● let
● Destructuring Assignments 解构赋值
● 可变参数
● 解构参数
● 解构数组
● 解构对象
● 遍历
● 快速创建对象
● 只读变量
● Sets
● Maps
● Symbols
● WeakMaps
● Promises
● 创建类
● Modules
● 内置函数
let
使用let声明的变量只在语句块内有效。
"use strict"; function blockBindingDemo(){ let a = 123; var b = 123; if(true){ let a = 456; b = 456; console.log("使用let语句块中的a为" +a);//456 console.log("使用var语句块中的b为" +b) } console.log("使用let语句块外的a为" +a);//123 console.log("使用var语句块外的b为" +b);//456 } blockBindingDemo();
以上,以let方式声明的变量只在语句块内有效,而以var方式的变量是一个全局变量。
variable hoisting
可以先初始化变量,再声明变量,如下是可以的:
x=6;
var x;
console.log(x);
相当于:
var x;
x = 6;
变量首先得初始化,否则会呈现undefined
var x = 5;
console.log(x + " " + y); //5 undefined
var y = 7;
因为在声明变量y之前还没有初始化,y还没有被hoisted。
Arrow Function, Lambda表达式
在es6之前,通常这样定义和使用函数:
var helloWorld = function(name, greeting){ return name + " " + greeting; } console.log(helloWorld("darren","hello"));
es6中可以使用Lambda表达式:
var newGreeting = (name, greeting) => { return name + " " + greeting; } console.log(newGreeting("darren","hello"));
还可以简化成这样的写法:
var newGreeting = (name, greeting) => name + " " + greeting; console.log(newGreeting("darren","hello"));
如果只有一个参数,可以写成:
var greeting = greeting => "Hello " + greeting;
如果没有参数,可以写成:
var greeting = () => "Hello Darren";
■ 遍历一个数组,把数组内的元素变成大写。
var courses = ['hello','world']; cosnole.log(courses.map(course => { return course.toUpperCase(); }))
■ 对数组排序。
var myArr = [2, 4.6]; var sortedArr = myArr.sort((a, b) => a < b ? 1 : -1); console.log(sortedArr);
■ this的作用域。
function Course(){ this.name = ""; this.description = ""; this.author = ""; this.getSummary = function(){ return this.name + ", " + this.description; }; this.getDetails = fuction(){ window.setTimeout(() => {console.log(this.getSummary() + " " + this.author)},1000); } } var course = new Course(); course.getDetails();
以上,this的作用域指的是Course,而不是window。也就是说,lambda表达式中的this的作用域的指向取决于在哪里定义,而不是取决于在哪里使用。
Destructuring Assignments 解构赋值
es6之前这样写:
var x=1,y=2,z=3;
现在可以这样写:
var [x, y, z] = [1, 2, 3];
[y,z] =[z,y];
■ 从数组中解构赋值
function getDate(){ return [15,07,2015]; } var [x, y] = getDate(); var [,,z] = getDate(); console.log(x); console.log(y); console.log(z);
■ 从对象中解构赋值
function currentDate(){ return {x:1, y:2, z:3}; } var {y: myy, z: myz} = currentDate(); console.log(myy); console.log(myz);
默认参数值 Default Parameters
es6之前,这样写默认参数值:
function sayHi(firstname, lastname){ firstname = firstname || "darren"; lastname = lastname || "ji"; console.log(firstname + " " + lastname); } sayHi();
现在可以这么写:
function sayHi(firstname="darren",lastname="ji"){ console.log(firstname + " " + lastname); } sayHi();
可变参数
把可变参数拼接成字符串,以前这样写:
function joinArgus(){ return Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments).join(' '); } var result = joinArgus('hello','world' ); console.log(result);
现在可以这么写:
function joinArgus(...words){ return words.join(' '); } var result = joinArgus('',''); console.log(result);
可以结合Spread Operator来处理可变参数。
function logMessages(message, ...args){ console.log(message, ...args); } logMessages("he %s : %s", "","");
解构参数
function logMessage(msg, {name: courseName, publisher: publisherName}){ console.log(msg + " " + courseName + " by " + publisherName); } logMessage("", {name:"",publisher:""});
解构数组
//赋值的时候解构 var numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]; var [first, second, third, , fifth] = numbers; console.log(fifth); //使用参数的时候解构 function arrayDestructuring([first, second,...rest]){ console.log(first); console.log(second); console.log(rest); } arrayDestructuring(numbers); //嵌套数组的解构 var numbers_nested = [1, 2, [3, 4, 5]]; var [first, second, [third,,fifth]] = numbers_nested; console.log(first); console.log(second); console.log(third);
解构对象
引用如下: browser.min.js <script src="some.js" type="text/babel"></script> "use strict"; var course = { name: "", publisher: "" }; function courseDetails(course){ let {name, publisher} = course; console.log(name + " " + publisher); } courseDetails(course);
遍历
"use strict"; var words = ['','','']; //输出键和值 for(let word of words.etrieis()){ console.log(word); } //输出值 for(let word of words.values()){ console.log(word); } //输出键 for(let word of words.keys()){ console.log(word); }
Generators
有以下的一个Generator的写法:
function* greet(){ console.log(`调用了greet方法`); } greet();
显示结果:
什么都不显示
按照以往调用函数的方式调用,结果什么都不显示。greet()到底是什么呢?不妨打印出一探究竟。
function* greet(){ console.log(`调用了greet方法`); } let greeter = greet(); console.log(greeter);
显示结果:
{next:[Function], throw:[Function]}
原来,当调用greet()的时候并没有执行方法,而是返回一个object对象。
既然next是greet()返回结果中的一个函数,那就调用next()。
function* greet(){ console.log(`调用了greet方法`); } let greeter = greet(); let next = greeter.next(); console.log(next);
显示结果:
调用了greet方法
{value:undefined, done: true}
value:undfined说明还没有从generator中返回任何值,done:true说明yield已经被执行,这里是null。
yield到底是什么?
function* greet(){ console.log(`调用了greet方法`); yield "hello"; } let greeter = greet(); let next = greeter.next(); console.log(next);
显示结果:
调用了greet方法
{value:'hello', done: false}
value:'hello'说明yield返回一个hello值, done:false说明yield还没被执行。如果再执行一次next方法会怎样?
function* greet(){ console.log(`调用了greet方法`); yield "hello"; } let greeter = greet(); let next = greeter.next(); console.log(next); let done = greeter.next(); console.log(done);
显示结果:
调用了greet方法
{value:'hello', done: false}
{value:undefined, done:true}
可见,当第一次执行next方法时,yield返回hello,但还没真正执行yield语句;当第二次执行next方法时,执行了yield语句,value再次变为undefined。
● 多个yield语句
如果有多个yield语句呢?
function* greet(){ console.log(`Generators会延迟加载,第一次调用next方法时执行`); yield "How"; console.log(`第二次调用next方法时执行`); yield "are"; console.log(`第三次调用next方法时执行`); } var greeter = greet(); console.log(greeter.next()); console.log(greeter.next()); console.log(greeter.next());
结果:
Generators会延迟加载,第一次调用next方法时执行
{value: 'How', done:false}
第二次调用next方法时执行
{value: 'are', done:false}
第三次调用next方法时执行
{value: undefined, done:true}
还可以通过遍历greet()来分别执行。
function* greet(){ console.log(`Generators会延迟加载,第一次调用next方法时执行`); yield "How"; console.log(`第二次调用next方法时执行`); yield "are"; console.log(`第三次调用next方法时执行`); } var greeter = greet(); for(let word of greeter){ console.log(word); }
结果:
Generators会延迟加载,第一次调用next方法时执行
How
第二次调用next方法时执行
are
第三次调用next方法时执行
可见,greet()集合的集合元素是每一个yield的返回值,也就是调用next方法后返回对象中的value字段对应的值。
也就是按如下写也能获取相同的返回结果:
function* greet(){ console.log(`Generators会延迟加载,第一次调用next方法时执行`); yield "How"; console.log(`第二次调用next方法时执行`); yield "are"; console.log(`第三次调用next方法时执行`); } var greeter = greet(); console.log(greeter.next().value); console.log(greeter.next().value); console.log(greeter.next().value);
● yield赋值
function* greet(){ let a = yield "first"; console.log(a); yield "second"; } var greeter = greet(); console.log(greeter.next().value); console.log(greeter.next().value);
结果:
first
undefined
second
而预期的结果是:
first
first
second
真实的结果和预期的结果不一样,yield语句并不能赋值。那么,变量a该如何赋值呢?
function* greet(){ let a = yield "first"; console.log(a); yield "second"; } var greeter = greet(); console.log(greeter.next().value); console.log(greeter.next('给上一个yield中的变量a赋的值').value);
结果:
first
给上一个yield中的变量a赋的值
second
所以,通过next方法可以给上一个yield语句中的变量赋值。
再看一个yield赋值的例子。
function* greet(){ let a = yield "first"; a = yield a + "hello"; yield a + "hello"; } var greeter = greet(); console.log(greeter.next().value); console.log(greeter.next("first").value); console.log(greeter.next("second").value);
结果:
first
firsthello
secondhello
→ 当执行console.log(greeter.next().value);时,把第一个yield的返回结果first打印出来。
→ 当执行console.log(greeter.next("first").value);先把first赋值给上一个yield,即第一个yield中的变量a,打印出firsthello。
→ 当执行console.log(greeter.next("second").value);先把second赋值给上一个yield,即第二个yield中的变量a,打印出secondhello。
String Templates
以前这样拼接字符串。
var a = "Hello";
var greeting = a + ", World";
console.log(greeting);
ES6中可以这样写:
var a = "Hello";
var greeting = `${a} , World`;
console.log(greeting);
在``之内的接受空白、换行等,可以把变量放在${}之内。
var msg = `it's time ${new Date().getHours()}, I'm sleeping`;
console.log(msg);
``之内还可以作为参数传递给某个方法并分别取出字符串和变量:
function conclude(strings, ...values){ console.log(strings); console.log(values); } conclude`it's time ${new Date().getHours()} I'm sleeping`;
结果:
it's time , I'm sleeping
20
以上``之内的字符串自动拼接以逗号分隔,``之内变量赋值给 values。
快速创建对象
let firstName = "Darren";
let lastName = "Ji";
let person = {firstName, lastName};
console.log(person);
结果:
{firstName: 'Darren', lastName: 'Ji'}
甚至可以创建嵌套对象。
let firstName = "Darren";
let lastName = "Ji";
let person = {firstName, lastName};
let teamName = "恒大";
let team = {person, teamName};
console.log(team);
结果:
{person:{firstName: 'Darren', lastName: 'Ji'}, teamName: '恒大'}
只读变量
变量值通常可以改变:
let a = 100;
a = 200;
console.log(a);
ES6中多了一个修饰符const,把变量设置成只读。
const val = 'hi';
val = 'yes';
console.log(val);
Sets
ES6使用Set类构造集合。
let s = new Set([10, 20, 30]);
s.add(40);
console.log(s);
s.delete(30);
console.log(s);
结果:
[10, 20, 30, 40]
[10, 20, 40]
Maps
ES6使用Map类处理键值对集合。
var map = new Map(); var myKey = {name: 'darren'}; map.set(myKey, 'my favorite book'); //是否包含某键 console.log(map.has(myKey)); //根据键获取值 console.log(map.get(myKey)); //遍历值 for(var item of map.values()){ console.log(item); }
结果:
true
my favorite book
my favorite book
Symbols
ES6是唯一、不可变的,使用Symbol类创建Symbol实例。
Symbol可以作为键。
let a = new Map(); { let key = Symbol(); a.set(key, 'book'); console.log(a.get(key)); }
Symbol还可以作为对象的字段。
let courseName = Symbol(); let course = { publisher: 'hd', [courseName]: 'lesson' }; console.log(course);
结果:
{publisher: 'hd', Symbol(): 'lesson'}
如果想遍历Couse对象的字段,Symbol()是获取不到的。使用这一特点可以隐藏某些信息。
let courseName = Symbol(); let course = { publisher: 'hd', [courseName]: 'lesson' }; console.log(course); var props = []; for(var c in course){ props.push(c); } console.log(props.length); console.log(props);
结果:
{publisher: 'hd', Symbol(): 'lesson'}
1
publisher
但可以通过以下方式获取到Symbol以及对应的值。
console.log(Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(course)[0]);
let keySymbol = Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(course)[0];
console.log(course[keySymbol]);
WeakMaps
不能使用字符串作为键。键只能是对象、函数。
var w = new WeakMap(); var course = {name: 't', publisher:'hd'}; var company = {name: 'sup'}; w.set(course, {price:59}); w.set(company, 's'); console.log(w.has(course)); w.delete(course); w.clear(course); console.log(w.get(company));
Promises
fetch("http://services.odata.org/V4/Northwind/Northwind.svc/",{ method: 'get' }).then(function(response){ return response.json(); }).then(function(data){ console.log(data.value); }).catch(function(){ console.log('failed'); });
还可以这么写:
var promise = new Promise(function(resolve, reject){ $.ajax("http://services.odata.org/V4/Northwind/Northwind.svc/",{ success: function(data){ resolve(data); }, error: function(){ reject("Error"); } }) }); promise.then(function(result){ console.log(result); }, function(err){ console.log)(err); }); //如果有多个promise //Promise.all([promise]).then(function(results){ //results[0] results[1] ... },function(){ }) //Promise.race([promise]); //Promise.reject(reason);
创建类
class Shape{ constructor(w,l){ this.w = w; this.l = l; } render(){ console.log("开始构建图形...") } } class Circle extens Shape{ constructor(w, l, radius){ super(w, l); this.radius = radius; } static getpi(){ return 3014; } get area(){ return Circle.pi * this.radius*this.radius; } render(){ console.log("正在构建圆形..."); } } var obj = new Circle(0, 0, 20); obj.l = 40; obj.render();
Modules
Module中的函数除非使用export,否则对外不可用。使用import使用某个函数。
● 通过export方法导出函数
addition.js
function sum(a, b){ return a + b; } function sumThree(a, b, c){ return a + b + c; } export {sum, sumThree};
main.js
import {sum, sumThree} from 'addition' console.log(sum(2,3)); console.log(sumTrhee(2, 3, 4));
● 通过函数上的export方法导出
addition.js
export function sum(a, b){ return a + b; } export function sumThree(a, b, c){ return a + b + c; }
● 导入函数使用别名
main.js
mport {sum as addTwoNumbers, sumThree} from 'addition'; console.log(addTwoNumbers(2,3)); console.log(sumTrhee(2, 3, 4));
● 给导入的函数统一的命名空间。
import * as addition from 'addition'; import {sum as addTwoNumbers, sumThree} from 'addition'; console.log(addition.sum(2,3)); console.log(addition.sumTrhee(2, 3, 4));
内置函数
//字符串 conole.log('ha'.repeat(2)); console.log("world".includes("rl")); console.log("Skill".startsWith("Skill")); console.log("Hello".endsWith("lo")); //遍历字符串 for(var ch of 'hello'){ console.log(ch); } //近似值检查 Math.trunc(39.7); //39 Math.trunc(0.5);//0 Math.trunc(-0.3);//-0 //数值类型检查 Number.isNan(45) Number.isFinite(); //Sign Math.sign(); //数值安全性检查 Number.isSafeInteger(42); //过滤数组 var result = ["","",""].find(x => x == ""); console.log(result); //从某个源获取数组 var result = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('*')); console.log(result); //从Map从获取数组 var m = new Map([[1,2],[2,4],[4,8]]); console.log(Array.from(m)); //从字符串中获取数组 console.log(Array.from("hello")); //创建数组 var arr = Array.of(1, 2, 3); //其它数组方法 [0, 0, 0].fill(7, 1); [1, 2, 3].findIndex( x => x == 2); [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].copyWithin(3, 1); //对象属性赋值 //{distance:40, duration:20, interval:10, start:0} var first = {start:0}; var second = {interval:10, duration:20}; var third = {distance: 40}; Object.assign(first, second, third); console.log(first);