• mysql(单表查询,多表查询,MySQl创建用户和授权,可视化工具Navicat的使用)


    单表查询

    语法:

    一、单表查询的语法
       SELECT 字段1,字段2... FROM 表名
                      WHERE 条件
                      GROUP BY field
                      HAVING 筛选
                      ORDER BY field
                      LIMIT 限制条数
    二、关键字的执行优先级(重点)
    
    重点中的重点:关键字的执行优先级
    from
    where
    group by
    having
    select
    distinct
    order by
    limit

    1.找到表:from

    2.拿着where指定的约束条件,去文件/表中取出一条条记录

    3.将取出的一条条记录进行分组group by,如果没有group by,则整体作为一组

    4.将分组的结果进行having过滤

    5.执行select

    6.去重

    7.将结果按条件排序:order by

    8.限制结果的显示条数

    创建公司员工表,表的字段和数据类型

    company.employee
        员工id          id                          int                  
        姓名            name                        varchar                                                             
        性别            sex                         enum                                                                  
        年龄            age                         int
        入职日期         hire_date                   date
        岗位            post                        varchar
        职位描述         post_comment             varchar
        薪水            salary                    double
        办公室           office                     int
        部门编号         depart_id                   int 

    创建员工表,并插入记录

    #创建表,设置字段的约束条件
    create table employee(
        id int primary key auto_increment,
        name  varchar(20) not null,
        sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', #大部分是男的
        age int(3) unsigned not null default 28,
        hire_date date not null,
        post varchar(50),
        post_comment varchar(100),
        salary  double(15,2),
        office int,#一个部门一个屋
        depart_id int
    );
    # 查看表结构
    mysql> desc employee;
    +--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | Field                | Type                              | Null | Key     | Default | Extra          |
    +--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | id                      | int(11)                            | NO   | PRI     | NULL    | auto_increment |
    | emp_name             | varchar(20)                   | NO   |             | NULL    |                |
    | sex                  | enum('male','female')   | NO   |             | male    |                |
    | age                  | int(3) unsigned               | NO   |             | 28         |                |
    | hire_date        | date                              | NO   |             | NULL    |                |
    | post                 | varchar(50)                   | YES  |         | NULL    |                |
    | post_comment     | varchar(100)                  | YES  |         | NULL    |                |
    | salart               | double(15,2)                  | YES  |         | NULL    |                |
    | office              | int(11)                           | YES  |         | NULL    |                |
    | depart_id        | int(11)                           | YES  |         | NULL    |                |
    +--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    rows in set (0.08 sec)
    
    #插入记录
    #三个部门:教学,销售,运营
    insert into employee(name ,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values
    ('aa','male',18,'20170301','财务',7300.33,401,1), 
    ('bb','male',78,'20150302','teacher',1000000.31,401,1),
    ('cc','male',81,'20130305','teacher',8300,401,1),
    ('dd','male',73,'20140701','teacher',3500,401,1),
    ('ee','male',28,'20121101','teacher',2100,401,1),
    ('ff','female',18,'20110211','teacher',9000,401,1),
    ('gg','male',18,'19000301','teacher',30000,401,1),
    ('hh','male',48,'20101111','teacher',10000,401,1),
    
    ('AA','female',48,'20150311','sale',3000.13,402,2),#以下是销售部门
    ('BB','female',38,'20101101','sale',2000.35,402,2),
    ('CC','female',18,'20110312','sale',1000.37,402,2),
    ('DD','female',18,'20160513','sale',3000.29,402,2),
    ('EE','female',28,'20170127','sale',4000.33,402,2),
    
    ('FF','male',28,'20160311','operation',10000.13,403,3), #以下是运营部门
    ('GG','male',18,'19970312','operation',20000,403,3),
    ('HH','female',18,'20130311','operation',19000,403,3),
    ('II','male',18,'20150411','operation',18000,403,3),
    ('JJ','female',18,'20140512','operation',17000,403,3)
    ;
    
    创建员工表,并插入记录

    (1)where 约束 

    where子句中可以使用
    1.比较运算符:>、<、>=、<=、<>、!=
    2.between 80 and 100 :值在80到100之间
    3.in(80,90,100)值是10或20或30
    4.like 'xiaomagepattern': pattern可以是%或者_。%小时任意多字符,_表示一个字符
    5.逻辑运算符:在多个条件直接可以使用逻辑运算符 and or not

    验证结果:

    where约束

    #1 :单条件查询
    mysql> select id,name from employee where id > 5;
    
    #2 多条件查询
    mysql> select name from employee where post='teacher' and salary>10000;
    
    #3.关键字BETWEEN AND
     SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
            WHERE salary BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;
    
     SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
            WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;
    
    #注意''是空字符串,不是null
     SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee WHERE post_comment='';
     ps:
            执行
            update employee set post_comment='' where id=2;
            再用上条查看,就会有结果了
    #5:关键字IN集合查询
    mysql>  SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary=3000 OR salary=3500 OR salary=4000 OR salary=9000 ;
    
    mysql>  SELECT name,salary FROM employee  WHERE salary IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;
    mysql>  SELECT name,salary FROM employee  WHERE salary NOT IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;#6:关键字LIKE模糊查询
    通配符’%可以匹配任意多字符
    mysql> SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name LIKE 'a%';
    
    通配符'_'  只能匹配一个字符
     mysql> SELECT age FROM employee WHERE name LIKE 'ale_'; +-----+ | age | +-----+ | 78 | +-----+ row in set (0.00 sec) 
    练习:
    1. 查看岗位是teacher的员工姓名、年龄

    2. 查看岗位是teacher且年龄大于30岁的员工姓名、年龄

    3. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资在9000-1000范围内的员工姓名、年龄、薪资

    4. 查看岗位描述不为NULL的员工信息

    5. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资是10000或9000或30000的员工姓名、年龄、薪资

    6. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资不是10000或9000或30000的员工姓名、年龄、薪资

    7. 查看岗位是teacher且名字是jin开头的员工姓名、年薪

    #对应的sql语句
    select name,age from employee where post = 'teacher';
    select name,age
    from employee where post='teacher' and age > 30;
    select name,age,salary
    from employee where post='teacher' and salary between 9000 and 10000;
    select
    * from employee where post_comment is not null;
    select name,age,salary
    from employee where post='teacher' and salary in (10000,9000,30000);
    select name,age,salary
    from employee where post='teacher' and salary not in (10000,9000,30000);
    select name,salary
    *12 from employee where post='teacher' and name like 'jin%'; where约束

    (2)group by 分组查询

    #1、首先明确一点:分组发生在where之后,即分组是基于where之后得到的记录而进行的
    #2、分组指的是:将所有记录按照某个相同字段进行归类,比如针对员工信息表的职位分组,或者按照性别进行分组等
    #3、为何要分组呢?
        取每个部门的最高工资
        取每个部门的员工数
        取男人数和女人数
    小窍门:‘每’这个字后面的字段,就是我们分组的依据
    #4、大前提:
        可以按照任意字段分组,但是分组完毕后,比如group by post,只能查看post字段,如果想查看组内信息,需要借助于聚合函数

    当执行以下sql语句的时候,是以post字段查询了组中的第一条数据,没有任何意义,因为我们现在想查出当前组的多条记录。

    mysql> select * from employee group by post;#由于没有设置ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,于是也可以有结果,默认都是组内的第一条记录,但其实这是没有意义的
    如果想分组,则必须要设置全局的sql的模式为ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY
    mysql> set global sql_mode='ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY';
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
    
    #查看MySQL 5.7默认的sql_mode如下:
    mysql> select @@global.sql_mode;
    +--------------------+
    | @@global.sql_mode  |
    +--------------------+
    | ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY |
    +--------------------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> exit;#设置成功后,一定要退出,然后重新登录方可生效
    Bye

    继续验证通过group by分组之后,只能查看当前字段,如果想查看组内信息,需要借助于聚合函数

    mysql> select * from emp group by post;# 报错
    ERROR 1054 (42S22): Unknown column 'post' in 'group statement'
    
    mysql>  select post from employee group by post;
    +-----------------------------------------+
    | post                                    |
    +-----------------------------------------+
    | operation                               |
    | sale                                    |
    | teacher                                 |
    | 财务             |
    +-----------------------------------------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    (3)聚合函数

    max()求最大值
    min()求最小值
    avg()求平均值
    sum() 求和
    count() 求总个数
    group_concat(name) 查询名字
    #强调:聚合函数聚合的是组的内容,若是没有分组,则默认一组 # 每个部门有多少个员工以及员工的名字 select post,count(id),group_concat(name) from employee group by post;
    select post,count(1) from employee group by post; #加了count(1)后,会在employee表的末尾添加一列1,数1的效果和数id是一样的
    # 每个部门的最高薪水 select post,max(salary) from employee group by post; # 每个部门的最低薪水 select post,min(salary) from employee group by post; # 每个部门的平均薪水 select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post; # 每个部门的所有薪水 select post,sum(age) from employee group by post;

     小练习

    1. 查询岗位名以及岗位包含的所有员工名字
      select post,name from employee;
    2. 查询岗位名以及各岗位内包含的员工个数
       select post ,count(1) from employee group by post;
    3. 查询公司内男员工和女员工的个数
      select sex,count(1) from employee group by sex;
    4. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的平均薪资
      select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post;
    5. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的最高薪资
      select post,max(salary) from employee group by post;
    6. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的最低薪资
       select post,min(salary) from employee group by post;
    7. 查询男员工与男员工的平均薪资,女员工与女员工的平均薪资
      select sex,avg(salary) from employee group by sex;

    (4)HAVING过滤

    HAVING与WHERE不一样的地方在于
    
    #!!!执行优先级从高到低:where > group by > having 
    #1. Where 发生在分组group by之前,因而Where中可以有任意字段,但是绝对不能使用聚合函数。
    
    #2. Having发生在分组group by之后,因而Having中可以使用分组的字段,无法直接取到其他字段,可以使用聚合函数

    验证:

    验证:
    mysql> select * from employee where salary>1000000;
    +----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
    | id | name | sex  | age | hire_date  | post    | post_comment | salary     | office | depart_id |
    +----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
    |  2 | bb | male |  78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher |              | 1000000.31 |    401 |         1 |
    +----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
    row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from employee having salary>1000000; # 现在不报错
    ERROR 1463 (42000): Non-grouping field 'salary' is used in HAVING clause
    
    # 必须使用group by才能使用group_concat()函数,将所有的name值连接
    mysql> select post,group_concat(name) from employee group by post having salary > 10000; ##错误,分组后无法直接取到salary字段
    ERROR 1054 (42S22): Unknown column 'post' in 'field list'
    select post,group_concat(name) from employee group by post ; #正确

    小练习:

    1. 查询各岗位内包含的员工个数小于2的岗位名、岗位内包含员工名字、个数
    2. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资
    3. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000且小于20000的岗位名、平均工资

    小练习答案:

    # 题1:
    mysql> select post,group_concat(name),count(id) from employee group by post;  # 造了一个虚拟表,关联了post和name
    
    mysql> select post,group_concat(name),count(id) from employee group by post having count(id)<2;  #答案这一行就完事了。重在理解。#题2:
    mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000;
        select post ,avg(salary) as A from employee group by post having A>10000;
    +-----------+---------------+ | post | avg(salary) | +-----------+---------------+ | operation | 16800.026000 | | teacher | 151842.901429 | +-----------+---------------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) #题3: mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 and avg(salary) <20000;
         select post ,avg(salary) as A from employee group by post having A between 10000 and 20000;
    +-----------+--------------+ | post | avg(salary) | +-----------+--------------+ | operation | 16800.026000 | +-----------+--------------+ row in set (0.00 sec)

    (5)order by 查询排序

    按单列排序
        SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY age;
        SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY age ASC;
        SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY age DESC;
    按多列排序:先按照age升序排序,如果年纪相同,则按照id降序
        SELECT * from employee
            ORDER BY age ASC,
            id DESC;

    验证多加序列

    验证多列排序:
    SELECT * from employee ORDER BY age ASC,id DESC;
    mysql> SELECT * from employee ORDER BY age ASC,id DESC;

    小练习:

    1. 查询所有员工信息,先按照age升序排序,如果age相同则按照hire_date降序排序
      select * from employee order by age asc,hire_date desc; 2. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资,结果按平均薪资升序排列
      select post,avg(salary) as agv_ from employee group by post having agv_ >10000 order by agv_  asc;
    3. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资,结果按平均薪资降序排列 

     小练习答案

    # 题目1
    select * from employee ORDER BY age asc,hire_date desc;
    
    # 题目2
    mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 order by avg(salary) asc;  #关键字优先级要熟记
        
    +-----------+---------------+ | post | avg(salary) | +-----------+---------------+ | operation | 16800.026000 | | teacher | 151842.901429 | +-----------+---------------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) # 题目3 mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 order by avg(salary) desc; +-----------+---------------+ | post | avg(salary) | +-----------+---------------+ | teacher | 151842.901429 | | operation | 16800.026000 | +-----------+---------------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql>

    (5)limit  限制查询的记录数:

    示例:
        SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC 
         LIMIT 3;                    #默认初始位置为0 
    
        SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
            LIMIT 0,5; #从第0开始,即先查询出第一条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条
    
        SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
            LIMIT 5,5; #从第5开始,即先查询出第6条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条

    小练习:
    分页显示,每页5条

    小练习答案

    # 第1页数据
      mysql> select * from  employee limit 0,5;# 第2页数据
    mysql> select * from  employee limit 5,5;# 第3页数据
    mysql> select * from  employee limit 10,5;
    +----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
    
    小练习答案

    多表查询

    • 多表连接查询
    • 符合条件连接查询
    • 子查询

    准备工作:准备两张表,部门表(department)、员工表(employee)

    create table department(
    id int,
    name varchar(20) 
    );
    
    create table employee(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name varchar(20),
    sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male',
    age int,
    dep_id int
    );
    
    #插入数据
    insert into department values
    (200,'技术'),
    (201,'人力资源'),
    (202,'销售'),
    (203,'运营');
    
    insert into employee(name,sex,age,dep_id) values
    ('AA','male',18,200),
    ('BB','female',48,201),
    ('CC','male',38,201),
    ('DD','female',28,202),
    ('EE','male',18,200),
    ('FF','female',18,204)
    ;
    
    # 查看表结构和数据
    mysql> desc department;
    +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id    | int(11)     | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | name  | varchar(20) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    2 rows in set (0.19 sec)
    
    mysql> desc employee;
    +--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | Field  | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
    +--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | id     | int(11)               | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
    | name   | varchar(20)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    | sex    | enum('male','female') | NO   |     | male    |                |
    | age    | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    | dep_id | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    +--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    5 rows in set (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from department;
    +------+--------------+
    | id   | name         |
    +------+--------------+
    |  200 | 技术         |
    |  201 | 人力资源     |
    |  202 | 销售         |
    |  203 | 运营         |
    +------+--------------+
    4 rows in set (0.02 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from employee;
    

    ps:观察两张表,发现department表中id=203部门在employee中没有对应的员工,发现employee中id=6的员工在department表中没有对应关系。

    一、多表连接查询

    两张表的准备工作已完成,比如现在我要查询的员工信息以及该员工所在的部门。从该题中,我们看出既要查员工又要查该员工的部门,肯定要将两张表进行连接查询,多表连接查询。

    重点:外链接语法

    语法

    SELECT 字段列表
        FROM 表1 INNER|LEFT|RIGHT JOIN 表2
        ON 表1.字段 = 表2.字段;

    (1)先看第一种情况交叉连接:不适用任何匹配条件。生成笛卡尔积(关于笛卡尔积的含义,大家百度自行补脑)。

    mysql> select * from employee,department;  # 不符合实际,需要刷选

    (2)内连接只连接匹配的行

    #找两张表共有的部分,相当于利用条件从笛卡尔积结果中筛选出了匹配的结果
    #department没有204这个部门,因而employee表中关于204这条员工信息没有匹配出来
    mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name from employee inner join department 
    on employee.dep_id=department.id;#上述sql等同于 mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name from employee,department where
    employee.dep_id=department.id;

    (3)外链接之左连接:优先显示左表全部记录

    #以左表为准,即找出所有员工信息,当然包括没有部门的员工
    #本质就是:在内连接的基础上增加左边有,右边没有的结果
    mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee left join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;
    6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    (4) 外链接之右连接:优先显示右表全部记录

    #以右表为准,即找出所有部门信息,包括没有员工的部门
    #本质就是:在内连接的基础上增加右边有,左边没有的结果
    mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee right join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;

    (5) 全外连接:显示左右两个表全部记录(了解)

    #外连接:在内连接的基础上增加左边有右边没有的和右边有左边没有的结果
    #注意:mysql不支持全外连接 full JOIN
    #强调:mysql可以使用此种方式间接实现全外连接
    语法:select * from employee left join department on employee.dep_id = department.id 
           union all
          select * from employee right join department on employee.dep_id = department.id;
    
     mysql> select * from employee left join department on employee.dep_id = department.id
              union
            select * from employee right join department on employee.dep_id = department.id
               ;#注意 union与union all的区别:union会去掉相同的纪录

    二、符合条件连接查询

    示例1:以内连接的方式查询employee和department表,并且employee表中的age字段值必须大于25,即找出年龄大于25岁的员工以及员工所在的部门

     select employee.name,department.name from employee,department 
        where employee.dep_id=department.id and age>25;

    示例2:以内连接的方式查询employee和department表,并且以age字段的升序方式显示。

    select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,department.name from employee,department
        where employee.dep_id = department.id
        and age > 25
        order by age asc;

    三、子查询

    #1:子查询是将一个查询语句嵌套在另一个查询语句中
    #2:内层查询语句的查询结果,可以为外层查询语句提供查询条件。
    #3:子查询中可以包含:IN、NOT IN、ANY、ALL、EXISTS 和 NOT EXISTS等关键字
    #4:还可以包含比较运算符:= 、 !=、> 、<等

    例子:

    (1)带in关键字的子查询

    #查询平均年龄在25岁以上的部门名
    select id,name from department
        where id in 
            (select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having avg(age) > 25);
    # 查看技术部员工姓名 select name from employee where dep_id in (select id from department where name='技术');
    select dep_id,name from employee
    where dep_id in
    (select id from department group by id having id=200);
    #查看不足1人的部门名 这道题正面不好解答,用逆向思维会容易点
      select name from department where id not in(select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having count(1)>0);

    (2)带比较运算符的子查询

    #比较运算符:=、!=、>、>=、<、<=、<>
    #查询大于所有人平均年龄的员工名与年龄
    mysql> select name,age from employee where age > (select avg(age) from employee);  
    # 不分组也可以用聚合函数(select avg(age) from employee)

    #查询大于部门内平均年龄的员工名、年龄 思路:
    1)先对员工表(employee)中的人员分组(group by),查询出dep_id以及平均年龄。
    (
    2)将查出的结果作为临时表,再对根据临时表的dep_id和employee的dep_id作为筛选条件将employee表和临时表进行内连接。
    (
    3)最后再将employee员工的年龄是大于平均年龄的员工名字和年龄筛选。
    mysql
    > select t1.name,t1.age from employee as t1
          inner join (select dep_id,avg(age) as avg_age
    from employee group by dep_id) as t2
          on t1.dep_id
    = t2.dep_id
          where t1.age
    > t2.avg_age;

    (3)带EXISTS关键字的子查询

    #EXISTS关字键字表示存在。在使用EXISTS关键字时,内层查询语句不返回查询的记录。而是返回一个真假值。True或False
    #当返回True时,外层查询语句将进行查询;当返回值为False时,外层查询语句不进行查询
    #department表中存在dept_id=203,Ture
    mysql> select * from employee  where exists (select id from department where id=200);
    #department表中存在dept_id=205,False
    mysql> select * from employee  where exists (select id from department where id=204);
    Empty set (0.00 sec)

    小练习:

    查询每个部门最新入职的那位员工

    #创建表
    create table employee(
    id int not null unique auto_increment,
    name varchar(20) not null,
    sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', #大部分是男的
    age int(3) unsigned not null default 28,
    hire_date date not null,
    post varchar(50),
    post_comment varchar(100),
    salary double(15,2),
    office int, #一个部门一个屋子
    depart_id int
    );
    
    #查看表结构
    mysql> desc employee;
    +--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | Field        | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
    +--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | id           | int(11)               | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
    | name         | varchar(20)           | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
    | sex          | enum('male','female') | NO   |     | male    |                |
    | age          | int(3) unsigned       | NO   |     | 28      |                |
    | hire_date    | date                  | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
    | post         | varchar(50)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    | post_comment | varchar(100)          | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    | salary       | double(15,2)          | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    | office       | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    | depart_id    | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    +--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    
    

    小练习答案

    select * from employee as t1
    inner join
    (select post,max(hire_date) as new_date from employee group by post) as t2
    on t1.post=t2.post
    where t1.hire_date=t2.new_date;

    MySQL创建用户和授权

    权限管理

    select * from mysql.userG;  #结构化展示账户信息

    我们知道我们的最高权限管理者是root用户,它拥有着最高的权限操作。包括select、update、delete、update、grant等操作。那么一般情况在公司之后DBA工程师会创建一个用户和密码,让你去连接数据库的操作,并给当前的用户设置某个操作的权限(或者所有权限)。那么这时就需要我们来简单了解一下:

    • 如何创建用户和密码
    • 给当前的用户授权
    • 移除当前用户的权限

    如果你想创建一个新的用户,则需要以下操作:

    1.进入到mysql数据库下

    mysql> use mysql
    Database changed

    2.对新用户增删改

    1.创建用户(本地):
    create user 'xxx'@'localhost' identified by '123';  #创建本地用户
     创建用户(远程用户)
    # 指定ip:192.118.1.1的mjj用户登录 
    create user 'xk'@'192.118.1.1' identified by '123';

    # 指定ip:192.118.1.开头的mjj用户登录 c
    reate user 'xk'@'192.118.1.%' identified by '123';
    # 指定任何ip的mjj用户登录 create user 'xk'@'%' identified by '123';

    2.删除用户 drop user '用户名'@'IP地址';
    3.修改用户 rename user '用户名'@'IP地址' to '新用户名'@'IP地址';
    4.修改密码 set password for '用户名'@'IP地址'=Password('新密码');

    3.对当前的用户授权管理

    #查看权限
    show grants for '用户'@'IP地址'

    +-----------------------------------------+
    | Grants for xk@localhost |
    +-----------------------------------------+
    | GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO 'ooo'@'localhost' |
    +-----------------------------------------

    #授权 mjj用户仅对db1.t1文件有查询、插入和更新的操作
    grant all privileges  on *.*  to "xxx"@'localhost';  #本地用户授权
     grant select ,insert,update on db1.t1 to "xk"@'%';
    # 表示有所有的权限,除了grant这个命令,这个命令是root才有的。mjj用户对db1下的t1文件有任意操作 grant all privileges on db1.t1 to "xk"@'%'; #mjj用户对db1数据库中的文件执行任何操作 grant all privileges on db1.* to "xk"@'%'; #mjj用户对所有数据库中文件有任何操作 grant all privileges on *.* to "xk"@'%'; #取消权限 # 取消mjj用户对db1的t1文件的任意操作 revoke all on db1.t1 from 'xk'@"%"; # 取消来自远程服务器的mjj用户对数据库db1的所有表的所有权限 revoke all on db1.* from 'xk'@"%"; 取消来自远程服务器的mjj用户所有数据库的所有的表的权限 revoke all privileges on *.* from 'xk'@'%';
    授权(取消权限)后一定要刷新权限
    FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

    ps:在公司中,一般情况下是DBA工程师来做这些授权工作。给你一个用户名和密码,你来连接就可以了。

    4.MySql备份命令行操作

    # 备份:数据表结构+数据
    mysqdump -u root db1 > db1.sql -p
    # 备份:数据表结构
    mysqdump -u root -d db1 > db1.sql -p
    
    #导入现有的数据到某个数据库
    #1.先创建一个新的数据库
    create database db10;
    # 2.将已有的数据库文件导入到db10数据库中
    mysql -u root -d db10 < db1.sql -p

    可视化工具Navicat的使用

    • 掌握Navicat的基本使用
    # PS:在生产环境中操作MySQL数据库还是推荐使用命令行工具mysql,但在我们自己开发测试时,可以使用可视化工具Navicat,以图形界面的形式操作MySQL数据库 

    官网下载:https://www.navicat.com/en/products/navicat-for-mysql

    需要掌握基本的操作

    掌握:
    #1. 测试+链接数据库
    #2. 新建库
    #3. 新建表,新增字段+类型+约束
    #4. 设计表:外键
    #5. 新建查询
    #6. 备份库/表
    
    #注意:
    批量加注释:ctrl+?键
    批量去注释:ctrl+shift+?键
     
    分类: MySql
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/daofaziran/p/9325876.html
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