Windows GDI 窗口与 Direct3D 屏幕截图

前言

       Windows 上，屏幕截图一般是调用 win32 api 完成的，如果 C# 想实现截图功能，就需要封装相关 api。在 Windows 上，主要图形接口有 GDI 和 DirectX。GDI 接口比较灵活，可以截取指定窗口，哪怕窗口被遮挡或位于显示区域外，但兼容性较低，无法截取 DX 接口输出的画面。DirectX 是高性能图形接口（当然还有其他功能，与本文无关，忽略不计），主要作为游戏图形接口使用，灵活性较低，无法指定截取特定窗口（或者只是我不会吧），但是兼容性较高，可以截取任何输出到屏幕的内容，根据情况使用。

正文

       以下代码使用了 C# 8.0 的新功能，只能使用 VS 2019 编译，如果需要在老版本 VS 使用，需要自行改造。

GDI

       用静态类简单封装 GDI 接口并调用接口截图。

    public static class CaptureWindow
    {
        #region 类
        /// <summary>
        /// Helper class containing User32 API functions
        /// </summary>
        private class User32
        {
            [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
            public struct RECT
            {
                public int left;
                public int top;
                public int right;
                public int bottom;
            }
            [DllImport("user32.dll")]
            public static extern IntPtr GetDesktopWindow();
            [DllImport("user32.dll")]
            public static extern IntPtr GetWindowDC(IntPtr hWnd);
            [DllImport("user32.dll")]
            public static extern IntPtr ReleaseDC(IntPtr hWnd, IntPtr hDC);
            [DllImport("user32.dll")]
            public static extern IntPtr GetWindowRect(IntPtr hWnd, ref RECT rect);

            [DllImport("user32.dll", EntryPoint = "FindWindow", CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)]
            public static extern IntPtr FindWindow(string lpClassName, string lpWindowName);
        }

        private class Gdi32
        {

            public const int SRCCOPY = 0x00CC0020; // BitBlt dwRop parameter
            [DllImport("gdi32.dll")]
            public static extern bool BitBlt(IntPtr hObject, int nXDest, int nYDest,
                int nWidth, int nHeight, IntPtr hObjectSource,
                int nXSrc, int nYSrc, int dwRop);
            [DllImport("gdi32.dll")]
            public static extern IntPtr CreateCompatibleBitmap(IntPtr hDC, int nWidth,
                int nHeight);
            [DllImport("gdi32.dll")]
            public static extern IntPtr CreateCompatibleDC(IntPtr hDC);
            [DllImport("gdi32.dll")]
            public static extern bool DeleteDC(IntPtr hDC);
            [DllImport("gdi32.dll")]
            public static extern bool DeleteObject(IntPtr hObject);
            [DllImport("gdi32.dll")]
            public static extern IntPtr SelectObject(IntPtr hDC, IntPtr hObject);
        }
        #endregion

        /// <summary>
        /// 根据句柄截图
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="hWnd">句柄</param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public static Image ByHwnd(IntPtr hWnd)
        {
            // get te hDC of the target window
            IntPtr hdcSrc = User32.GetWindowDC(hWnd);
            // get the size
            User32.RECT windowRect = new User32.RECT();
            User32.GetWindowRect(hWnd, ref windowRect);
            int width = windowRect.right - windowRect.left;
            int height = windowRect.bottom - windowRect.top;
            // create a device context we can copy to
            IntPtr hdcDest = Gdi32.CreateCompatibleDC(hdcSrc);
            // create a bitmap we can copy it to,
            // using GetDeviceCaps to get the width/height
            IntPtr hBitmap = Gdi32.CreateCompatibleBitmap(hdcSrc, width, height);
            // select the bitmap object
            IntPtr hOld = Gdi32.SelectObject(hdcDest, hBitmap);
            // bitblt over
            Gdi32.BitBlt(hdcDest, 0, 0, width, height, hdcSrc, 0, 0, Gdi32.SRCCOPY);
            // restore selection
            Gdi32.SelectObject(hdcDest, hOld);
            // clean up
            Gdi32.DeleteDC(hdcDest);
            User32.ReleaseDC(hWnd, hdcSrc);
            // get a .NET image object for it
            Image img = Image.FromHbitmap(hBitmap);
            // free up the Bitmap object
            Gdi32.DeleteObject(hBitmap);
            return img;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// 根据窗口名称截图
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="windowName">窗口名称</param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public static Image ByName(string windowName)
        {
            IntPtr handle = User32.FindWindow(null, windowName);
            IntPtr hdcSrc = User32.GetWindowDC(handle);
            User32.RECT windowRect = new User32.RECT();
            User32.GetWindowRect(handle, ref windowRect);
            int width = windowRect.right - windowRect.left;
            int height = windowRect.bottom - windowRect.top;
            IntPtr hdcDest = Gdi32.CreateCompatibleDC(hdcSrc);
            IntPtr hBitmap = Gdi32.CreateCompatibleBitmap(hdcSrc, width, height);
            IntPtr hOld = Gdi32.SelectObject(hdcDest, hBitmap);
            Gdi32.BitBlt(hdcDest, 0, 0, width, height, hdcSrc, 0, 0, Gdi32.SRCCOPY);
            Gdi32.SelectObject(hdcDest, hOld);
            Gdi32.DeleteDC(hdcDest);
            User32.ReleaseDC(handle, hdcSrc);
            Image img = Image.FromHbitmap(hBitmap);
            Gdi32.DeleteObject(hBitmap);
            return img;
        }
    }

Direct3D

       安装 nuget 包 SharpDX.Direct3D11，简单封装。此处使用 D3D 11 接口封装，对多显卡多显示器的情况只能截取主显卡主显示器画面，如需截取其他屏幕，需稍微改造构造函数。截屏可能失败，也可能截取到黑屏，已经在返回值中提示。

       将 DX 截屏转换成 C# 图像使用了指针操作，一方面可以提升性能，一方面也是因为都用 DX 了，基本上是很难避免底层操作了，那就一不做二不休，多利用一下。

    public class DirectXScreenCapturer : IDisposable
    {
        private Factory1 factory;
        private Adapter1 adapter;
        private SharpDX.Direct3D11.Device device;
        private Output output;
        private Output1 output1;
        private Texture2DDescription textureDesc;
        //2D 纹理，存储截屏数据
        private Texture2D screenTexture;

        public DirectXScreenCapturer()
        {
            // 获取输出设备（显卡、显示器），这里是主显卡和主显示器
            factory = new Factory1();
            adapter = factory.GetAdapter1(0);
            device = new SharpDX.Direct3D11.Device(adapter);
            output = adapter.GetOutput(0);
            output1 = output.QueryInterface<Output1>();

            //设置纹理信息，供后续使用（截图大小和质量）
            textureDesc = new Texture2DDescription
            {
                CpuAccessFlags = CpuAccessFlags.Read,
                BindFlags = BindFlags.None,
                Format = Format.B8G8R8A8_UNorm,
                Width = output.Description.DesktopBounds.Right,
                Height = output.Description.DesktopBounds.Bottom,
                OptionFlags = ResourceOptionFlags.None,
                MipLevels = 1,
                ArraySize = 1,
                SampleDescription = { Count = 1, Quality = 0 },
                Usage = ResourceUsage.Staging
            };

            screenTexture = new Texture2D(device, textureDesc);
        }

        public Result ProcessFrame(Action<DataBox, Texture2DDescription> processAction, int timeoutInMilliseconds = 5)
        {
            //截屏，可能失败
            using OutputDuplication duplicatedOutput = output1.DuplicateOutput(device);
            var result = duplicatedOutput.TryAcquireNextFrame(timeoutInMilliseconds, out OutputDuplicateFrameInformation duplicateFrameInformation, out SharpDX.DXGI.Resource screenResource);

            if (!result.Success) return result;

            using Texture2D screenTexture2D = screenResource.QueryInterface<Texture2D>();

            //复制数据
            device.ImmediateContext.CopyResource(screenTexture2D, screenTexture);
            DataBox mapSource = device.ImmediateContext.MapSubresource(screenTexture, 0, MapMode.Read, SharpDX.Direct3D11.MapFlags.None);

            processAction?.Invoke(mapSource, textureDesc);

            //释放资源
            device.ImmediateContext.UnmapSubresource(screenTexture, 0);
            screenResource.Dispose();
            duplicatedOutput.ReleaseFrame();

            return result;
        }

        public (Result result, bool isBlackFrame, Image image) GetFrameImage(int timeoutInMilliseconds = 5)
        {
            //生成 C# 用图像
            Bitmap image = new Bitmap(textureDesc.Width, textureDesc.Height, PixelFormat.Format24bppRgb);
            bool isBlack = true;
            var result = ProcessFrame(ProcessImage);

            if (!result.Success) image.Dispose();

            return (result, isBlack, result.Success ? image : null);

            void ProcessImage(DataBox dataBox, Texture2DDescription texture)
            {
                BitmapData data = image.LockBits(new Rectangle(0, 0, texture.Width, texture.Height), ImageLockMode.ReadWrite, PixelFormat.Format24bppRgb);

                unsafe
                {
                    byte* dataHead = (byte*)dataBox.DataPointer.ToPointer();

                    for (int x = 0; x < texture.Width; x++)
                    {
                        for (int y = 0; y < texture.Height; y++)
                        {
                            byte* pixPtr = (byte*)(data.Scan0 + y * data.Stride + x * 3);

                            int pos = x + y * texture.Width;
                            pos *= 4;

                            byte r = dataHead[pos + 2];
                            byte g = dataHead[pos + 1];
                            byte b = dataHead[pos + 0];

                            if (isBlack && (r != 0 || g != 0 || b != 0)) isBlack = false;

                            pixPtr[0] = b;
                            pixPtr[1] = g;
                            pixPtr[2] = r;
                        }
                    }
                }

                image.UnlockBits(data);
            }
        }

        #region IDisposable Support
        private bool disposedValue = false; // 要检测冗余调用

        protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)
        {
            if (!disposedValue)
            {
                if (disposing)
                {
                    // TODO: 释放托管状态(托管对象)。
                    factory.Dispose();
                    adapter.Dispose();
                    device.Dispose();
                    output.Dispose();
                    output1.Dispose();
                    screenTexture.Dispose();
                }

                // TODO: 释放未托管的资源(未托管的对象)并在以下内容中替代终结器。
                // TODO: 将大型字段设置为 null。
                factory = null;
                adapter = null;
                device = null;
                output = null;
                output1 = null;
                screenTexture = null;

                disposedValue = true;
            }
        }

        // TODO: 仅当以上 Dispose(bool disposing) 拥有用于释放未托管资源的代码时才替代终结器。
        // ~DirectXScreenCapturer()
        // {
        //   // 请勿更改此代码。将清理代码放入以上 Dispose(bool disposing) 中。
        //   Dispose(false);
        // }

        // 添加此代码以正确实现可处置模式。
        public void Dispose()
        {
            // 请勿更改此代码。将清理代码放入以上 Dispose(bool disposing) 中。
            Dispose(true);
            // TODO: 如果在以上内容中替代了终结器，则取消注释以下行。
            // GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
        }
        #endregion
    }

使用示例

       其中使用了窗口枚举辅助类，详细代码请看文章末尾的 Github 项目。支持 .Net Core。

        static async Task Main(string[] args)
        {
            Console.Write("按任意键开始DX截图……");
            Console.ReadKey();

            string path = @"E:截图测试";

            var cancel = new CancellationTokenSource();
            await Task.Run(() =>
            {
                Task.Run(() =>
                {
                    Thread.Sleep(5000);
                    cancel.Cancel();
                    Console.WriteLine("DX截图结束！");
                });
                var savePath = $@"{path}DX";
                Directory.CreateDirectory(savePath);

                using var dx = new DirectXScreenCapturer();
                Console.WriteLine("开始DX截图……");
                
                while (!cancel.IsCancellationRequested)
                {
                    var (result, isBlackFrame, image) = dx.GetFrameImage();
                    if (result.Success && !isBlackFrame) image.Save($@"{savePath}{DateTime.Now.Ticks}.jpg", ImageFormat.Jpeg);
                    image?.Dispose();
                }
            }, cancel.Token);

            var windows = WindowEnumerator.FindAll();
            for (int i = 0; i < windows.Count; i++)
            {
                var window = windows[i];
                Console.WriteLine($@"{i.ToString().PadLeft(3, ' ')}. {window.Title}
            {window.Bounds.X}, {window.Bounds.Y}, {window.Bounds.Width}, {window.Bounds.Height}");
            }

            var savePath = $@"{path}Gdi";
            Directory.CreateDirectory(savePath);
            Console.WriteLine("开始Gdi窗口截图……");

            foreach (var win in windows)
            {
                var image = CaptureWindow.ByHwnd(win.Hwnd);
                image.Save($@"{savePath}{win.Title.Substring(win.Title.LastIndexOf(@"") < 0 ? 0 : win.Title.LastIndexOf(@"") + 1).Replace("/", "").Replace("*", "").Replace("?", "").Replace(""", "").Replace(":", "").Replace("<", "").Replace(">", "").Replace("|", "")}.jpg", ImageFormat.Jpeg);
                image.Dispose();
            }
            Console.WriteLine("Gdi窗口截图结束！");

            Console.ReadKey();
        }

结语

       这个示例代码中的 DX 截图只支持 win7 以上版本，xp 是时候退出历史舞台了。代码参考了网上大神的文章，并根据实际情况进行改造，尽可能简化实现和使用代码，展示最简单情况下所必须的代码。如果实际需求比较复杂，可以以这个为底版进行改造。

       转载请完整保留以下内容并在显眼位置标注，未经授权删除以下内容进行转载盗用的，保留追究法律责任的权利！

　　本文地址：https://www.cnblogs.com/coredx/p/12422559.html

　　完整源代码：Github

　　里面有各种小东西，这只是其中之一，不嫌弃的话可以Star一下。