设计模式（二）：观察者模式

  在此种模式中，一个目标对象管理所有相依于它的观察者对象，并且在它本身的状态改变时主动发出通知。这通常透过呼叫各观察者所提供的方法来实现。此种模式通常被用来实作事件处理系统。

  通俗点来说，就是一个主题类(subject)在状态发生改变时，通过观察者(observer)提供的方法，来更新观察者的状态。首先观察者需要到主题类中注册。

附带维基百科的代码：

python:相对简洁

class AbstractSubject(object):
    def register(self, listener):
        raise NotImplementedError("Must subclass me")
 
    def unregister(self, listener):
        raise NotImplementedError("Must subclass me")
 
    def notify_listeners(self, event):
        raise NotImplementedError("Must subclass me")
 
class Listener(object):
    def __init__(self, name, subject):
        self.name = name
        subject.register(self)
 
    def notify(self, event):
        print self.name, "received event", event
 
class Subject(AbstractSubject):
    def __init__(self):
        self.listeners = []
        self.data = None
 
    def getUserAction(self):
        self.data = raw_input('Enter something to do:')
        return self.data
 
    # Implement abstract Class AbstractSubject
 
    def register(self, listener):
        self.listeners.append(listener)
 
    def unregister(self, listener):
        self.listeners.remove(listener)
 
    def notify_listeners(self, event):
        for listener in self.listeners:
            listener.notify(event)
 
 
if __name__=="__main__":
    # make a subject object to spy on
    subject = Subject()
 
    # register two listeners to monitor it.
    listenerA = Listener("<listener A>", subject)
    listenerB = Listener("<listener B>", subject)
 
    # simulated event
    subject.notify_listeners ("<event 1>")
    # outputs:
    #     <listener A> received event <event 1>
    #     <listener B> received event <event 1>
 
    action = subject.getUserAction()
    subject.notify_listeners(action)
    #Enter something to do:hello
    # outputs:
    #     <listener A> received event hello
    #     <listener B> received event hello

C++代码，需要多理解：

#include <list>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
 
// The Abstract Observer
class ObserverBoardInterface
{
public:
    virtual void update(float a,float b,float c) = 0;
};
 
// Abstract Interface for Displays
class DisplayBoardInterface
{
public:
    virtual void show() = 0;
};
 
// The Abstract Subject
class WeatherDataInterface
{
public:
    virtual void registerob(ObserverBoardInterface* ob) = 0;
    virtual void removeob(ObserverBoardInterface* ob) = 0;
    virtual void notifyOb() = 0;
};
 
// The Concrete Subject
class ParaWeatherData: public WeatherDataInterface
{
public:
    void SensorDataChange(float a,float b,float c)
    {
        m_humidity = a;
        m_temperature = b;
        m_pressure = c;
        notifyOb();
    }
 
    void registerob(ObserverBoardInterface* ob)
    {
        m_obs.push_back(ob);
    }
 
    void removeob(ObserverBoardInterface* ob)
    {
        m_obs.remove(ob);
    }
protected:
    void notifyOb()
    {
        list<ObserverBoardInterface*>::iterator pos = m_obs.begin();
        while (pos != m_obs.end())
        {
            ((ObserverBoardInterface* )(*pos))->update(m_humidity,m_temperature,m_pressure);
            (dynamic_cast<DisplayBoardInterface*>(*pos))->show();
            ++pos;
        }
    }
 
private:
    float        m_humidity;
    float        m_temperature;
    float        m_pressure;
    list<ObserverBoardInterface* > m_obs;
};
 
// A Concrete Observer
class CurrentConditionBoard : public ObserverBoardInterface, public DisplayBoardInterface
{
public:
    CurrentConditionBoard(WeatherDataInterface& a):m_data(a)
    {
        m_data.registerob(this);
    }
    void show()
    {
        cout<<"_____CurrentConditionBoard_____"<<endl;
        cout<<"humidity: "<<m_h<<endl;
        cout<<"temperature: "<<m_t<<endl;
        cout<<"pressure: "<<m_p<<endl;
        cout<<"_______________________________"<<endl;
    }
 
    void update(float h, float t, float p)
    {
        m_h = h;
        m_t = t;
        m_p = p;
    }
 
private:
    float m_h;
    float m_t;
    float m_p;
    WeatherDataInterface& m_data;
};
 
// A Concrete Observer
class StatisticBoard : public ObserverBoardInterface, public DisplayBoardInterface
{
public:
    StatisticBoard(WeatherDataInterface& a):m_maxt(-1000),m_mint(1000),m_avet(0),m_count(0),m_data(a)
    {
        m_data.registerob(this);
    }
 
    void show()
    {
        cout<<"________StatisticBoard_________"<<endl;
        cout<<"lowest  temperature: "<<m_mint<<endl;
        cout<<"highest temperature: "<<m_maxt<<endl;
        cout<<"average temperature: "<<m_avet<<endl;
        cout<<"_______________________________"<<endl;
    }
 
    void update(float h, float t, float p)
    {
        ++m_count;
        if (t>m_maxt)
        {
            m_maxt = t;
        }
        if (t<m_mint)
        {
            m_mint = t;
        }
        m_avet = (m_avet * (m_count-1) + t)/m_count;
    }
 
private:
    float m_maxt;
    float  m_mint;
    float m_avet;
    int m_count;
    WeatherDataInterface& m_data;
};
 
 
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
 
    ParaWeatherData * wdata = new ParaWeatherData;
    CurrentConditionBoard* currentB = new CurrentConditionBoard(*wdata);
    StatisticBoard* statisticB = new StatisticBoard(*wdata);
 
    wdata->SensorDataChange(10.2, 28.2, 1001);
    wdata->SensorDataChange(12, 30.12, 1003);
    wdata->SensorDataChange(10.2, 26, 806);
    wdata->SensorDataChange(10.3, 35.9, 900);
 
    wdata->removeob(currentB);
 
    wdata->SensorDataChange(100, 40, 1900);  
 
    delete statisticB;
    delete currentB;
    delete wdata;
 
    return 0;
}