• python的元类编程


    廖雪峰的python教程有python元类编程示例,综合代码如下

    https://www.liaoxuefeng.com/wiki/0014316089557264a6b348958f449949df42a6d3a2e542c000/0014319106919344c4ef8b1e04c48778bb45796e0335839000#0

    class Field(object):
        def __init__(self, name, column_type):
            self.name = name
            self.column_type = column_type
        def __str__(self):
            return '<%s:%s>' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.name)
    
    class StringField(Field):
        def __init__(self, name):
            super(StringField, self).__init__(name, 'varchar(100)')
    
    class IntegerField(Field):
        def __init__(self, name):
            super(IntegerField, self).__init__(name, 'bigint')
    
    class ModelMetaclass(type):
        def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
            if name=='Model':
                return type.__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)
            #print('cls = %s' % cls)
            #print('name = %s' % name)
            #print('bases = %s' % bases)
            #print('attrs = %s' % attrs)
            print('Found model: %s' % name)
            mappings = dict()
            for k, v in attrs.items():if isinstance(v, Field):
                    print('Found mapping: %s ==> %s' % (k, v))
                    mappings[k] = vfor k in mappings.keys():
                #attrs基本就是可以通过类的__dict__属性得到
                attrs.pop(k)
            print(attrs)
            attrs['__mappings__'] = mappings # 保存属性和列的映射关系
            attrs['__table__'] = name # 假设表名和类名一致
            return type.__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)
    
    class Model(dict, metaclass=ModelMetaclass):
        def __init__(self, **kw):
            super(Model, self).__init__(**kw)
        def __getattr__(self, key):
            try:
                return self[key]
            except KeyError:
                raise AttributeError(r"'Model' object has no attribute '%s'" % key)
        def __setattr__(self, key, value):
            self[key] = value
        def save(self):
            fields = []
            params = []
            args = []
            for k, v in self.__mappings__.items():
                fields.append(v.name)
                params.append('?')
                args.append(getattr(self, k, None))
            sql = 'insert into %s (%s) values (%s)' % (self.__table__, ','.join(fields), ','.join(params))
            print('SQL: %s' % sql)
            print('ARGS: %s' % str(args))
    
    class User(Model):
        # 定义类的属性到列的映射:
        id = IntegerField('id')
        name = StringField('username')
        email = StringField('email')
        password = StringField('password')
    
    u = User(id=12345, name='Michael', email='test@orm.org', password='my-pwd')
    u.save()

    完整的代码如上,运行时函数的调用如下。

    1、u = User(xxxxx)进行User类的实例化

    2、实例化User类的时候,调用User的__init__,未显式实现,则调用父类的__init__

    3、在父类Model发现了父类有metaclass=ModelMetaclass

    4、去执行ModelMetaclass的__new__

    5、在__new__中,ModelMetaclass可以访问到类的(注意,是类的,而不是类实例的)name、bases、attr,从而进行操作实现类的动态修改

    此处,attr可以发现User类的类变量(不是类实例变量)id、name、email、password,在外部,这些类变量可以由User.__dict__接触到

    6、执行__new__的代码中,有一个从attr中pop某些key的过程,因为如果不pop掉这些key,会导致运行时类变量覆盖掉类实例的变量,得到不期望的结果

    7、执行__new__的过程中,User类动态生成了__mapping__和__table__属性

    8、完成__new__的执行后,再进行Model.__init__,然后是User.__init__,完成实例化

    为什么在这种情况下要进行元类编程呢?有什么好处呢?

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/catnip/p/8669734.html
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