nginx的学习

nginx常用命令：

在sbin目录下执行，例如：./nginx -h

-?,-h : 打开帮助信息
-v : 显示版本信息并退出
-V : 显示版本和配置选项信息，然后退出
-t : 检测配置文件是否有语法错误，然后退出
-q : 在检测配置文件期间屏蔽非错误信息
-s signal : 给一个 nginx 主进程发送信号：stop（停止）, quit（退出）, reopen（重启）, reload（重新加载配置文件）
-p prefix : 设置前缀路径（默认是：/usr/local/Cellar/nginx/1.2.6/）
-c filename : 设置配置文件（默认是：/usr/local/etc/nginx/nginx.conf）
-g directives : 设置配置文件外的全局指令

https://www.cnblogs.com/wcwnina/p/8728391.html#!comments

在nginx.conf的注释符号位#

nginx默认的配置文件：

#user  nobody;
worker_processes  1;

#error_log  logs/error.log;
#error_log  logs/error.log  notice;
#error_log  logs/error.log  info;

#pid        logs/nginx.pid;


events {
    worker_connections  1024;
}


http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;

    #log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
    #                  '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
    #                  '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    #access_log  logs/access.log  main;

    sendfile        on;
    #tcp_nopush     on;

    #keepalive_timeout  0;
    keepalive_timeout  65;

    #gzip  on;

    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

        location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }

        #error_page  404              /404.html;

        # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
        #
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }

        # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
        #
        #location ~ .php$ {
        #    proxy_pass   http://127.0.0.1;
        #}

        # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
        #
        #location ~ .php$ {
        #    root           html;
        #    fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
        #    fastcgi_index  index.php;
        #    fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
        #    include        fastcgi_params;
        #}

        # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
        # concurs with nginx's one
        #
        #location ~ /.ht {
        #    deny  all;
        #}
    }


    # another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       8000;
    #    listen       somename:8080;
    #    server_name  somename  alias  another.alias;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}


    # HTTPS server
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       443 ssl;
    #    server_name  localhost;

    #    ssl_certificate      cert.pem;
    #    ssl_certificate_key  cert.key;

    #    ssl_session_cache    shared:SSL:1m;
    #    ssl_session_timeout  5m;

    #    ssl_ciphers  HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
    #    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers  on;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}

}

配置文件说明：见链接：https://www.cnblogs.com/knowledgesea/p/5175711.html

########### 每个指令必须有分号结束。#################
#user administrator administrators;  #配置用户或者组，默认为nobody nobody。
#worker_processes 2;  #允许生成的进程数，默认为1
#pid /nginx/pid/nginx.pid;   #指定nginx进程运行文件存放地址
error_log log/error.log debug;  #制定日志路径，级别。这个设置可以放入全局块，http块，server块，级别以此为：debug|info|notice|warn|error|crit|alert|emerg
events {
    accept_mutex on;   #设置网路连接序列化，防止惊群现象发生，默认为on
    multi_accept on;  #设置一个进程是否同时接受多个网络连接，默认为off
    #use epoll;      #事件驱动模型，select|poll|kqueue|epoll|resig|/dev/poll|eventport
    worker_connections  1024;    #最大连接数，默认为512
}
http {
    include       mime.types;   #文件扩展名与文件类型映射表
    default_type  application/octet-stream; #默认文件类型，默认为text/plain
    #access_log off; #取消服务日志    
    log_format myFormat '$remote_addr–$remote_user [$time_local] $request $status $body_bytes_sent $http_referer $http_user_agent $http_x_forwarded_for'; #自定义格式
    access_log log/access.log myFormat;  #combined为日志格式的默认值
    sendfile on;   #允许sendfile方式传输文件，默认为off，可以在http块，server块，location块。
    sendfile_max_chunk 100k;  #每个进程每次调用传输数量不能大于设定的值，默认为0，即不设上限。
    keepalive_timeout 65;  #连接超时时间，默认为75s，可以在http，server，location块。

    upstream mysvr {   
      server 127.0.0.1:7878;
      server 192.168.10.121:3333 backup;  #热备
    }
    error_page 404 https://www.baidu.com; #错误页
    server {
        keepalive_requests 120; #单连接请求上限次数。
        listen       4545;   #监听端口
        server_name  127.0.0.1;   #监听地址       
        location  ~*^.+$ {       #请求的url过滤，正则匹配，~为区分大小写，~*为不区分大小写。
           #root path;  #根目录
           #index vv.txt;  #设置默认页
           proxy_pass  http://mysvr;  #请求转向mysvr 定义的服务器列表
           deny 127.0.0.1;  #拒绝的ip
           allow 172.18.5.54; #允许的ip           
        } 
    }
}

项目实战配置:

#user  nobody;
worker_processes  1;

#error_log  logs/error.log;
#error_log  logs/error.log  notice;
#error_log  logs/error.log  info;

#pid        logs/nginx.pid;


events {
    worker_connections  1024;
}


http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;

    #log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
    #                  '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
    #                  '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    #access_log  logs/access.log  main;

    sendfile        on;
    #tcp_nopush     on;

    #keepalive_timeout  0;
    keepalive_timeout  65;

    #gzip  on;

    upstream paycenter {  // 配置要分发的ip
      server 136.142.59.143:31385;
      server 136.142.59.144:31385;
      server 136.142.59.145:31385;
      server 136.142.59.146:31385;
    }

    upstream notify-server {
      server 136.142.59.143:32578;
      server 136.142.59.144:32578;
      server 136.142.59.145:32578;
      server 136.142.59.146:32578;
    }

    server {
        listen       7012;
        server_name  136.142.59.143;   //因为server_name配置的136.142.59.143，所以请求136.142.59.143时，例如我请求http://136.142.59.143:7012/billing/pay/refundOrder，根据配置的proxy_pass，
                                            首先通过location来过滤请求的路径，可以定位到为http://paycenter/billing/pay/;，paycenter即为上面的upstream paycenter已经配置了ip，ip的分配有具体分发策略

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

        location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }

        location /billing/pay/ {
          proxy_pass http://paycenter/billing/pay/;
        }

        location /notify/ {
          proxy_pass http://notify-server/notify/;
        }
        location /contract-notify/ {
          proxy_pass http://notify-server/contract-notify/;
        }

        #error_page  404              /404.html;

        # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
        #
        #error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        #location = /50x.html {
        #    root   html;
        #}

        # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
        #
        #location ~ .php$ {
        #    proxy_pass   http://127.0.0.1;
        #}

        # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
        #
        #location ~ .php$ {
        #    root           html;
        #    fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
        #    fastcgi_index  index.php;
        #    fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
        #    include        fastcgi_params;
        #}

        # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
        # concurs with nginx's one
        #
        #location ~ /.ht {
        #    deny  all;
        #}
    }


    # another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       8000;
    #    listen       somename:8080;
    #    server_name  somename  alias  another.alias;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}


    # HTTPS server
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       443 ssl;
    #    server_name  localhost;

    #    ssl_certificate      cert.pem;
    #    ssl_certificate_key  cert.key;

    #    ssl_session_cache    shared:SSL:1m;
    #    ssl_session_timeout  5m;

    #    ssl_ciphers  HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
    #    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers  on;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}

}

见配置文件：只加了upstream 和server这2个，配置的运作流程是：当请求server_name  指定的136.142.59.143，由于配置了proxy_pass，所有请求都会先通过nginx反向代理服务器，在服务器将请求转发给目的主机时，读取upstream为 paycenter或者notify-server 的地址（因为我配置了2个，也会根据location后面的条件来过滤，定位到具体的server），读取分发策略，然后nginx会根据配置来分发；

nginx的location的定义：

      location 有“定位”的意思，根据Uri来进行不同的定位。

例如：

 location = /login {  

       #规则B  

    }  

访问 http://localhost/login 将匹配规则B，具体可见链接https://www.cnblogs.com/yangzp/p/10791952.html

proxy_pass配置含义：

1.如果proxy_pass使用了URI（下面例子中paycenter地址后面部分，包括只有斜杠的情况），请求路径与loction路径的匹配部分将被替换为proxy_pass中定义的URI：

备注:paycenter可为例子中的配置upstream paycenter，配置多个ip进行分发

 
 location /name/ {
     proxy_pass http://paycenter/remote/;
 } 

2.如果proxy_pass没有使用URI，发给被代理服务器的请求路径和客户端发情的请求路径相同，不会被修改。

location /some/path/ {
     proxy_pass http://paycenter

paycenter

;
 } 

demo:

参考链接：https://www.cnblogs.com/qlqwjy/p/8536779.html