xml模块

2.csv格式文件

逗号分隔值（Comma-Separated Values，CSV，有时也称为字符分隔值，因为分隔字符也可以不是逗号），其文件以纯文本形式存储表格数据（数字和文本）。

对于这种格式的数据，我们需要利用open函数来读取文件并根据逗号分隔的特点来进行处理。

股票代码,股票名称,当前价,涨跌额,涨跌幅,年初至今
SH601778,N晶科,6.29,+1.92,-43.94%,+43.94%
SH688566,吉贝尔,52.66,+6.96,+15.23%,+122.29%
...

练习题案例：下载文档中的所有图片且以用户名为图片名称存储。

ID,用户名,头像
26044585,Hush,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/51d46dc32abe7ac7f83b94c67bb88cacc46869954f478-aP4Q3V
19318369,柒十一,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/703fdb063bdc37b11033ef794f9b3a7adfa01fd21a6d1-wTFbnO
15529690,Law344,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/b438d8c61ed2abf50ca94e00f257ca7a223e3b364b471-xrzoQd
18311394,Jennah·,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/4edba1ed6a71797f52355aa1de5af961b85bf824cb71-px1nZz
18009711,可洛爱画画,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/03331ef39b5c7687f5cc47dbcbafd974403c962ae88ce-Co8AUI
30574436,花姑凉~,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/2f5b657edb9497ff8c41132e18000edb082d158c2404-8rYHbw
17740339,小巫師,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/dbc6fd49f1915545cc42c1a1492a418dbaebd2c21bb9-9aDqgl
18741964,桐末tonmo,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/b60cee303f62aaa592292f45a1ed8d5be9873b2ed5c-gAJehO
30535005,TANGZHIQI,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/bbd08ee168d54665bf9b07899a5c4a4d6bc1eb8af77a4-8Gz3K1
31078743,你的老杨,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/c46fbc3c9a01db37b8e786cbd7174bbd475e4cda220f4-F1u7MX
25519376,尺尺寸,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/ee29ee198efb98f970e3dc2b24c40d89bfb6f911126b6-KGvKes
21113978,C-CLong,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/7fa6b2a0d570e67246b34840a87d57c16a875dba9100-SXsSeY
24674102,szaa,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/0716687b0df93e8c3a8e0925b6d2e4135449cd27597c4-gWdv24
30508507,爱起床的小灰灰,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/4eafdbfa21b2f300a7becd8863f948e5e92ef789b5a5-1ozTKq
12593664,yokozen,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/cd07bbaf052b752ed5c287602404ea719d7dd8161321b-cJtHss
16899164,一阵疯,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/0940b557b28892658c3bcaf52f5ba8dc8402100e130b2-G966Uz
847937,卩丬My㊊伴er彎,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/e2d6bb5bc8498c6f607492a8f96164aa2366b104e7a-kWaH68
31010628,慢慢即漫漫,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/c4fb6718907a22f202e8dd14d52f0c369685e59cfea7-82FdsK
13438168,海贼玩跑跑,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/1edae3ce6fe0f6e95b67b4f8b57c4cebf19c501b397e-BXwiW6
28593155,源稚生,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/626cfd89ca4c10e6f875f3dfe1005331e4c0fd7fd429-9SeJeQ
28201821,合伙哼哼,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/f59d4780531aa1892b80e0ec94d4ec78dcba08ff18c416-769X6a
28255146,漫步AAA,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/3c034c520594e38353a039d7e7a5fd5e74fb53eb1086-KnpLaL
30537613,配䦹,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/efd81d22c1b1a2de77a0e0d8e853282b83b6bbc590fd-y3d4GJ
22665880,日后必火,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/69f0f959979a4fada9e9e55f565989544be88164d2b-INWbaF
16748980,keer521521,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/654953460733026a7ef6e101404055627ad51784a95c-B6OFs4
30536510,“西辞”,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/61cfffca6b2507bf51a507e8319d68a8b8c3a96968f-6IvMSk
30986577,艺成背锅王,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/c381ecc43d6c69758a86a30ebf72976906ae6c53291f9-9zroHF
26409800,CsysADk7,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/bf1d22092c2070d68ade012c588f2e410caaab1f58051-ahlgLm
30469116,18啊全阿,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/654953460733026a7ef6e101404055627ad51784a95c-B6OFs4
15514336,W/小哥,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/a30f5967fc0acf81421dd49650397de63c105b9ead1c-nVRrNl
17473505,椿の花,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/0e38d810e5a24f91ebb251fd3aaaed8bb37655b14844c-pgNJBP
19165177,っ思忆゜♪,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/4815ea0e4905d0f3bb82a654b481811dadbfe5ce2673-vMVr0B
16059616,格林熊丶,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/8760a2b08d87e6ed4b7a9715b1a668176dbf84fec5b-jx14tZ
30734152,sCWVkJDG,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/f31a5305d1b8717bbfb897723f267d316e58e7b7dc40-GD3e22
24019677,虚无本心,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/6fdfa9834abe362e978b517275b06e7f0d5926aa650-N1xCXE
16670283,Y-雨后天空,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/a3bbb0045b536fc27a6d2effa64a0d43f9f5193c177f-I2vHaI
21512483,汤姆2,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/98cc50a61a7cc9b49a8af754ffb26bd15764a82f1133-AkiU7D
16441049,笑潇啸逍小鱼,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/ae8a70cd85aff3a8587ff6578d5cf7620f3691df13e46-lmrIi9
24795603,⁢⁢⁢⁢⁢v,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/a7183cc3a933aa129d7b3230bf1378fd8f5857846cc5-3tDtx3
29819152,妮玛士珍多,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/ca4ecb573bf1ff0415c7a873d64470dedc465ea1213c6-RAkArS
19101282,陈勇敢❤,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/ab6d04ebaff3176e3570139a65155856871241b58bc6-Qklj2E
28337572,爱意随风散,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/117ad8b6eeda57a562ac6ab2861111a793ca3d1d5543-SjWlk2
17342758,幸运instant,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/72b5f9042ec297ae57b83431123bc1c066cca90fa23-3MoJNj
18483372,Beau染,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/077115cb622b1ff3907ec6932e1b575393d5aae720487-d1cdT9
22127102,栽花的小蜻蜓,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/6c3cbf9f27e17898083186fc51985e43269018cc1e1df-QfOIBG
13802024,LoveHsu,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/f720a15f8b49b86a7c1ee4951263a8dbecfe3e43d2d-GPEauV
22558931,白驹过隙丶梨花泪う,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/e49e1341dfe5144da5c71bd15f1052ef07ba7a0e1296b-jfyfDJ
11762339,cojoy,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/5b27f876d5d391e7c4889bc5e8ba214419eb72b56822-83gYmB
30711623,雪碧学长呀,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/2c288a1535048b05537ba523b3fc9eacc1e81273212d1-nr8M4t
18906718,西霸王,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/7b02ad5e01bd8c0a29817e362814666a7800831c154a6-AvBDaG
31037856,邵阳的小哥哥,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/654953460733026a7ef6e101404055627ad51784a95c-B6OFs4
26830711,稳健谭,https://hbimg.huabanimg.com/51547ade3f0aef134e8d268cfd4ad61110925aefec8a-NKPEYX

import os
import requests

with open('files/mv.csv', mode='r', encoding='utf-8') as file_object:
    file_object.readline()
    for line in file_object:
        user_id, username, url = line.strip().split(',')
        print(username, url)
        # 1.根据URL下载图片
        res = requests.get(
            url=url,
            headers={
                "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/87.0.4280.88 Safari/537.36"
            }
        )
        # 检查images目录是否存在？不存在，则创建images目录
        if not os.path.exists("images"):
            # 创建images目录
            os.makedirs("images")

        # 2.将图片的内容写入到文件
        with open("images/{}.png".format(username), mode='wb') as img_object:
            img_object.write(res.content)

3.ini格式文件

ini文件是Initialization File的缩写，平时用于存储软件的的配置文件。例如：MySQL数据库的配置文件。

[mysqld]
datadir=/var/lib/mysql
socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
log-bin=py-mysql-bin
character-set-server=utf8
collation-server=utf8_general_ci
log-error=/var/log/mysqld.log
# Disabling symbolic-links is recommended to prevent assorted security risks
symbolic-links=0

[mysqld_safe]
log-error=/var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log
pid-file=/var/run/mariadb/mariadb.pid

[client]
default-character-set=utf8

这种格式是可以直接使用open来出来，考虑到自己处理比较麻烦，所以Python为我们提供了更为方便的方式。

import configparser

config = configparser.ConfigParser()
config.read('files/my.ini', encoding='utf-8')
# config.read('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/luffyCourse/day09/files/my.ini', encoding='utf-8')

# 1.获取所有的节点
"""
result = config.sections()
print(result)  # ['mysqld', 'mysqld_safe', 'client']
"""

# 2.获取节点下的键值
"""
result = config.items("mysqld_safe")
print(result)  # [('log-error', '/var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log'), ('pid-file', '/var/run/mariadb/mariadb.pid')]

for key, value in config.items("mysqld_safe"):
    print(key, value)
"""

# 3.获取某个节点下的键对应的值
"""
result = config.get("mysqld","collation-server")
print(result)
"""

# 4.其他

# 4.1 是否存在节点
# v1 = config.has_section("client")
# print(v1)

# 4.2 添加一个节点
# config.add_section("group")
# config.set('group','name','wupeiqi')
# config.set('client','name','wupeiqi')
# config.write(open('files/new.ini', mode='w', encoding='utf-8'))

# 4.3 删除
# config.remove_section('client')
# config.remove_option("mysqld", "datadir")
# config.write(open('files/new.ini', mode='w', encoding='utf-8'))

• 读取所有节点

  import configparser
  
  config = configparser.ConfigParser()
  config.read('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/luffyCourse/day09/files/my.conf', encoding='utf-8')
  # config.read('my.conf', encoding='utf-8')
  ret = config.sections()
  print(ret) 
  
  >>输出
  ['mysqld', 'mysqld_safe', 'client']
  

• 读取节点下的键值

  import configparser
  
  config = configparser.ConfigParser()
  config.read('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/luffyCourse/day09/files/my.conf', encoding='utf-8')
  # config.read('my.conf', encoding='utf-8')
  item_list = config.items("mysqld_safe")
  print(item_list) 
  
  >>输出
  [('log-error', '/var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log'), ('pid-file', '/var/run/mariadb/mariadb.pid')]
  

• 读取节点下值（根据 节点+键 ）

  import configparser
  
  config = configparser.ConfigParser()
  config.read('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/luffyCourse/day09/files/my.conf', encoding='utf-8')
  
  value = config.get('mysqld', 'log-bin')
  print(value)
  
  >>输出
  py-mysql-bin
  

• 检查、删除、添加节点

  import configparser
  
  config = configparser.ConfigParser()
  config.read('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/luffyCourse/day09/files/my.conf', encoding='utf-8')
  # config.read('my.conf', encoding='utf-8')
  
  
  # 检查
  has_sec = config.has_section('mysqld')
  print(has_sec)
  
  # 添加节点
  config.add_section("SEC_1")
  # 节点中设置键值
  config.set('SEC_1', 'k10', "123")
  config.set('SEC_1', 'name', "哈哈哈哈哈")
  
  config.add_section("SEC_2")
  config.set('SEC_2', 'k10', "123")
  # 内容写入新文件
  config.write(open('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/luffyCourse/day09/files/xxoo.conf', 'w'))
  
  
  # 删除节点
  config.remove_section("SEC_2")
  # 删除节点中的键值
  config.remove_option('SEC_1', 'k10')
  config.write(open('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/luffyCourse/day09/files/new.conf', 'w'))
  

4.XML格式文件

可扩展标记语言，是一种简单的数据存储语言，XML 被设计用来传输和存储数据。

• 存储，可用来存放配置文件，例如：java的配置文件。
• 传输，网络传输时以这种格式存在，例如：早期ajax传输的数据、soap协议等。

<data>
    <country name="Liechtenstein">
        <rank updated="yes">2</rank>
        <year>2023</year>
        <gdppc>141100</gdppc>
        <neighbor direction="E" name="Austria" />
        <neighbor direction="W" name="Switzerland" />
    </country>
    <country name="Singapore">
        <rank updated="yes">5</rank>
        <year>2026</year>
        <gdppc>59900</gdppc>
        <neighbor direction="N" name="Malaysia" />
    </country>
    <country name="Panama">
        <rank updated="yes">69</rank>
        <year>2026</year>
        <gdppc>13600</gdppc>
        <neighbor direction="W" name="Costa Rica" />
        <neighbor direction="E" name="Colombia" />
    </country>
</data>

注意：在Python开发中用的相对来比较少，大家作为了解即可（后期课程在讲解微信支付、微信公众号消息处理 时会用到基于xml传输数据）。

例如：https://developers.weixin.qq.com/doc/offiaccount/Message_Management/Receiving_standard_messages.html

4.1 读取文件和内容

from lxml.etree import ElementTree as ET

# ET去打开xml文件
tree = ET.parse("files/xo.xml")

# 获取根标签
root = tree.getroot()

print(root) # <Element 'data' at 0x7f94e02763b0>

from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET

content = """
<data>
    <country name="Liechtenstein">
        <rank updated="yes">2</rank>
        <year>2023</year>
        <gdppc>141100</gdppc>
        <neighbor direction="E" name="Austria" />
        <neighbor direction="W" name="Switzerland" />
    </country>
     <country name="Panama">
        <rank updated="yes">69</rank>
        <year>2026</year>
        <gdppc>13600</gdppc>
        <neighbor direction="W" name="Costa Rica" />
        <neighbor direction="E" name="Colombia" />
    </country>
</data>
"""

root = ET.XML(content)
print(root)  # <Element 'data' at 0x7fdaa019cea0>

4.2 读取节点数据

from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET

content = """
<data>
    <country name="Liechtenstein" id="999" >
        <rank>2</rank>
        <year>2023</year>
        <gdppc>141100</gdppc>
        <neighbor direction="E" name="Austria" />
        <neighbor direction="W" name="Switzerland" />
    </country>
     <country name="Panama">
        <rank>69</rank>
        <year>2026</year>
        <gdppc>13600</gdppc>
        <neighbor direction="W" name="Costa Rica" />
        <neighbor direction="E" name="Colombia" />
    </country>
</data>
"""

# 获取根标签 data
root = ET.XML(content)

country_object = root.find("country")
print(country_object.tag, country_object.attrib)
gdppc_object = country_object.find("gdppc")
print(gdppc_object.tag,gdppc_object.attrib,gdppc_object.text)

from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET

content = """
<data>
    <country name="Liechtenstein">
        <rank>2</rank>
        <year>2023</year>
        <gdppc>141100</gdppc>
        <neighbor direction="E" name="Austria" />
        <neighbor direction="W" name="Switzerland" />
    </country>
     <country name="Panama">
        <rank>69</rank>
        <year>2026</year>
        <gdppc>13600</gdppc>
        <neighbor direction="W" name="Costa Rica" />
        <neighbor direction="E" name="Colombia" />
    </country>
</data>
"""

# 获取根标签 data
root = ET.XML(content)

# 获取data标签的孩子标签
for child in root:
    # child.tag = conntry
    # child.attrib = {"name":"Liechtenstein"}
    print(child.tag, child.attrib)
    for node in child:
        print(node.tag, node.attrib, node.text)

from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET

content = """
<data>
    <country name="Liechtenstein">
        <rank>2</rank>
        <year>2023</year>
        <gdppc>141100</gdppc>
        <neighbor direction="E" name="Austria" />
        <neighbor direction="W" name="Switzerland" />
    </country>
     <country name="Panama">
        <rank>69</rank>
        <year>2026</year>
        <gdppc>13600</gdppc>
        <neighbor direction="W" name="Costa Rica" />
        <neighbor direction="E" name="Colombia" />
    </country>
</data>
"""

root = ET.XML(content)

for child in root.iter('year'):
    print(child.tag, child.text)

from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET

content = """
<data>
    <country name="Liechtenstein">
        <rank>2</rank>
        <year>2023</year>
        <gdppc>141100</gdppc>
        <neighbor direction="E" name="Austria" />
        <neighbor direction="W" name="Switzerland" />
    </country>
     <country name="Panama">
        <rank>69</rank>
        <year>2026</year>
        <gdppc>13600</gdppc>
        <neighbor direction="W" name="Costa Rica" />
        <neighbor direction="E" name="Colombia" />
    </country>
</data>
"""

root = ET.XML(content)
v1 = root.findall('country')
print(v1)

v2 = root.find('country').find('rank')
print(v2.text)

4.3 修改和删除节点

from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET

content = """
<data>
    <country name="Liechtenstein">
        <rank>2</rank>
        <year>2023</year>
        <gdppc>141100</gdppc>
        <neighbor direction="E" name="Austria" />
        <neighbor direction="W" name="Switzerland" />
    </country>
     <country name="Panama">
        <rank>69</rank>
        <year>2026</year>
        <gdppc>13600</gdppc>
        <neighbor direction="W" name="Costa Rica" />
        <neighbor direction="E" name="Colombia" />
    </country>
</data>
"""

root = ET.XML(content)

# 修改节点内容和属性
rank = root.find('country').find('rank')
print(rank.text)
rank.text = "999"
rank.set('update', '2020-11-11')
print(rank.text, rank.attrib)
############ 保存文件 ############
tree = ET.ElementTree(root)
tree.write("new.xml", encoding='utf-8')


# 删除节点
root.remove( root.find('country') )
print(root.findall('country'))

############ 保存文件 ############
tree = ET.ElementTree(root)
tree.write("newnew.xml", encoding='utf-8')

4.4 构建文档

<home>
    <son name="儿1">
        <grandson name="儿11"></grandson>
        <grandson name="儿12"></grandson>
    </son>
    <son name="儿2"></son>
</home>

from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET

# 创建根标签
root = ET.Element("home")

# 创建节点大儿子
son1 = ET.Element('son', {'name': '儿1'})
# 创建小儿子
son2 = ET.Element('son', {"name": '儿2'})

# 在大儿子中创建两个孙子
grandson1 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿11'})
grandson2 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿12'})
son1.append(grandson1)
son1.append(grandson2)

# 把儿子添加到根节点中
root.append(son1)
root.append(son2)

tree = ET.ElementTree(root)
tree.write('oooo.xml', encoding='utf-8', short_empty_elements=False)

<famliy>
    <son name="儿1">
        <grandson name="儿11"></grandson>
        <grandson name="儿12"></grandson>
    </son>
    <son name="儿2"></son>
</famliy>

from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET

# 创建根节点
root = ET.Element("famliy")


# 创建大儿子
son1 = root.makeelement('son', {'name': '儿1'})
# 创建小儿子
son2 = root.makeelement('son', {"name": '儿2'})

# 在大儿子中创建两个孙子
grandson1 = son1.makeelement('grandson', {'name': '儿11'})
grandson2 = son1.makeelement('grandson', {'name': '儿12'})

son1.append(grandson1)
son1.append(grandson2)


# 把儿子添加到根节点中
root.append(son1)
root.append(son2)

tree = ET.ElementTree(root)
tree.write('oooo.xml',encoding='utf-8')

<famliy>
	<son name="儿1">
    	<age name="儿11">孙子</age>
    </son>
	<son name="儿2"></son>
</famliy>

from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET


# 创建根节点
root = ET.Element("famliy")


# 创建节点大儿子
son1 = ET.SubElement(root, "son", attrib={'name': '儿1'})
# 创建小儿子
son2 = ET.SubElement(root, "son", attrib={"name": "儿2"})

# 在大儿子中创建一个孙子
grandson1 = ET.SubElement(son1, "age", attrib={'name': '儿11'})
grandson1.text = '孙子'


et = ET.ElementTree(root)  #生成文档对象
et.write("test.xml", encoding="utf-8")

<user><![CDATA[你好呀]]</user>

from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET

# 创建根节点
root = ET.Element("user")
root.text = "<![CDATA[你好呀]]"

et = ET.ElementTree(root)  # 生成文档对象
et.write("test.xml", encoding="utf-8")

案例：

content = """<xml>
    <ToUserName><![CDATA[gh_7f083739789a]]></ToUserName>
    <FromUserName><![CDATA[oia2TjuEGTNoeX76QEjQNrcURxG8]]></FromUserName>
    <CreateTime>1395658920</CreateTime>
    <MsgType><![CDATA[event]]></MsgType>
    <Event><![CDATA[TEMPLATESENDJOBFINISH]]></Event>
    <MsgID>200163836</MsgID>
    <Status><![CDATA[success]]></Status>
</xml>"""

from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET

info = {}
root = ET.XML(content)
for node in root:
    # print(node.tag,node.text)
    info[node.tag] = node.text
print(info)

6.压缩文件

基于Python内置的shutil模块可以实现对压缩文件的操作。

import shutil

# 1. 压缩文件
"""
# base_name，压缩后的压缩包文件
# format，压缩的格式，例如："zip", "tar", "gztar", "bztar", or "xztar".
# root_dir，要压缩的文件夹路径
"""
# shutil.make_archive(base_name=r'datafile',format='zip',root_dir=r'files')


# 2. 解压文件
"""
# filename，要解压的压缩包文件
# extract_dir，解压的路径
# format，压缩文件格式
"""
# shutil.unpack_archive(filename=r'datafile.zip', extract_dir=r'xxxxxx/xo', format='zip')

7.路径相关

7.1 转义

windows路径使用的是\，linux路径使用的是/。

特别的，在windows系统中如果有这样的一个路径 D:\nxxx\txxx\x1，程序会报错。因为在路径中存在特殊符 \n（换行符）和\t（制表符），Python解释器无法自动区分。

所以，在windows中编写路径时，一般有两种方式：

• 加转义符，例如："D:\\nxxx\\txxx\\x1"
• 路径前加r，例如：r"D:\\nxxx\\txxx\\x1"

7.2 程序当前路径

项目中如果使用了相对路径，那么一定要注意当前所在的位置。

例如：在/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/CodeRepository/路径下编写 demo.py文件

with open("a1.txt", mode='w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
    f.write("你好呀")

用以下两种方式去运行：

• 方式1，文件会创建在 /Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/CodeRepository/ 目录下。

  cd /Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/CodeRepository/
  python demo.py
  

• 方式2，文件会创建在 /Users/wupeiqi目录下。

  cd /Users/wupeiqi
  python /Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/CodeRepository/demo.py
  

import os

"""
# 1.获取当前运行的py脚本所在路径
abs = os.path.abspath(__file__)
print(abs) # /Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/luffyCourse/day09/20.路径相关.py
path = os.path.dirname(abs)
print(path) # /Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/luffyCourse/day09
"""
base_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
file_path = os.path.join(base_dir, 'files', 'info.txt')
print(file_path)
if os.path.exists(file_path):
    file_object = open(file_path, mode='r', encoding='utf-8')
    data = file_object.read()
    file_object.close()

    print(data)
else:
    print('文件路径不存在')

7.3 文件和路径相关

import shutil
import os

# 1. 获取当前脚本绝对路径
"""
abs_path = os.path.abspath(__file__)
print(abs_path)
"""

# 2. 获取当前文件的上级目录
"""
base_path = os.path.dirname( os.path.dirname(路径) ）
print(base_path)
"""

# 3. 路径拼接
"""
p1 = os.path.join(base_path, 'xx')
print(p1)

p2 = os.path.join(base_path, 'xx', 'oo', 'a1.png')
print(p2)
"""

# 4. 判断路径是否存在
"""
exists = os.path.exists(p1)
print(exists)
"""

# 5. 创建文件夹
"""
os.makedirs(路径)
"""
"""
path = os.path.join(base_path, 'xx', 'oo', 'uuuu')
if not os.path.exists(path):
    os.makedirs(path)
"""

# 6. 是否是文件夹
"""
file_path = os.path.join(base_path, 'xx', 'oo', 'uuuu.png')
is_dir = os.path.isdir(file_path)
print(is_dir) # False

folder_path = os.path.join(base_path, 'xx', 'oo', 'uuuu')
is_dir = os.path.isdir(folder_path)
print(is_dir) # True

"""

# 7. 删除文件或文件夹
"""
os.remove("文件路径")
"""
"""
path = os.path.join(base_path, 'xx')
shutil.rmtree(path)
"""

# 8. 拷贝文件夹
"""
shutil.copytree("/Users/wupeiqi/Desktop/图/csdn/","/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/CodeRepository/files")
"""

# 9.拷贝文件
"""
shutil.copy("/Users/wupeiqi/Desktop/图/csdn/WX20201123-112406@2x.png","/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/CodeRepository/")
shutil.copy("/Users/wupeiqi/Desktop/图/csdn/WX20201123-112406@2x.png","/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/CodeRepository/x.png")
"""

# 10.文件或文件夹重命名
"""
shutil.move("/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/CodeRepository/x.png","/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/CodeRepository/xxxx.png")
shutil.move("/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/CodeRepository/files","/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/CodeRepository/images")
"""

总结

今天我们主要围绕着文件 相关的操作来展开进行讲解，让大家能够基于Python处理不同格式的文件。由于涉及的知识点比较多，所以今日的内容学起来会比较耗时，但都比较简单，只需要理解并编写好相关笔记以便后期开发时翻阅。

1. 文件相对路径，在使用相对路径时可能会执行程序的目录不同，导致路径出问题。所以，如若使用相对路径请务必清楚当前运行程序所在目录。

2. 文件绝对路径（推荐），不要将文件路径写死，而是基于 os 模块中的相关功能自动化获取绝对路径，以方便项目移动到其他文件或电脑上。

   import os
   base_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
   file_path = os.path.join(base_dir, 'files', 'info.txt')
   

3. 路径转义

   • 手动写路径，需要自己在路径中添加 r 或 加入 \ 来进行处理。
   • 基于os.path.join拼接，内部自动处理，不需要手动处理。

4. 内置函数、内置模块、第三方模块的区别？

5. 如何去下载安装第三方模块？

   pip install 模块名称
   

   • requests模块，可以用来发送网络请求。
   • openpyxl模块，处理Excel格式的文件。

1.1 json

json模块，是python内部的一个模块，可以将python的数据格式 转换为json格式的数据，也可以将json格式的数据转换为python的数据格式。

json格式，是一个数据格式（本质上就是个字符串，常用语网络数据传输）

# Python中的数据类型的格式
data = [
    {"id": 1, "name": "武沛齐", "age": 18},
    {"id": 2, "name": "alex", "age": 18},
    ('wupeiqi',123),
]

# JSON格式
value = '[{"id": 1, "name": "武沛齐", "age": 18}, {"id": 2, "name": "alex", "age": 18},["wupeiqi",123]]'

1.1.1 核心功能

json格式的作用？

跨语言数据传输，例如：
	A系统用Python开发，有列表类型和字典类型等。
	B系统用Java开发，有数组、map等的类型。

	语言不同，基础数据类型格式都不同。
	
	为了方便数据传输，大家约定一个格式：json格式，每种语言都是将自己数据类型转换为json格式，也可以将json格式的数据转换为自己的数据类型。

Python数据类型与json格式的相互转换：

• 数据类型 -> json ，一般称为：序列化

  import json
  
  data = [
      {"id": 1, "name": "武沛齐", "age": 18},
      {"id": 2, "name": "alex", "age": 18},
  ]
  
  res = json.dumps(data)
  print(res) # '[{"id": 1, "name": "\u6b66\u6c9b\u9f50", "age": 18}, {"id": 2, "name": "alex", "age": 18}]'
  
  res = json.dumps(data, ensure_ascii=False)
  print(res) # '[{"id": 1, "name": "武沛齐", "age": 18}, {"id": 2, "name": "alex", "age": 18}]'
  

• json格式 -> 数据类型，一般称为：反序列化

  import json
  
  data_string = '[{"id": 1, "name": "武沛齐", "age": 18}, {"id": 2, "name": "alex", "age": 18}]'
  
  data_list = json.loads(data_string)
  
  print(data_list)
  

练习题

1. 写网站，给用户返回json格式数据

   • 安装flask模块，协助我们快速写网站（之前已安装过）

     pip3 install flask
     

   • 使用flask写网站

     import json
     from flask import Flask
     
     app = Flask(__name__)
     
     
     def index():
         return "首页"
     
     
     def users():
         data = [
             {"id": 1, "name": "武沛齐", "age": 18},
             {"id": 2, "name": "alex", "age": 18},
         ]
         return json.dumps(data)
     
     
     app.add_url_rule('/index/', view_func=index, endpoint='index')
     app.add_url_rule('/users/', view_func=users, endpoint='users')
     
     if __name__ == '__main__':
         app.run()
     

2. 发送网络请求，获取json格式数据并处理。

   import json
   import requests
   
   url = "https://movie.douban.com/j/search_subjects?type=movie&tag=%E7%83%AD%E9%97%A8&sort=recommend&page_limit=5&page_start=20"
   
   res = requests.get(
       url=url,
       headers={
           "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/87.0.4280.88 Safari/537.36"
       }
   )
   
   # json格式
   print(res.text)
   
   # json格式转换为python数据类型
   data_dict = json.loads(res.text)
   print(data_dict)
   

1.1.2 类型要求

python的数据类型转换为 json 格式，对数据类型是有要求的，默认只支持：

    +-------------------+---------------+
    | Python            | JSON          |
    +===================+===============+
    | dict              | object        |
    +-------------------+---------------+
    | list, tuple       | array         |
    +-------------------+---------------+
    | str               | string        |
    +-------------------+---------------+
    | int, float        | number        |
    +-------------------+---------------+
    | True              | true          |
    +-------------------+---------------+
    | False             | false         |
    +-------------------+---------------+
    | None              | null          |
    +-------------------+---------------+

data = [
    {"id": 1, "name": "武沛齐", "age": 18},
    {"id": 2, "name": "alex", "age": 18},
]

其他类型如果想要支持，需要自定义JSONEncoder 才能实现【目前只需要了解大概意思即可，以后项目开发中用到了还会讲解。】，例如：

import json
from decimal import Decimal
from datetime import datetime

data = [
    {"id": 1, "name": "武沛齐", "age": 18, 'size': Decimal("18.99"), 'ctime': datetime.now()},
    {"id": 2, "name": "alex", "age": 18, 'size': Decimal("9.99"), 'ctime': datetime.now()},
]


class MyJSONEncoder(json.JSONEncoder):
    def default(self, o):
        if type(o) == Decimal:
            return str(o)
        elif type(o) == datetime:
            return o.strftime("%Y-%M-%d")
        return super().default(o)


res = json.dumps(data, cls=MyJSONEncoder)
print(res)

1.1.3 其他功能

json模块中常用的是：

• json.dumps，序列化生成一个字符串。

• json.loads，发序列化生成python数据类型。

• json.dump，将数据序列化并写入文件（不常用）

  import json
  
  data = [
      {"id": 1, "name": "武沛齐", "age": 18},
      {"id": 2, "name": "alex", "age": 18},
  ]
  
  file_object = open('xxx.json', mode='w', encoding='utf-8')
  
  json.dump(data, file_object)
  
  file_object.close()
  

• json.load，读取文件中的数据并反序列化为python的数据类型（不常用）

  import json
  
  file_object = open('xxx.json', mode='r', encoding='utf-8')
  
  data = json.load(file_object)
  print(data)
  
  file_object.close()
  

1.2 时间处理

• UTC/GMT：世界时间

• 本地时间：本地时区的时间。

Python中关于时间处理的模块有两个，分别是time和datetime。

1.2.1 time

import time

# 获取当前时间戳（自1970-1-1 00:00）
v1 = time.time()
print(v1)

# 时区
v2 = time.timezone

# 停止n秒，再执行后续的代码。
time.sleep(5)

1.2.2 datetime

在平时开发过程中的时间一般是以为如下三种格式存在：

• datetime

  from datetime import datetime, timezone, timedelta
  
  v1 = datetime.now()  # 当前本地时间
  print(v1)
  
  tz = timezone(timedelta(hours=7))  # 当前东7区时间
  v2 = datetime.now(tz)
  print(v2)
  
  v3 = datetime.utcnow()  # 当前UTC时间
  print(v3)
  

  from datetime import datetime, timedelta
  
  v1 = datetime.now()
  print(v1)
  
  # 时间的加减
  v2 = v1 + timedelta(days=140, minutes=5)
  print(v2)
  
  # datetime类型 + timedelta类型
  

  from datetime import datetime, timezone, timedelta
  
  v1 = datetime.now()
  print(v1)
  
  v2 = datetime.utcnow()  # 当前UTC时间
  print(v2)
  
  # datetime之间相减，计算间隔时间（不能相加）
  data = v1 - v2
  print(data.days, data.seconds / 60 / 60, data.microseconds)
  
  # datetime类型 - datetime类型
  # datetime类型 比较 datetime类型
  

• 字符串

  # 字符串格式的时间  ---> 转换为datetime格式时间
  text = "2021-11-11"
  v1 = datetime.strptime(text,'%Y-%m-%d') # %Y 年，%m，月份，%d，天。
  print(v1)
  

  # datetime格式 ----> 转换为字符串格式
  v1 = datetime.now()
  val = v1.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
  print(val)
  

• 时间戳

  # 时间戳格式 --> 转换为datetime格式
  ctime = time.time() # 11213245345.123
  v1 = datetime.fromtimestamp(ctime)
  print(v1)
  

  # datetime格式 ---> 转换为时间戳格式
  v1 = datetime.now()
  val = v1.timestamp()
  print(val)
  

练习题

1. 日志记录，将用户输入的信息写入到文件，文件名格式为年-月-日-时-分.txt。

   from datetime import datetime
   
   while True:
       text = input("请输入内容：")
       if text.upper() == "Q":
           break
           
       current_datetime = datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d-%H-%M")
       file_name = "{}.txt".format(current_datetime)
       
       with open(file_name, mode='a', encoding='utf-8') as file_object:
           file_object.write(text)
           file_object.flush()
   

2. 用户注册，将用户信息写入Excel，其中包含：用户名、密码、注册时间 三列。

   import os
   import hashlib
   from datetime import datetime
   
   from openpyxl import load_workbook
   from openpyxl import workbook
   
   
   BASE_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
   FILE_NAME = "db.xlsx"
   
   
   def md5(origin):
       hash_object = hashlib.md5("sdfsdfsdfsd23sd".encode('utf-8'))
       hash_object.update(origin.encode('utf-8'))
       return hash_object.hexdigest()
   
   
   def register(username, password):
       db_file_path = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, FILE_NAME)
       if os.path.exists(db_file_path):
           wb = load_workbook(db_file_path)
           sheet = wb.worksheets[0]
           next_row_position = sheet.max_row + 1
       else:
           wb = workbook.Workbook()
           sheet = wb.worksheets[0]
           next_row_position = 1
   
       user = sheet.cell(next_row_position, 1)
       user.value = username
   
       pwd = sheet.cell(next_row_position, 2)
       pwd.value = md5(password)
   
       ctime = sheet.cell(next_row_position, 3)
       ctime.value = datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
   
       wb.save(db_file_path)
   
   
   def run():
       while True:
           username = input("请输入用户名：")
           if username.upper() == "Q":
               break
           password = input("请输入密码：")
           register(username, password)
   
   
   if __name__ == '__main__':
       run()
   
   

1.3 正则表达式相关

当给你一大堆文本信息，让你提取其中的指定数据时，可以使用正则来实现。例如：提取文本中的邮箱和手机号

import re

text = "楼主太牛逼了，在线想要 442662578@qq.com和xxxxx@live.com谢谢楼主，手机号也可15131255789，搞起来呀"

phone_list = re.findall("1[3|5|8|9]\d{9}", text)
print(phone_list)

1.3.1 正则表达式

1. 字符相关

• wupeiqi 匹配文本中的wupeiqi

  import re
  
  text = "你好wupeiqi,阿斯顿发wupeiqasd 阿士大夫能接受的wupeiqiff"
  data_list = re.findall("wupeiqi", text)
  print(data_list) # ['wupeiqi', 'wupeiqi'] 可用于计算字符串中某个字符出现的次数
  

• [abc] 匹配a或b或c 字符。

  import re
  
  text = "你2b好wupeiqi,阿斯顿发awupeiqasd 阿士大夫a能接受的wffbbupqaceiqiff"
  data_list = re.findall("[abc]", text)
  print(data_list) # ['b', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'b', 'b', 'c']
  

  import re
  
  text = "你2b好wupeiqi,阿斯顿发awupeiqasd 阿士大夫a能接受的wffbbupqcceiqiff"
  data_list = re.findall("q[abc]", text)
  print(data_list) # ['qa', 'qc']
  

• [^abc] 匹配除了abc意外的其他字符。

  import re
  
  text = "你wffbbupceiqiff"
  data_list = re.findall("[^abc]", text)
  print(data_list)  # ['你', 'w', 'f', 'f', 'u', 'p', 'e', 'i', 'q', 'i', 'f', 'f']
  

• [a-z] 匹配a~z的任意字符（ [0-9]也可以 ）。

  import re
  
  text = "alexrootrootadmin"
  data_list = re.findall("t[a-z]", text)
  print(data_list)  # ['tr', 'ta']
  

• . 代指除换行符以外的任意字符。

  import re
  
  text = "alexraotrootadmin"
  data_list = re.findall("r.o", text)
  print(data_list) # ['rao', 'roo']
  

  import re
  
  text = "alexraotrootadmin"
  data_list = re.findall("r.+o", text) # 贪婪匹配
  print(data_list) # ['raotroo']
  

  import re
  
  text = "alexraotrootadmin"
  data_list = re.findall("r.+?o", text) # 非贪婪匹配
  print(data_list) # ['rao']
  

• \w 代指字母或数字或下划线（汉字）。

  import re
  
  text = "北京武沛alex齐北  京武沛alex齐"
  data_list = re.findall("武\w+x", text)
  print(data_list) # ['武沛alex', '武沛alex']
  

• \d 代指数字

  import re
  
  text = "root-ad32min-add3-admd1in"
  data_list = re.findall("d\d", text)
  print(data_list) # ['d3', 'd3', 'd1']
  

  import re
  
  text = "root-ad32min-add3-admd1in"
  data_list = re.findall("d\d+", text)
  print(data_list) # ['d32', 'd3', 'd1']
  

• \s 代指任意的空白符，包括空格、制表符等。

  import re
  
  text = "root admin add admin"
  data_list = re.findall("a\w+\s\w+", text)
  print(data_list) # ['admin add']
  

2. 数量相关

• * 重复0次或更多次

  import re
  
  text = "他是大B个，确实是个大2B。"
  data_list = re.findall("大2*B", text)
  print(data_list) # ['大B', '大2B']
  

• + 重复1次或更多次

  import re
  
  text = "他是大B个，确实是个大2B，大3B，大66666B。"
  data_list = re.findall("大\d+B", text)
  print(data_list) # ['大2B', '大3B', '大66666B']
  

• ? 重复0次或1次

  import re
  
  text = "他是大B个，确实是个大2B，大3B，大66666B。"
  data_list = re.findall("大\d?B", text)
  print(data_list) # ['大B', '大2B', '大3B']
  

• {n} 重复n次

  import re
  
  text = "楼主太牛逼了，在线想要 442662578@qq.com和xxxxx@live.com谢谢楼主，手机号也可15131255789，搞起来呀"
  data_list = re.findall("151312\d{5}", text)
  print(data_list) # ['15131255789']
  

• {n,} 重复n次或更多次

  import re
  
  text = "楼主太牛逼了，在线想要 442662578@qq.com和xxxxx@live.com谢谢楼主，手机号也可15131255789，搞起来呀"
  data_list = re.findall("\d{9,}", text)
  print(data_list) # ['442662578', '15131255789']
  
  

• {n,m} 重复n到m次

  import re
  
  text = "楼主太牛逼了，在线想要 442662578@qq.com和xxxxx@live.com谢谢楼主，手机号也可15131255789，搞起来呀"
  data_list = re.findall("\d{10,15}", text)
  print(data_list) # ['15131255789']
  

3. 括号（分组）

• 提取数据区域

  import re
  
  text = "楼主太牛逼了，在线想要 442662578@qq.com和xxxxx@live.com谢谢楼主，手机号也可15131255789，搞起来呀"
  data_list = re.findall("15131(2\d{5})", text)
  print(data_list)  # ['255789']
  

  import re
  
  text = "楼主太牛逼了，在线想要 442662578@qq.com和xxxxx@live.com谢谢楼主，手机号也可15131255789，搞起来15131266666呀"
  data_list = re.findall("15(13)1(2\d{5})", text)
  print(data_list)  # [ ('13', '255789')   ]
  

  import re
  
  text = "楼主太牛逼了，在线想要 442662578@qq.com和xxxxx@live.com谢谢楼主，手机号也可15131255789，搞起来呀"
  data_list = re.findall("(15131(2\d{5}))", text)
  print(data_list)  # [('15131255789', '255789')]
  

• 获取指定区域 + 或条件

  import re
  
  text = "楼主15131root太牛15131alex逼了，在线想要 442662578@qq.com和xxxxx@live.com谢谢楼主，手机号也可15131255789，搞起来呀"
  data_list = re.findall("15131(2\d{5}|r\w+太)", text)
  print(data_list)  # ['root太', '255789']
  

  import re
  
  text = "楼主15131root太牛15131alex逼了，在线想要 442662578@qq.com和xxxxx@live.com谢谢楼主，手机号也可15131255789，搞起来呀"
  data_list = re.findall("(15131(2\d{5}|r\w+太))", text)
  print(data_list)  # [('15131root太', 'root太'), ('15131255789', '255789')]
  

  练习题

1. 利用正则匹配QQ号码

   [1-9]\d{4,}
   

2. 身份证号码

   import re
   
   text = "dsf130429191912015219k13042919591219521Xkk"
   data_list = re.findall("\d{17}[\dX]", text) # [abc]
   print(data_list) # ['130429191912015219', '13042919591219521X']
   

   import re
   
   text = "dsf130429191912015219k13042919591219521Xkk"
   data_list = re.findall("\d{17}(\d|X)", text)
   print(data_list) # ['9', 'X']
   

   import re
   
   text = "dsf130429191912015219k13042919591219521Xkk"
   data_list = re.findall("(\d{17}(\d|X))", text)
   print(data_list) # [('130429191912015219', '9'), ('13042919591219521X', 'X')]
   

   import re
   
   text = "dsf130429191912015219k13042919591219521Xkk"
   data_list = re.findall("(\d{6})(\d{4})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{3})([0-9]|X)", text)
   print(data_list) # [('130429', '1919', '12', '01', '521', '9'), ('130429', '1959', '12', '19', '521', 'X')]
   

3. 手机号

   import re
   
   text = "我的手机哈是15133377892，你的手机号是1171123啊？"
   data_list = re.findall("1[3-9]\d{9}", text)
   print(data_list)  # ['15133377892']
   

4. 邮箱地址

   import re
   
   text = "楼主太牛逼了，在线想要 442662578@qq.com和xxxxx@live.com谢谢楼主，手机号也可15131255789，搞起来呀"
   email_list = re.findall("\w+@\w+\.\w+",text)
   print(email_list) # ['442662578@qq.com和xxxxx']
   

   import re
   
   text = "楼主太牛逼了，在线想要 442662578@qq.com和xxxxx@live.com谢谢楼主，手机号也可15131255789，搞起来呀"
   email_list = re.findall("[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+", text, re.ASCII)
   print(email_list) # ['442662578@qq.com', 'xxxxx@live.com']
   
   

   import re
   
   text = "楼主太牛逼了，在线想要 442662578@qq.com和xxxxx@live.com谢谢楼主，手机号也可15131255789，搞起来呀"
   email_list = re.findall("\w+@\w+\.\w+", text, re.ASCII)
   print(email_list) # ['442662578@qq.com', 'xxxxx@live.com']
   

   import re
   
   text = "楼主太牛44266-2578@qq.com逼了，在线想要 442662578@qq.com和xxxxx@live.com谢谢楼主，手机号也可15131255789，搞起来呀"
   email_list = re.findall("(\w+([-+.]\w+)*@\w+([-.]\w+)*\.\w+([-.]\w+)*)", text, re.ASCII)
   print(email_list) # [('44266-2578@qq.com', '-2578', '', ''), ('xxxxx@live.com', '', '', '')]
   

5. 补充代码，实现获取页面上的所有评论（已实现），并提取里面的邮箱。

   # 先安装两个模块
   pip3 install requests
   pip3 install beautifulsoup4
   

   import re
   import requests
   from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
   
   res = requests.get(
       url="https://www.douban.com/group/topic/79870081/",
       headers={
           'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_0) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/80.0.3987.163 Safari/537.36',
       }
   )
   bs_object = BeautifulSoup(res.text, "html.parser")
   comment_object_list = bs_object.find_all("p", attrs={"class": "reply-content"})
   for comment_object in comment_object_list:
       text = comment_object.text
       print(text)
       # 请继续补充代码，提取text中的邮箱地址
   
   

4. 起始和结束

上述示例中都是去一段文本中提取数据，只要文本中存在即可。

但，如果要求用户输入的内容必须是指定的内容开头和结尾，比就需要用到如下两个字符。

• ^ 开始
• $ 结束

import re

text = "啊442662578@qq.com我靠"
email_list = re.findall("^\w+@\w+.\w+$", text, re.ASCII)
print(email_list) # []

import re

text = "442662578@qq.com"
email_list = re.findall("^\w+@\w+.\w+$", text, re.ASCII)
print(email_list) # ['442662578@qq.com']

这种一般用于对用户输入数据格式的校验比较多，例如：

import re

text = input("请输入邮箱：")
email = re.findall("^\w+@\w+.\w+$", text, re.ASCII)
if not email:
    print("邮箱格式错误")
else:
    print(email)

5. 特殊字符

由于正则表达式中 * . \ { } ( ) 等都具有特殊的含义，所以如果想要在正则中匹配这种指定的字符，需要转义，例如：

import re

text = "我是你{5}爸爸"
data = re.findall("你{5}爸", text)
print(data) # []

import re

text = "我是你{5}爸爸"
data = re.findall("你\{5\}爸", text)
print(data)

1.3.2 re模块

python中提供了re模块，可以处理正则表达式并对文本进行处理。

• findall，获取匹配到的所有数据

  import re
  
  text = "dsf130429191912015219k13042919591219521Xkk"
  data_list = re.findall("(\d{6})(\d{4})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{3})([0-9]|X)", text)
  print(data_list) # [('130429', '1919', '12', '01', '521', '9'), ('130429', '1959', '12', '19', '521', 'X')]
  

• match，从起始位置开始匹配，匹配成功返回一个对象，未匹配成功返回None

  import re
  
  text = "大小逗2B最逗3B欢乐"
  data = re.match("逗\dB", text)
  print(data) # None
  

  import re
  
  text = "逗2B最逗3B欢乐"
  data = re.match("逗\dB", text)
  if data:
      content = data.group() # "逗2B"
      print(content)
  

• search，浏览整个字符串去匹配第一个，未匹配成功返回None

  import re
  
  text = "大小逗2B最逗3B欢乐"
  data = re.search("逗\dB", text)
  if data:
      print(data.group())  # "逗2B"
  

• sub，替换匹配成功的位置

  import re
  
  text = "逗2B最逗3B欢乐"
  data = re.sub("\dB", "沙雕", text)
  print(data) # 逗沙雕最逗沙雕欢乐
  

  import re
  
  text = "逗2B最逗3B欢乐"
  data = re.sub("\dB", "沙雕", text, 1)
  print(data) # 逗沙雕最逗3B欢乐
  

• split，根据匹配成功的位置分割

  import re
  
  text = "逗2B最逗3B欢乐"
  data = re.split("\dB", text)
  print(data) # ['逗', '最逗', '欢乐']
  

  import re
  
  text = "逗2B最逗3B欢乐"
  data = re.split("\dB", text, 1)
  print(data) # ['逗', '最逗3B欢乐']
  

• finditer

  import re
  
  text = "逗2B最逗3B欢乐"
  data = re.finditer("\dB", text)
  for item in data:
      print(item.group())
  

  import re
  
  text = "逗2B最逗3B欢乐"
  data = re.finditer("(?P<xx>\dB)", text)  # 命名分组
  for item in data:
      print(item.groupdict())
  

  text = "dsf130429191912015219k13042919591219521Xkk"
  data_list = re.finditer("\d{6}(?P<year>\d{4})(?P<month>\d{2})(?P<day>\d{2})\d{3}[\d|X]", text)
  for item in data_list:
      info_dict = item.groupdict()
      print(info_dict)
  

3.1 os

import os

# 1. 获取当前脚本绝对路径
"""
abs_path = os.path.abspath(__file__)
print(abs_path)
"""

# 2. 获取当前文件的上级目录
"""
base_path = os.path.dirname( os.path.dirname(路径) ）
print(base_path)
"""

# 3. 路径拼接
"""
p1 = os.path.join(base_path, 'xx')
print(p1)

p2 = os.path.join(base_path, 'xx', 'oo', 'a1.png')
print(p2)
"""

# 4. 判断路径是否存在
"""
exists = os.path.exists(p1)
print(exists)
"""

# 5. 创建文件夹
"""
os.makedirs(路径)
"""
"""
path = os.path.join(base_path, 'xx', 'oo', 'uuuu')
if not os.path.exists(path):
    os.makedirs(path)
"""

# 6. 是否是文件夹
"""
file_path = os.path.join(base_path, 'xx', 'oo', 'uuuu.png')
is_dir = os.path.isdir(file_path)
print(is_dir) # False

folder_path = os.path.join(base_path, 'xx', 'oo', 'uuuu')
is_dir = os.path.isdir(folder_path)
print(is_dir) # True

"""

# 7. 删除文件或文件夹
"""
os.remove("文件路径")
"""
"""
path = os.path.join(base_path, 'xx')
shutil.rmtree(path)
"""

• listdir，查看目录下所有的文件
• walk，查看目录下所有的文件（含子孙文件）

import os

"""
data = os.listdir("/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/luffyCourse/day14/commons")
print(data)
# ['convert.py', '__init__.py', 'page.py', '__pycache__', 'utils.py', 'tencent']
"""

"""
要遍历一个文件夹下的所有文件，例如：遍历文件夹下的所有mp4文件
"""

data = os.walk("/Users/wupeiqi/Documents/视频教程/路飞Python/mp4")
for path, folder_list, file_list in data:
    for file_name in file_list:
        file_abs_path = os.path.join(path, file_name)
        ext = file_abs_path.rsplit(".",1)[-1]
        if ext == "mp4":
            print(file_abs_path)

3.2 shutil

import shutil

# 1. 删除文件夹
"""
path = os.path.join(base_path, 'xx')
shutil.rmtree(path)
"""

# 2. 拷贝文件夹
"""
shutil.copytree("/Users/wupeiqi/Desktop/图/csdn/","/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/CodeRepository/files")
"""

# 3.拷贝文件
"""
shutil.copy("/Users/wupeiqi/Desktop/图/csdn/WX20201123-112406@2x.png","/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/CodeRepository/")
shutil.copy("/Users/wupeiqi/Desktop/图/csdn/WX20201123-112406@2x.png","/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/CodeRepository/x.png")
"""

# 4.文件或文件夹重命名
"""
shutil.move("/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/CodeRepository/x.png","/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/CodeRepository/xxxx.png")
shutil.move("/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/CodeRepository/files","/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/CodeRepository/images")
"""

# 5. 压缩文件
"""
# base_name，压缩后的压缩包文件
# format，压缩的格式，例如："zip", "tar", "gztar", "bztar", or "xztar".
# root_dir，要压缩的文件夹路径
"""
# shutil.make_archive(base_name=r'datafile',format='zip',root_dir=r'files')


# 6. 解压文件
"""
# filename，要解压的压缩包文件
# extract_dir，解压的路径
# format，压缩文件格式
"""
# shutil.unpack_archive(filename=r'datafile.zip', extract_dir=r'xxxxxx/xo', format='zip')

3.3 sys

import sys

# 1. 获取解释器版本
"""
print(sys.version)
print(sys.version_info)
print(sys.version_info.major, sys.version_info.minor, sys.version_info.micro)
"""

# 2. 导入模块路径
"""
print(sys.path)
"""

• argv，执行脚本时，python解释器后面传入的参数

import sys

print(sys.argv)


# [
#       '/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/luffyCourse/day14/2.接受执行脚本的参数.py'
# ]

# [
#     "2.接受执行脚本的参数.py"
# ]

# ['2.接受执行脚本的参数.py', '127', '999', '666', 'wupeiqi']

# 例如，请实现下载图片的一个工具。

def download_image(url):
    print("下载图片", url)


def run():
    # 接受用户传入的参数
    url_list = sys.argv[1:]
    for url in url_list:
        download_image(url)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    run()

3.4 random

import random

# 1. 获取范围内的随机整数
v = random.randint(10, 20)
print(v)

# 2. 获取范围内的随机小数
v = random.uniform(1, 10)
print(v)

# 3. 随机抽取一个元素
v = random.choice([11, 22, 33, 44, 55])
print(v)

# 4. 随机抽取多个元素
v = random.sample([11, 22, 33, 44, 55], 3)
print(v)

# 5. 打乱顺序
data = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
random.shuffle(data)
print(data)

3.5 hashlib

import hashlib

hash_object = hashlib.md5()
hash_object.update("武沛齐".encode('utf-8'))
result = hash_object.hexdigest()
print(result)

import hashlib

hash_object = hashlib.md5("iajfsdunjaksdjfasdfasdf".encode('utf-8'))
hash_object.update("武沛齐".encode('utf-8'))
result = hash_object.hexdigest()
print(result)

3.6 configparser