user
        except Exception as e:
            return None

# users/views.py

from django.shortcuts import render
from django.contrib.auth import authenticate,login

from django.contrib.auth.backends import ModelBackend
from .models import UserProfile
from django.db.models import Q

#邮箱和用户名都可以登录
# 基础ModelBackend类，因为它有authenticate方法
class CustomBackend(ModelBackend):
    def authenticate(self, request, username=None, password=None, **kwargs):
        try:
            # 不希望用户存在两个，get只能有一个。两个是get失败的一种原因 Q为使用并集查询
            user = UserProfile.objects.get(Q(username=username)|Q(email=username))

            # django的后台中密码加密：所以不能password==password
            # UserProfile继承的AbstractUser中有def check_password(self, raw_password):
            if user.check_password(password):
                return user
        except Exception as e:
            return None

def user_login(request):
    if request.method == 'POST':
        # 获取用户提交的用户名和密码
        user_name = request.POST.get('username',None)
        pass_word = request.POST.get('password',None)
        # 成功返回user对象,失败None
        user = authenticate(username=user_name,password=pass_word)
        # 如果不是null说明验证成功
        if user is not None:
            # 登录
            login(request,user)
            return render(request,'index.html')
        else:
            return render(request,'login.html',{'msg':'用户名或密码错误'})

    elif request.method == 'GET':
        return render(request,'login.html')

MxOnline/settings.py添加如下代码：

AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS = (
    'users.views.CustomBackend',
)

然后通过邮箱也可以实现登录了

4.3.用form实现登录

（1）把前面views中的user_login()函数改成基于类的形式

from django.views.generic.base import View

class LoginView(View):
    def get(self,request):
        return render(request, 'login.html')

    def post(self,request):
        # 获取用户提交的用户名和密码
        user_name = request.POST.get('username', None)
        pass_word = request.POST.get('password', None)
        # 成功返回user对象,失败None
        user = authenticate(username=user_name, password=pass_word)
        # 如果不是null说明验证成功
        if user is not None:
            # 登录
            login(request, user)
            return render(request, 'index.html')
        else:
            return render(request, 'login.html', {'msg': '用户名或密码错误'})

继承的View类

class View:
    """
    Intentionally simple parent class for all views. Only implements
    dispatch-by-method and simple sanity checking.
    """

    http_method_names = ['get', 'post', 'put', 'patch', 'delete', 'head', 'options', 'trace']

    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        """
        Constructor. Called in the URLconf; can contain helpful extra
        keyword arguments, and other things.
        """
        # Go through keyword arguments, and either save their values to our
        # instance, or raise an error.
        for key, value in kwargs.items():
            setattr(self, key, value)

    @classonlymethod
    def as_view(cls, **initkwargs):
        """Main entry point for a request-response process."""
        for key in initkwargs:
            if key in cls.http_method_names:
                raise TypeError("You tried to pass in the %s method name as a "
                                "keyword argument to %s(). Don't do that."
                                % (key, cls.__name__))
            if not hasattr(cls, key):
                raise TypeError("%s() received an invalid keyword %r. as_view "
                                "only accepts arguments that are already "
                                "attributes of the class." % (cls.__name__, key))

        def view(request, *args, **kwargs):
            self = cls(**initkwargs)
            if hasattr(self, 'get') and not hasattr(self, 'head'):
                self.head = self.get
            self.request = request
            self.args = args
            self.kwargs = kwargs
            return self.dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)
        view.view_class = cls
        view.view_initkwargs = initkwargs

        # take name and docstring from class
        update_wrapper(view, cls, updated=())

        # and possible attributes set by decorators
        # like csrf_exempt from dispatch
        update_wrapper(view, cls.dispatch, assigned=())
        return view

    def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        # Try to dispatch to the right method; if a method doesn't exist,
        # defer to the error handler. Also defer to the error handler if the
        # request method isn't on the approved list.
        if request.method.lower() in self.http_method_names:
            handler = getattr(self, request.method.lower(), self.http_method_not_allowed)
        else:
            handler = self.http_method_not_allowed
        return handler(request, *args, **kwargs)

    def http_method_not_allowed(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        logger.warning(
            'Method Not Allowed (%s): %s', request.method, request.path,
            extra={'status_code': 405, 'request': request}
        )
        return HttpResponseNotAllowed(self._allowed_methods())

    def options(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        """Handle responding to requests for the OPTIONS HTTP verb."""
        response = HttpResponse()
        response['Allow'] = ', '.join(self._allowed_methods())
        response['Content-Length'] = '0'
        return response

    def _allowed_methods(self):
        return [m.upper() for m in self.http_method_names if hasattr(self, m)]

基于类的urls配置

from users.views import LoginView

　　path('login/',LoginView.as_view(),name = 'login'),

（2）users下新建form.py文件

 代码如下：

# users/forms.py

from django import forms

# 登录表单验证
class LoginForm(forms.Form):
    # 用户名密码不能为空
    username = forms.CharField(required=True)
    password = forms.CharField(required=True,min_length=5)

（3）定义好forms后利用它来做验证，并完善错误提示信息

from .forms import LoginForm

class LoginView(View):
    def get(self,request):
        return render(request, 'login.html')

    def post(self,request):
        # 实例化
        login_form = LoginForm(request.POST)
        if login_form.is_valid():
            # 获取用户提交的用户名和密码
            user_name = request.POST.get('username', None)
            pass_word = request.POST.get('password', None)
            # 成功返回user对象,失败None
            user = authenticate(username=user_name, password=pass_word)
            # 如果不是null说明验证成功
            if user is not None:
                # 登录
                login(request, user)
                return render(request, 'index.html')
            # 只有当用户名或密码不存在时，才返回错误信息到前端
            else:
                return render(request, 'login.html', {'msg': '用户名或密码错误','login_form':login_form})
            
        # form.is_valid（）已经判断不合法了，所以这里不需要再返回错误信息到前端了
        else:
            return render(request,'login.html',{'login_form':login_form})

# users/views.py

from django.shortcuts import render
from django.contrib.auth import authenticate,login

from django.contrib.auth.backends import ModelBackend
from .models import UserProfile
from django.db.models import Q
from django.views.generic.base import View
from .forms import LoginForm

#邮箱和用户名都可以登录
# 基础ModelBackend类，因为它有authenticate方法
class CustomBackend(ModelBackend):
    def authenticate(self, request, username=None, password=None, **kwargs):
        try:
            # 不希望用户存在两个，get只能有一个。两个是get失败的一种原因 Q为使用并集查询
            user = UserProfile.objects.get(Q(username=username)|Q(email=username))

            # django的后台中密码加密：所以不能password==password
            # UserProfile继承的AbstractUser中有def check_password(self, raw_password):
            if user.check_password(password):
                return user
        except Exception as e:
            return None


class LoginView(View):
    def get(self,request):
        return render(request, 'login.html')

    def post(self,request):
        # 实例化
        login_form = LoginForm(request.POST)
        if login_form.is_valid():
            # 获取用户提交的用户名和密码
            user_name = request.POST.get('username', None)
            pass_word = request.POST.get('password', None)
            # 成功返回user对象,失败None
            user = authenticate(username=user_name, password=pass_word)
            # 如果不是null说明验证成功
            if user is not None:
                # 登录
                login(request, user)
                return render(request, 'index.html')
            # 只有当用户名或密码不存在时，才返回错误信息到前端
            else:
                return render(request, 'login.html', {'msg': '用户名或密码错误','login_form':login_form})

        # form.is_valid（）已经判断不合法了，所以这里不需要再返回错误信息到前端了
        else:
            return render(request,'login.html',{'login_form':login_form})

（4）完善login.html的错误提示信息

<div class="form-group marb20 {% if login_form.errors.username %}errorput{% endif %}">
                        <label>用&nbsp;户&nbsp;名</label>
                        <input name="username" id="account_l" type="text" placeholder="手机号/邮箱" />
                    </div>
                    <div class="form-group marb8 {% if login_form.errors.username %}errorput{% endif %}">
                        <label>密&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;码</label>
                        <input name="password" id="password_l" type="password" placeholder="请输入您的密码" />
                    </div>
                    <div class="error btns login-form-tips" id="jsLoginTips">
                        {% for key,error in login_form.errors.items %}
                            {{ error }}
                        {% endfor %}
                        {{ msg }}
                    </div>

主要修改两处

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="renderer" content="webkit">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge,chrome=1" >
    <title>慕学在线网登录</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/css/reset.css">
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/css/login.css">
</head>
<body>
<div class="dialog" id="jsDialog">
<!--提示弹出框-->
<div class="successbox dialogbox" id="jsSuccessTips">
    <h1>成功提交</h1>
    <div class="close jsCloseDialog"><img src="/static/images/dig_close.png"/></div>
    <div class="cont">
        <h2>您的需求提交成功！</h2>
        <p></p>
    </div>
</div>
<div  class="noactivebox dialogbox" id="jsUnactiveForm" >
    <h1>邮件验证提示</h1>
    <div class="close jsCloseDialog"><img src="/static/images/dig_close.png"/></div>
    <div class="center">
        <img src="/static/images/send.png"/>
        <p>我们已经向您的邮箱<span class="green" id="jsEmailToActive">12@13.com</span>发送了邮件，<br/>为保证您的账号安全，请及时验证邮箱</p>
        <p class="a"><a class="btn" id="jsGoToEmail" target="_blank" href="http://mail.qq.com">去邮箱验证</a></p>
        <p class="zy_success upmove"></p>
        <p style="display: none;" class="sendE2">没收到，您可以查看您的垃圾邮件和被过滤邮件，也可以再次发送验证邮件（<span class="c5c">60s</span>）</p>
        <p class="sendE">没收到，您可以查看您的垃圾邮件和被过滤邮件，<br/>也可以<span class="c5c green" id="jsSenEmailAgin" style="cursor: pointer;">再次发送验证邮件</span></p>
    </div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bg" id="dialogBg"></div>
<header>
    <div class="c-box fff-box">
        <div class="wp header-box">
            <p class="fl hd-tips">慕学在线网，在线学习平台！</p>
            <ul class="fr hd-bar">
                <li>服务电话：<span>33333333</span></li>
                <li class="active"><a href="login.html">[登录]</a></li>
                <li><a href="register.html">[注册]</a></li>
            </ul>
        </div>
    </div>
</header>
<section>
    <div class="c-box bg-box">
        <div class="login-box clearfix">
            <div class="hd-login clearfix">
                <a class="index-logo" href="index.html"></a>
                <h1>用户登录</h1>
                <a class="index-font" href="index.html">回到首页</a>
            </div>
            <div class="fl slide">
                <div class="imgslide">
                    <ul class="imgs">
                            <li><a href=""><img width="483" height="472" src="/static/images/mysql.jpg" /></a></li>
                            <li><a href=""><img width="483" height="472" src="/static/images/mysql.jpg" /></a></li>
                            <li><a href=""><img width="483" height="472" src="/static/images/mysql.jpg" /></a></li>
                    </ul>
                </div>
                <div class="unslider-arrow prev"></div>
                <div class="unslider-arrow next"></div>
            </div>
            <div class="fl form-box">
                <h2>帐号登录</h2> 
                <form action="/login/" method="post" autocomplete="off">
                    <input type='hidden' name='csrfmiddlewaretoken' value='mymQDzHWl2REXIfPMg2mJaLqDfaS1sD5' />
                    <div class="form-group marb20 {% if login_form.errors.username %}errorput{% endif %}">
                        <label>用&nbsp;户&nbsp;名</label>
                        <input name="username" id="account_l" type="text" placeholder="手机号/邮箱" />
                    </div>
                    <div class="form-group marb8 {% if login_form.errors.username %}errorput{% endif %}">
                        <label>密&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;码</label>
                        <input name="password" id="password_l" type="password" placeholder="请输入您的密码" />
                    </div>
                    <div class="error btns login-form-tips" id="jsLoginTips">
                        {% for key,error in login_form.errors.items %}
                            {{ error }}
                        {% endfor %}
                        {{ msg }}
                    </div>
                     <div class="auto-box marb38">

                        <a class="fr" href="forgetpwd.html">忘记密码？</a>
                     </div>
                     <input class="btn btn-green" id="jsLoginBtn" type="submit" value="立即登录 > " />
                <input type='hidden' name='csrfmiddlewaretoken' value='5I2SlleZJOMUX9QbwYLUIAOshdrdpRcy' />
                    {% csrf_token %}
                </form>
                <p class="form-p">没有慕学在线网帐号？<a href="register.html">[立即注册]</a></p>
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>
</section>
<script src="/static/js/jquery.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script src="/static/js/unslider.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script src="/static/js/login.js"  type="text/javascript"></script>
</body>
</html>

 显示效果，当不输入用户名，密码小与五位数的时候的提示信息如下：

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