一.中间件
1.中间件的概念
中间件顾名思义,是介于request与response处理之间的一道处理过程,相对比较轻量级,并且在全局上改变django的输入与输出。因为改变的是全局,所以需要谨慎实用,用不好会影响到性能。
Django默认的Middleware:
MIDDLEWARE = [ 'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware', 'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware', 'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware', 'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware', 'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware', 'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware', 'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware', ]
二.自定义中间件
中间件中一共有四个方法:
process_request
process_view
process_exception
process_response
1.process_request,process_response
当用户发起请求的时候会依次经过所有的的中间件,这个时候的请求时process_request,最后到达views的函数中,views函数处理后,在依次穿过中间件,这个时候是process_response,最后返回给请求者。
上述截图中的中间件都是django中的,我们也可以自己定义一个中间件,我们可以自己写一个类,但是必须继承MiddlewareMixin
需要导入
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from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin |
in views:
def index(request): print("view函数...") return HttpResponse("OK")
in Mymiddlewares.py:
from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse class Md1(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request): print("Md1请求") def process_response(self,request,response): print("Md1返回") return response class Md2(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request): print("Md2请求")
#return HttpResponse("Md2中断") def process_response(self,request,response): print("Md2返回") return response
结果:
Md1请求 Md2请求 view函数... Md2返回 Md1返回
注意:如果当请求到达请求2的时候直接不符合条件返回,即return HttpResponse("Md2中断"),程序将把请求直接发给中间件2返回,然后依次返回到请求者,结果如下:
返回Md2中断的页面,后台打印如下:
Md1请求 Md2请求 Md2返回 Md1返回
流程图如下:
2.process_view
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process_view( self , request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs) |
Mymiddlewares.py修改如
from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse class Md1(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request): print("Md1请求") #return HttpResponse("Md1中断") def process_response(self,request,response): print("Md1返回") return response def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs): print("Md1view") class Md2(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request): print("Md2请求") return HttpResponse("Md2中断") def process_response(self,request,response): print("Md2返回") return response def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs): print("Md2view")
结果如下:
Md1请求 Md2请求 Md1view Md2view view函数... Md2返回 Md1返回
下图进行分析上面的过程:
当最后一个中间的process_request到达路由关系映射之后,返回到中间件1的process_view,然后依次往下,到达views函数,最后通过process_response依次返回到达用户。
process_view可以用来调用视图函数:
class Md1(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request): print("Md1请求") #return HttpResponse("Md1中断") def process_response(self,request,response): print("Md1返回") return response def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs): # return HttpResponse("hello") response=callback(request,*callback_args,**callback_kwargs) return response
结果如下:
Md1请求 Md2请求 view函数... Md2返回 Md1返回
注意:process_view如果有返回值,会越过其他的process_view以及视图函数,但是所有的process_response都还会执行。
3.process_exception
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process_exception( self , request, exception) |
示例修改如下:
class Md1(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request): print("Md1请求") #return HttpResponse("Md1中断") def process_response(self,request,response): print("Md1返回") return response def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs): # return HttpResponse("hello") # response=callback(request,*callback_args,**callback_kwargs) # return response print("md1 process_view...") def process_exception(self): print("md1 process_exception...") class Md2(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request): print("Md2请求") # return HttpResponse("Md2中断") def process_response(self,request,response): print("Md2返回") return response def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs): print("md2 process_view...") def process_exception(self): print("md1 process_exception...")
结果如下:
Md1请求 Md2请求 md1 process_view... md2 process_view... view函数... Md2返回 Md1返回
流程图如下:
当views出现错误时:
将md2的process_exception修改如下:
def process_exception(self,request,exception): print("md2 process_exception...") return HttpResponse("error")
结果如下:
Md1请求 Md2请求 md1 process_view... md2 process_view... view函数... md2 process_exception... Md2返回 Md1返回