010-核心技术-netty-编码解码机制、protobuf、Netty入站出站机制、netty与log结合

一、概述

　　编写网络应用程序时，因为数据在网络中传输的都是二进制字节码数据，在发送数据时就需要编码，接收数据时就需要解码

　　codec（编解码器）的组成：decoder（解码器）和encoder（编码器）

　　encoder负责把业务数据转换成字节码数据，decoder负责把字节码数据转换成业务数据

　　

1.1、Netty本身编解码机制与问题

1）Netty提供的编码器和解码器

StringEncoder、StringDecoder，对字符串数据进行编码解码

ObjectEncoder、ObjectDecoder，对java对象进行编码解码

2）问题分析

ObjectEncoder、ObjectDecoder可以用来实现POJO对象或各种业务对象的编码和解码，底层使用的时java序列化技术，存在如下问题：

无法跨语言、java序列化效率低、序列化后的体积太大，是二进制编码的5倍多、序列化性能低

引入新的方案：google的protobuf

1.2、Protobuf介绍和使用

　　是google开源项目，全称Google Protocol Buffers，是一种轻便高效的结构化数据存储格式，可以用于结构化数据串行化，或者说序列化。如数据存储、RPC等

　　pb是以message方式来管理数据的

　　支持跨平台、跨语言。

　　高性能、高可靠性

　　使用protobuf编译器能自动生成代码，Protobuf是将类的定义使用.proto文件进行描述。在idea中编写proto文件时，可以下载插件

　　通过protoc 编译器根据.proto自动生成java代码

1）基础类型

.proto类型	java类型	C++类型	备注
double	double	double
float	float	float
int32	int	int32	使用可变长编码方式。编码负数时不够高效——如果你的字段可能含有负数，那么请使用sint32。
int64	long	int64	使用可变长编码方式。编码负数时不够高效——如果你的字段可能含有负数，那么请使用sint64。
unit32	int[1]	unit32	总是4个字节。如果数值总是比总是比228大的话，这个类型会比uint32高效。
unit64	long[1]	unit64	总是8个字节。如果数值总是比总是比256大的话，这个类型会比uint64高效。
sint32	int	int32	使用可变长编码方式。有符号的整型值。编码时比通常的int32高效。
sint64	long	int64	使用可变长编码方式。有符号的整型值。编码时比通常的int64高效。
fixed32	int[1]	unit32
fixed64	long[1]	unit64	总是8个字节。如果数值总是比总是比256大的话，这个类型会比uint64高效。
sfixed32	int	int32	总是4个字节。
sfixed64	long	int64	总是8个字节。
bool	boolean	bool
string	String	string	一个字符串必须是UTF-8编码或者7-bit ASCII编码的文本。
bytes	ByteString	string	可能包含任意顺序的字节数据

2）特殊字段

英文	中文	备注
enum	枚举(数字从零开始) 作用是为字段指定某”预定义值序列”	enum Type {MAN = 0;WOMAN = 1; OTHER= 3;}
message	消息体	message User{}
repeated	数组/集合	repeated User users = 1
import	导入定义	import "protos/other_protos.proto"
//	注释	//用于注释
extend	扩展	extend User {}
package	包名	相当于命名空间，用来防止不同消息类型的明明冲突

1.2.1、mac安装

brew install protobuf
protobuf --version 

1.2.2、编写proto文件

在/resources/proto下建立Student.proto文件，内容如下

syntax = "proto3";
option java_outer_classname = "StudentPOJO";
option java_package = "com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec";

message Student{//会在StudentPOJO外部类生成一个内部类，是真实发送的数据
  int32 id = 1 ;//1 属性序号
  string name = 2;
}

使用如下代码生成

protoc --java_out=../../java/ Student.proto

java代码如下

// Generated by the protocol buffer compiler.  DO NOT EDIT!
// source: Student.proto

package com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec;

public final class StudentPOJO {
  private StudentPOJO() {}
  public static void registerAllExtensions(
      com.google.protobuf.ExtensionRegistryLite registry) {
  }

  public static void registerAllExtensions(
      com.google.protobuf.ExtensionRegistry registry) {
    registerAllExtensions(
        (com.google.protobuf.ExtensionRegistryLite) registry);
  }
  public interface StudentOrBuilder extends
      // @@protoc_insertion_point(interface_extends:Student)
      com.google.protobuf.MessageOrBuilder {

    /**
     * <pre>
     *1 属性序号
     * </pre>
     *
     * <code>int32 id = 1;</code>
     * @return The id.
     */
    int getId();

    /**
     * <code>string name = 2;</code>
     * @return The name.
     */
    java.lang.String getName();
    /**
     * <code>string name = 2;</code>
     * @return The bytes for name.
     */
    com.google.protobuf.ByteString
        getNameBytes();
  }
  /**
   * <pre>
   *会在StudentPOJO外部类生成一个内部类，是真实发送的数据
   * </pre>
   *
   * Protobuf type {@code Student}
   */
  public static final class Student extends
      com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3 implements
      // @@protoc_insertion_point(message_implements:Student)
      StudentOrBuilder {
  private static final long serialVersionUID = 0L;
    // Use Student.newBuilder() to construct.
    private Student(com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3.Builder<?> builder) {
      super(builder);
    }
    private Student() {
      name_ = "";
    }

    @java.lang.Override
    @SuppressWarnings({"unused"})
    protected java.lang.Object newInstance(
        UnusedPrivateParameter unused) {
      return new Student();
    }

    @java.lang.Override
    public final com.google.protobuf.UnknownFieldSet
    getUnknownFields() {
      return this.unknownFields;
    }
    private Student(
        com.google.protobuf.CodedInputStream input,
        com.google.protobuf.ExtensionRegistryLite extensionRegistry)
        throws com.google.protobuf.InvalidProtocolBufferException {
      this();
      if (extensionRegistry == null) {
        throw new java.lang.NullPointerException();
      }
      com.google.protobuf.UnknownFieldSet.Builder unknownFields =
          com.google.protobuf.UnknownFieldSet.newBuilder();
      try {
        boolean done = false;
        while (!done) {
          int tag = input.readTag();
          switch (tag) {
            case 0:
              done = true;
              break;
            case 8: {

              id_ = input.readInt32();
              break;
            }
            case 18: {
              java.lang.String s = input.readStringRequireUtf8();

              name_ = s;
              break;
            }
            default: {
              if (!parseUnknownField(
                  input, unknownFields, extensionRegistry, tag)) {
                done = true;
              }
              break;
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          }
        }
      } catch (com.google.protobuf.InvalidProtocolBufferException e) {
        throw e.setUnfinishedMessage(this);
      } catch (java.io.IOException e) {
        throw new com.google.protobuf.InvalidProtocolBufferException(
            e).setUnfinishedMessage(this);
      } finally {
        this.unknownFields = unknownFields.build();
        makeExtensionsImmutable();
      }
    }
    public static final com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.Descriptor
        getDescriptor() {
      return com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec.StudentPOJO.internal_static_Student_descriptor;
    }

    @java.lang.Override
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    public static final int ID_FIELD_NUMBER = 1;
    private int id_;
    /**
     * <pre>
     *1 属性序号
     * </pre>
     *
     * <code>int32 id = 1;</code>
     * @return The id.
     */
    @java.lang.Override
    public int getId() {
      return id_;
    }

    public static final int NAME_FIELD_NUMBER = 2;
    private volatile java.lang.Object name_;
    /**
     * <code>string name = 2;</code>
     * @return The name.
     */
    @java.lang.Override
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        name_ = s;
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    /**
     * <code>string name = 2;</code>
     * @return The bytes for name.
     */
    @java.lang.Override
    public com.google.protobuf.ByteString
        getNameBytes() {
      java.lang.Object ref = name_;
      if (ref instanceof java.lang.String) {
        com.google.protobuf.ByteString b = 
            com.google.protobuf.ByteString.copyFromUtf8(
                (java.lang.String) ref);
        name_ = b;
        return b;
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        return (com.google.protobuf.ByteString) ref;
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    private byte memoizedIsInitialized = -1;
    @java.lang.Override
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      if (isInitialized == 1) return true;
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    @java.lang.Override
    public void writeTo(com.google.protobuf.CodedOutputStream output)
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      if (id_ != 0) {
        output.writeInt32(1, id_);
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      if (!getNameBytes().isEmpty()) {
        com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3.writeString(output, 2, name_);
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      unknownFields.writeTo(output);
    }

    @java.lang.Override
    public int getSerializedSize() {
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      if (size != -1) return size;

      size = 0;
      if (id_ != 0) {
        size += com.google.protobuf.CodedOutputStream
          .computeInt32Size(1, id_);
      }
      if (!getNameBytes().isEmpty()) {
        size += com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3.computeStringSize(2, name_);
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      size += unknownFields.getSerializedSize();
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    }

    @java.lang.Override
    public boolean equals(final java.lang.Object obj) {
      if (obj == this) {
       return true;
      }
      if (!(obj instanceof com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec.StudentPOJO.Student)) {
        return super.equals(obj);
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      com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec.StudentPOJO.Student other = (com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec.StudentPOJO.Student) obj;

      if (getId()
          != other.getId()) return false;
      if (!getName()
          .equals(other.getName())) return false;
      if (!unknownFields.equals(other.unknownFields)) return false;
      return true;
    }

    @java.lang.Override
    public int hashCode() {
      if (memoizedHashCode != 0) {
        return memoizedHashCode;
      }
      int hash = 41;
      hash = (19 * hash) + getDescriptor().hashCode();
      hash = (37 * hash) + ID_FIELD_NUMBER;
      hash = (53 * hash) + getId();
      hash = (37 * hash) + NAME_FIELD_NUMBER;
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    public static com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec.StudentPOJO.Student parseFrom(
        java.nio.ByteBuffer data)
        throws com.google.protobuf.InvalidProtocolBufferException {
      return PARSER.parseFrom(data);
    }
    public static com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec.StudentPOJO.Student parseFrom(
        java.nio.ByteBuffer data,
        com.google.protobuf.ExtensionRegistryLite extensionRegistry)
        throws com.google.protobuf.InvalidProtocolBufferException {
      return PARSER.parseFrom(data, extensionRegistry);
    }
    public static com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec.StudentPOJO.Student parseFrom(
        com.google.protobuf.ByteString data)
        throws com.google.protobuf.InvalidProtocolBufferException {
      return PARSER.parseFrom(data);
    }
    public static com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec.StudentPOJO.Student parseFrom(
        com.google.protobuf.ByteString data,
        com.google.protobuf.ExtensionRegistryLite extensionRegistry)
        throws com.google.protobuf.InvalidProtocolBufferException {
      return PARSER.parseFrom(data, extensionRegistry);
    }
    public static com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec.StudentPOJO.Student parseFrom(byte[] data)
        throws com.google.protobuf.InvalidProtocolBufferException {
      return PARSER.parseFrom(data);
    }
    public static com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec.StudentPOJO.Student parseFrom(
        byte[] data,
        com.google.protobuf.ExtensionRegistryLite extensionRegistry)
        throws com.google.protobuf.InvalidProtocolBufferException {
      return PARSER.parseFrom(data, extensionRegistry);
    }
    public static com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec.StudentPOJO.Student parseFrom(java.io.InputStream input)
        throws java.io.IOException {
      return com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3
          .parseWithIOException(PARSER, input);
    }
    public static com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec.StudentPOJO.Student parseFrom(
        java.io.InputStream input,
        com.google.protobuf.ExtensionRegistryLite extensionRegistry)
        throws java.io.IOException {
      return com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3
          .parseWithIOException(PARSER, input, extensionRegistry);
    }
    public static com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec.StudentPOJO.Student parseDelimitedFrom(java.io.InputStream input)
        throws java.io.IOException {
      return com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3
          .parseDelimitedWithIOException(PARSER, input);
    }
    public static com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec.StudentPOJO.Student parseDelimitedFrom(
        java.io.InputStream input,
        com.google.protobuf.ExtensionRegistryLite extensionRegistry)
        throws java.io.IOException {
      return com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3
          .parseDelimitedWithIOException(PARSER, input, extensionRegistry);
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    public static com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec.StudentPOJO.Student parseFrom(
        com.google.protobuf.CodedInputStream input)
        throws java.io.IOException {
      return com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3
          .parseWithIOException(PARSER, input);
    }
    public static com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec.StudentPOJO.Student parseFrom(
        com.google.protobuf.CodedInputStream input,
        com.google.protobuf.ExtensionRegistryLite extensionRegistry)
        throws java.io.IOException {
      return com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3
          .parseWithIOException(PARSER, input, extensionRegistry);
    }

    @java.lang.Override
    public Builder newBuilderForType() { return newBuilder(); }
    public static Builder newBuilder() {
      return DEFAULT_INSTANCE.toBuilder();
    }
    public static Builder newBuilder(com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec.StudentPOJO.Student prototype) {
      return DEFAULT_INSTANCE.toBuilder().mergeFrom(prototype);
    }
    @java.lang.Override
    public Builder toBuilder() {
      return this == DEFAULT_INSTANCE
          ? new Builder() : new Builder().mergeFrom(this);
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    @java.lang.Override
    protected Builder newBuilderForType(
        com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3.BuilderParent parent) {
      Builder builder = new Builder(parent);
      return builder;
    }
    /**
     * <pre>
     *会在StudentPOJO外部类生成一个内部类，是真实发送的数据
     * </pre>
     *
     * Protobuf type {@code Student}
     */
    public static final class Builder extends
        com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3.Builder<Builder> implements
        // @@protoc_insertion_point(builder_implements:Student)
        com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec.StudentPOJO.StudentOrBuilder {
      public static final com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.Descriptor
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      @java.lang.Override
      protected com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3.FieldAccessorTable
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      private Builder(
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      @java.lang.Override
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      @java.lang.Override
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      @java.lang.Override
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      @java.lang.Override
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        if (!result.isInitialized()) {
          throw newUninitializedMessageException(result);
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      @java.lang.Override
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        result.name_ = name_;
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        try {
          parsedMessage = PARSER.parsePartialFrom(input, extensionRegistry);
        } catch (com.google.protobuf.InvalidProtocolBufferException e) {
          parsedMessage = (com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec.StudentPOJO.Student) e.getUnfinishedMessage();
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      private int id_ ;
      /**
       * <pre>
       *1 属性序号
       * </pre>
       *
       * <code>int32 id = 1;</code>
       * @return The id.
       */
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       * <pre>
       *1 属性序号
       * </pre>
       *
       * <code>int32 id = 1;</code>
       * @param value The id to set.
       * @return This builder for chaining.
       */
      public Builder setId(int value) {
        
        id_ = value;
        onChanged();
        return this;
      }
      /**
       * <pre>
       *1 属性序号
       * </pre>
       *
       * <code>int32 id = 1;</code>
       * @return This builder for chaining.
       */
      public Builder clearId() {
        
        id_ = 0;
        onChanged();
        return this;
      }

      private java.lang.Object name_ = "";
      /**
       * <code>string name = 2;</code>
       * @return The name.
       */
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        java.lang.Object ref = name_;
        if (!(ref instanceof java.lang.String)) {
          com.google.protobuf.ByteString bs =
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          java.lang.String s = bs.toStringUtf8();
          name_ = s;
          return s;
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       * <code>string name = 2;</code>
       * @return The bytes for name.
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       * <code>string name = 2;</code>
       * @return This builder for chaining.
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        onChanged();
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       * @return This builder for chaining.
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        if (value == null) {
    throw new NullPointerException();
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  checkByteStringIsUtf8(value);
        
        name_ = value;
        onChanged();
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      @java.lang.Override
      public final Builder setUnknownFields(
          final com.google.protobuf.UnknownFieldSet unknownFields) {
        return super.setUnknownFields(unknownFields);
      }

      @java.lang.Override
      public final Builder mergeUnknownFields(
          final com.google.protobuf.UnknownFieldSet unknownFields) {
        return super.mergeUnknownFields(unknownFields);
      }


      // @@protoc_insertion_point(builder_scope:Student)
    }

    // @@protoc_insertion_point(class_scope:Student)
    private static final com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec.StudentPOJO.Student DEFAULT_INSTANCE;
    static {
      DEFAULT_INSTANCE = new com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec.StudentPOJO.Student();
    }

    public static com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec.StudentPOJO.Student getDefaultInstance() {
      return DEFAULT_INSTANCE;
    }

    private static final com.google.protobuf.Parser<Student>
        PARSER = new com.google.protobuf.AbstractParser<Student>() {
      @java.lang.Override
      public Student parsePartialFrom(
          com.google.protobuf.CodedInputStream input,
          com.google.protobuf.ExtensionRegistryLite extensionRegistry)
          throws com.google.protobuf.InvalidProtocolBufferException {
        return new Student(input, extensionRegistry);
      }
    };

    public static com.google.protobuf.Parser<Student> parser() {
      return PARSER;
    }

    @java.lang.Override
    public com.google.protobuf.Parser<Student> getParserForType() {
      return PARSER;
    }

    @java.lang.Override
    public com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec.StudentPOJO.Student getDefaultInstanceForType() {
      return DEFAULT_INSTANCE;
    }

  }

  private static final com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.Descriptor
    internal_static_Student_descriptor;
  private static final 
    com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3.FieldAccessorTable
      internal_static_Student_fieldAccessorTable;

  public static com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.FileDescriptor
      getDescriptor() {
    return descriptor;
  }
  private static  com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.FileDescriptor
      descriptor;
  static {
    java.lang.String[] descriptorData = {
      "

Student.proto"#
07Student22

02id3001 01(052214" +
      "
04name3002 01(	B8
)com.github.bjlhx15.netty" +
      ".demo.netty.codecB13StudentPOJOb06proto3"
    };
    descriptor = com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.FileDescriptor
      .internalBuildGeneratedFileFrom(descriptorData,
        new com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.FileDescriptor[] {
        });
    internal_static_Student_descriptor =
      getDescriptor().getMessageTypes().get(0);
    internal_static_Student_fieldAccessorTable = new
      com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3.FieldAccessorTable(
        internal_static_Student_descriptor,
        new java.lang.String[] { "Id", "Name", });
  }

  // @@protoc_insertion_point(outer_class_scope)
}

1.2.3、java使用  

针对单一类型如下

服务端

package com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec;

import io.netty.bootstrap.ServerBootstrap;
import io.netty.channel.*;
import io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.socket.SocketChannel;
import io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioServerSocketChannel;
import io.netty.handler.codec.protobuf.ProtobufDecoder;
import io.netty.handler.codec.protobuf.ProtobufEncoder;

public class NettyServer {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        //        创建 bossGroup 和 workerGroup
        //        bossGroup 处理accept，workerGroup处理业务
        EventLoopGroup bossGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();
        EventLoopGroup workerGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();
        try {
            //创建服务端的启动对象，配置参数
            ServerBootstrap bootstrap = new ServerBootstrap();
            bootstrap.group(bossGroup, workerGroup)//设置两个线程组
                    .channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class)//使用NioSocketChannel作为服务器的通道实现
                    .option(ChannelOption.SO_BACKLOG, 128)//设置线程队列得到的连接个数
                    .childOption(ChannelOption.SO_KEEPALIVE, true)//设置保持活动连接状态
                    .childHandler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
                        //   创建一个通道初始化
                        //   给Pipeline设置处理器
                        @Override
                        protected void initChannel(SocketChannel socketChannel) throws Exception {
                            ChannelPipeline pipeline = socketChannel.pipeline();
//                            需要指定对那种对象解码
                            pipeline.addLast("decoder", new ProtobufDecoder(StudentPOJO.Student.getDefaultInstance()));
                            pipeline.addLast(new NettyServerHandler());
                        }
                    });
            System.out.println("……服务器 is ready。");
            //绑定一个端口并且同步，生成一个ChannelFuture对象
            //启动服务器（并绑定端口）
            ChannelFuture cf = bootstrap.bind(6668).sync();

            cf.addListener(new ChannelFutureListener() {
                @Override
                public void operationComplete(ChannelFuture channelFuture) throws Exception {
                    if (cf.isSuccess()) {
                        System.out.println("监听端口 6668 成功");
                    } else {
                        System.out.println("监听端口 6668 失败");
                    }
                }
            });
            //对关闭通道进行监听
            cf.channel().closeFuture().sync();
        } finally {
//            优雅的关闭
            bossGroup.shutdownGracefully();
            workerGroup.shutdownGracefully();
        }
    }
}

 服务端handler

package com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec;

import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled;
import io.netty.channel.*;
import io.netty.util.CharsetUtil;

/**
 * 1、自定义一个handler，继承ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter
 */
//public class NettyServerHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {
public class NettyServerHandler extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler<StudentPOJO.Student> {
    //读取实际数据
    //ChannelHandlerContext 上下文对象，含有管道pipeline、通道channel,地址
    //Object msg：客户端数据，默认Object
//    @Override
//    public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
//        StudentPOJO.Student student = (StudentPOJO.Student) msg;
//        System.out.println("客户端发送的数据" + student.toString());
//    }

    @Override
    protected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext channelHandlerContext, StudentPOJO.Student student) throws Exception {
        System.out.println("客户端发送的数据" + student.toString());
    }

    //数据读取完毕
    @Override
    public void channelReadComplete(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
        //        writeAndFlush 是 write和 flush
        //        将数据写入到缓存，并刷新
        //        将写入数据进行编码
        ctx.writeAndFlush(Unpooled.copiedBuffer("hello client", CharsetUtil.UTF_8));
    }

    //处理异常一般关闭通道
    @Override
    public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {
        ctx.close();
    }
}

客户端

package com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec;

import io.netty.bootstrap.Bootstrap;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelFuture;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelInitializer;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelPipeline;
import io.netty.channel.EventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.socket.SocketChannel;
import io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioSocketChannel;
import io.netty.handler.codec.protobuf.ProtobufEncoder;

public class NettyClient {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
//        客户端需要一个事件循环组
        EventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup();
        try {
//        创建客户端启动对象
//        不是ServerBootstrap 而是 Bootstrap
            Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap();
            bootstrap.group(group)//设置线程组
                    .channel(NioSocketChannel.class)//设置客户端通道的实现类（反射）
                    .handler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
                        @Override
                        protected void initChannel(SocketChannel socketChannel) throws Exception {
                            ChannelPipeline pipeline = socketChannel.pipeline();
                            pipeline.addLast("encoder", new ProtobufEncoder());
                            pipeline.addLast(new NettyClientHandler());//加入自己的处理器
                        }
                    });
            System.out.println("客户端 ok");
//        启动客户端去连接服务器
            ChannelFuture channelFuture = bootstrap.connect("127.0.0.1", 6668).sync();
//            关闭通道进行监听，
            channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync();
        } finally {
            group.shutdownGracefully();
        }
    }
}

客户端handler

package com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec;

import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter;
import io.netty.util.CharsetUtil;

public class NettyClientHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {
    //    当通道就绪就会触发该方法
    @Override
    public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
        System.out.println("client ctx:" + ctx);
        StudentPOJO.Student student = StudentPOJO.Student.newBuilder()
                .setId(4).setName("张三").build();

        ctx.writeAndFlush(student);
    }

    //当通道有读取事件时，会触发
    @Override
    public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
        ByteBuf byteBuf = (ByteBuf) msg;
        System.out.println("server response:" + byteBuf.toString(CharsetUtil.UTF_8));
        System.out.println("server address:" + ctx.channel().remoteAddress());
    }

    @Override
    public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {
        cause.printStackTrace();
        ctx.close();
    }
}

问题：多种类型开发复杂

1.2.4、传输多种类型

编写proto文件

syntax = "proto3";
option optimize_for = SPEED;//加快解析
option java_package = "com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2";
option java_outer_classname = "ProtoDataEntity";

//protobuf 可以使用message管理其他message

message MyMessage{
  //定义一个枚举
  enum DataType{
    StudentType = 0;  //proto3从0开始
    WorkerType = 1;
  }
  //用data_type来标识传的时哪一个枚举
  DataType data_type = 1;
  //表示每次枚举类型最多只能出现其中的一个，节省空间
  oneof dataBody{
    Student student = 2;
    Worker worker = 3;
  }
}

message Student{//会在StudentPOJO外部类生成一个内部类，是真实发送的数据
  int32 id = 1 ;//1 属性序号
  string name = 2;
}

message Worker{
  string name = 1;
  int32 id = 2 ;//1 属性序号
}

使用如下代码生成

protoc --java_out=../../java/ Student2.proto

生成的java代码

// Generated by the protocol buffer compiler.  DO NOT EDIT!
// source: Student2.proto

package com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2;

public final class ProtoDataEntity {
  private ProtoDataEntity() {}
  public static void registerAllExtensions(
      com.google.protobuf.ExtensionRegistryLite registry) {
  }

  public static void registerAllExtensions(
      com.google.protobuf.ExtensionRegistry registry) {
    registerAllExtensions(
        (com.google.protobuf.ExtensionRegistryLite) registry);
  }
  public interface MyMessageOrBuilder extends
      // @@protoc_insertion_point(interface_extends:MyMessage)
      com.google.protobuf.MessageOrBuilder {

    /**
     * <pre>
     *用data_type来标识传的时哪一个枚举
     * </pre>
     *
     * <code>.MyMessage.DataType data_type = 1;</code>
     * @return The enum numeric value on the wire for dataType.
     */
    int getDataTypeValue();
    /**
     * <pre>
     *用data_type来标识传的时哪一个枚举
     * </pre>
     *
     * <code>.MyMessage.DataType data_type = 1;</code>
     * @return The dataType.
     */
    com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage.DataType getDataType();

    /**
     * <code>.Student student = 2;</code>
     * @return Whether the student field is set.
     */
    boolean hasStudent();
    /**
     * <code>.Student student = 2;</code>
     * @return The student.
     */
    com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Student getStudent();
    /**
     * <code>.Student student = 2;</code>
     */
    com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.StudentOrBuilder getStudentOrBuilder();

    /**
     * <code>.Worker worker = 3;</code>
     * @return Whether the worker field is set.
     */
    boolean hasWorker();
    /**
     * <code>.Worker worker = 3;</code>
     * @return The worker.
     */
    com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Worker getWorker();
    /**
     * <code>.Worker worker = 3;</code>
     */
    com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.WorkerOrBuilder getWorkerOrBuilder();

    public com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage.DataBodyCase getDataBodyCase();
  }
  /**
   * Protobuf type {@code MyMessage}
   */
  public static final class MyMessage extends
      com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3 implements
      // @@protoc_insertion_point(message_implements:MyMessage)
      MyMessageOrBuilder {
  private static final long serialVersionUID = 0L;
    // Use MyMessage.newBuilder() to construct.
    private MyMessage(com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3.Builder<?> builder) {
      super(builder);
    }
    private MyMessage() {
      dataType_ = 0;
    }

    @java.lang.Override
    @SuppressWarnings({"unused"})
    protected java.lang.Object newInstance(
        UnusedPrivateParameter unused) {
      return new MyMessage();
    }

    @java.lang.Override
    public final com.google.protobuf.UnknownFieldSet
    getUnknownFields() {
      return this.unknownFields;
    }
    private MyMessage(
        com.google.protobuf.CodedInputStream input,
        com.google.protobuf.ExtensionRegistryLite extensionRegistry)
        throws com.google.protobuf.InvalidProtocolBufferException {
      this();
      if (extensionRegistry == null) {
        throw new java.lang.NullPointerException();
      }
      com.google.protobuf.UnknownFieldSet.Builder unknownFields =
          com.google.protobuf.UnknownFieldSet.newBuilder();
      try {
        boolean done = false;
        while (!done) {
          int tag = input.readTag();
          switch (tag) {
            case 0:
              done = true;
              break;
            case 8: {
              int rawValue = input.readEnum();

              dataType_ = rawValue;
              break;
            }
            case 18: {
              com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Student.Builder subBuilder = null;
              if (dataBodyCase_ == 2) {
                subBuilder = ((com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Student) dataBody_).toBuilder();
              }
              dataBody_ =
                  input.readMessage(com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Student.parser(), extensionRegistry);
              if (subBuilder != null) {
                subBuilder.mergeFrom((com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Student) dataBody_);
                dataBody_ = subBuilder.buildPartial();
              }
              dataBodyCase_ = 2;
              break;
            }
            case 26: {
              com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Worker.Builder subBuilder = null;
              if (dataBodyCase_ == 3) {
                subBuilder = ((com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Worker) dataBody_).toBuilder();
              }
              dataBody_ =
                  input.readMessage(com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Worker.parser(), extensionRegistry);
              if (subBuilder != null) {
                subBuilder.mergeFrom((com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Worker) dataBody_);
                dataBody_ = subBuilder.buildPartial();
              }
              dataBodyCase_ = 3;
              break;
            }
            default: {
              if (!parseUnknownField(
                  input, unknownFields, extensionRegistry, tag)) {
                done = true;
              }
              break;
            }
          }
        }
      } catch (com.google.protobuf.InvalidProtocolBufferException e) {
        throw e.setUnfinishedMessage(this);
      } catch (java.io.IOException e) {
        throw new com.google.protobuf.InvalidProtocolBufferException(
            e).setUnfinishedMessage(this);
      } finally {
        this.unknownFields = unknownFields.build();
        makeExtensionsImmutable();
      }
    }
    public static final com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.Descriptor
        getDescriptor() {
      return com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.internal_static_MyMessage_descriptor;
    }

    @java.lang.Override
    protected com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3.FieldAccessorTable
        internalGetFieldAccessorTable() {
      return com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.internal_static_MyMessage_fieldAccessorTable
          .ensureFieldAccessorsInitialized(
              com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage.class, com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage.Builder.class);
    }

    /**
     * <pre>
     *定义一个枚举
     * </pre>
     *
     * Protobuf enum {@code MyMessage.DataType}
     */
    public enum DataType
        implements com.google.protobuf.ProtocolMessageEnum {
      /**
       * <pre>
       *proto3从0开始
       * </pre>
       *
       * <code>StudentType = 0;</code>
       */
      StudentType(0),
      /**
       * <code>WorkerType = 1;</code>
       */
      WorkerType(1),
      UNRECOGNIZED(-1),
      ;

      /**
       * <pre>
       *proto3从0开始
       * </pre>
       *
       * <code>StudentType = 0;</code>
       */
      public static final int StudentType_VALUE = 0;
      /**
       * <code>WorkerType = 1;</code>
       */
      public static final int WorkerType_VALUE = 1;


      public final int getNumber() {
        if (this == UNRECOGNIZED) {
          throw new java.lang.IllegalArgumentException(
              "Can't get the number of an unknown enum value.");
        }
        return value;
      }

      /**
       * @param value The numeric wire value of the corresponding enum entry.
       * @return The enum associated with the given numeric wire value.
       * @deprecated Use {@link #forNumber(int)} instead.
       */
      @java.lang.Deprecated
      public static DataType valueOf(int value) {
        return forNumber(value);
      }

      /**
       * @param value The numeric wire value of the corresponding enum entry.
       * @return The enum associated with the given numeric wire value.
       */
      public static DataType forNumber(int value) {
        switch (value) {
          case 0: return StudentType;
          case 1: return WorkerType;
          default: return null;
        }
      }

      public static com.google.protobuf.Internal.EnumLiteMap<DataType>
          internalGetValueMap() {
        return internalValueMap;
      }
      private static final com.google.protobuf.Internal.EnumLiteMap<
          DataType> internalValueMap =
            new com.google.protobuf.Internal.EnumLiteMap<DataType>() {
              public DataType findValueByNumber(int number) {
                return DataType.forNumber(number);
              }
            };

      public final com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.EnumValueDescriptor
          getValueDescriptor() {
        if (this == UNRECOGNIZED) {
          throw new java.lang.IllegalStateException(
              "Can't get the descriptor of an unrecognized enum value.");
        }
        return getDescriptor().getValues().get(ordinal());
      }
      public final com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.EnumDescriptor
          getDescriptorForType() {
        return getDescriptor();
      }
      public static final com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.EnumDescriptor
          getDescriptor() {
        return com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage.getDescriptor().getEnumTypes().get(0);
      }

      private static final DataType[] VALUES = values();

      public static DataType valueOf(
          com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.EnumValueDescriptor desc) {
        if (desc.getType() != getDescriptor()) {
          throw new java.lang.IllegalArgumentException(
            "EnumValueDescriptor is not for this type.");
        }
        if (desc.getIndex() == -1) {
          return UNRECOGNIZED;
        }
        return VALUES[desc.getIndex()];
      }

      private final int value;

      private DataType(int value) {
        this.value = value;
      }

      // @@protoc_insertion_point(enum_scope:MyMessage.DataType)
    }

    private int dataBodyCase_ = 0;
    private java.lang.Object dataBody_;
    public enum DataBodyCase
        implements com.google.protobuf.Internal.EnumLite,
            com.google.protobuf.AbstractMessage.InternalOneOfEnum {
      STUDENT(2),
      WORKER(3),
      DATABODY_NOT_SET(0);
      private final int value;
      private DataBodyCase(int value) {
        this.value = value;
      }
      /**
       * @param value The number of the enum to look for.
       * @return The enum associated with the given number.
       * @deprecated Use {@link #forNumber(int)} instead.
       */
      @java.lang.Deprecated
      public static DataBodyCase valueOf(int value) {
        return forNumber(value);
      }

      public static DataBodyCase forNumber(int value) {
        switch (value) {
          case 2: return STUDENT;
          case 3: return WORKER;
          case 0: return DATABODY_NOT_SET;
          default: return null;
        }
      }
      public int getNumber() {
        return this.value;
      }
    };

    public DataBodyCase
    getDataBodyCase() {
      return DataBodyCase.forNumber(
          dataBodyCase_);
    }

    public static final int DATA_TYPE_FIELD_NUMBER = 1;
    private int dataType_;
    /**
     * <pre>
     *用data_type来标识传的时哪一个枚举
     * </pre>
     *
     * <code>.MyMessage.DataType data_type = 1;</code>
     * @return The enum numeric value on the wire for dataType.
     */
    @java.lang.Override public int getDataTypeValue() {
      return dataType_;
    }
    /**
     * <pre>
     *用data_type来标识传的时哪一个枚举
     * </pre>
     *
     * <code>.MyMessage.DataType data_type = 1;</code>
     * @return The dataType.
     */
    @java.lang.Override public com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage.DataType getDataType() {
      @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
      com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage.DataType result = com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage.DataType.valueOf(dataType_);
      return result == null ? com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage.DataType.UNRECOGNIZED : result;
    }

    public static final int STUDENT_FIELD_NUMBER = 2;
    /**
     * <code>.Student student = 2;</code>
     * @return Whether the student field is set.
     */
    @java.lang.Override
    public boolean hasStudent() {
      return dataBodyCase_ == 2;
    }
    /**
     * <code>.Student student = 2;</code>
     * @return The student.
     */
    @java.lang.Override
    public com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Student getStudent() {
      if (dataBodyCase_ == 2) {
         return (com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Student) dataBody_;
      }
      return com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Student.getDefaultInstance();
    }
    /**
     * <code>.Student student = 2;</code>
     */
    @java.lang.Override
    public com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.StudentOrBuilder getStudentOrBuilder() {
      if (dataBodyCase_ == 2) {
         return (com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Student) dataBody_;
      }
      return com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Student.getDefaultInstance();
    }

    public static final int WORKER_FIELD_NUMBER = 3;
    /**
     * <code>.Worker worker = 3;</code>
     * @return Whether the worker field is set.
     */
    @java.lang.Override
    public boolean hasWorker() {
      return dataBodyCase_ == 3;
    }
    /**
     * <code>.Worker worker = 3;</code>
     * @return The worker.
     */
    @java.lang.Override
    public com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Worker getWorker() {
      if (dataBodyCase_ == 3) {
         return (com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Worker) dataBody_;
      }
      return com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Worker.getDefaultInstance();
    }
    /**
     * <code>.Worker worker = 3;</code>
     */
    @java.lang.Override
    public com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.WorkerOrBuilder getWorkerOrBuilder() {
      if (dataBodyCase_ == 3) {
         return (com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Worker) dataBody_;
      }
      return com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Worker.getDefaultInstance();
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    private byte memoizedIsInitialized = -1;
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      byte isInitialized = memoizedIsInitialized;
      if (isInitialized == 1) return true;
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      memoizedIsInitialized = 1;
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    @java.lang.Override
    public void writeTo(com.google.protobuf.CodedOutputStream output)
                        throws java.io.IOException {
      if (dataType_ != com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage.DataType.StudentType.getNumber()) {
        output.writeEnum(1, dataType_);
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      if (dataBodyCase_ == 2) {
        output.writeMessage(2, (com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Student) dataBody_);
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      if (dataBodyCase_ == 3) {
        output.writeMessage(3, (com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Worker) dataBody_);
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      unknownFields.writeTo(output);
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    @java.lang.Override
    public int getSerializedSize() {
      int size = memoizedSize;
      if (size != -1) return size;

      size = 0;
      if (dataType_ != com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage.DataType.StudentType.getNumber()) {
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        size += com.google.protobuf.CodedOutputStream
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      if (dataBodyCase_ == 3) {
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      }
      size += unknownFields.getSerializedSize();
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      return size;
    }

    @java.lang.Override
    public boolean equals(final java.lang.Object obj) {
      if (obj == this) {
       return true;
      }
      if (!(obj instanceof com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage)) {
        return super.equals(obj);
      }
      com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage other = (com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage) obj;

      if (dataType_ != other.dataType_) return false;
      if (!getDataBodyCase().equals(other.getDataBodyCase())) return false;
      switch (dataBodyCase_) {
        case 2:
          if (!getStudent()
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          break;
        case 3:
          if (!getWorker()
              .equals(other.getWorker())) return false;
          break;
        case 0:
        default:
      }
      if (!unknownFields.equals(other.unknownFields)) return false;
      return true;
    }

    @java.lang.Override
    public int hashCode() {
      if (memoizedHashCode != 0) {
        return memoizedHashCode;
      }
      int hash = 41;
      hash = (19 * hash) + getDescriptor().hashCode();
      hash = (37 * hash) + DATA_TYPE_FIELD_NUMBER;
      hash = (53 * hash) + dataType_;
      switch (dataBodyCase_) {
        case 2:
          hash = (37 * hash) + STUDENT_FIELD_NUMBER;
          hash = (53 * hash) + getStudent().hashCode();
          break;
        case 3:
          hash = (37 * hash) + WORKER_FIELD_NUMBER;
          hash = (53 * hash) + getWorker().hashCode();
          break;
        case 0:
        default:
      }
      hash = (29 * hash) + unknownFields.hashCode();
      memoizedHashCode = hash;
      return hash;
    }

    public static com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage parseFrom(
        java.nio.ByteBuffer data)
        throws com.google.protobuf.InvalidProtocolBufferException {
      return PARSER.parseFrom(data);
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    public static com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage parseFrom(
        java.nio.ByteBuffer data,
        com.google.protobuf.ExtensionRegistryLite extensionRegistry)
        throws com.google.protobuf.InvalidProtocolBufferException {
      return PARSER.parseFrom(data, extensionRegistry);
    }
    public static com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage parseFrom(
        com.google.protobuf.ByteString data)
        throws com.google.protobuf.InvalidProtocolBufferException {
      return PARSER.parseFrom(data);
    }
    public static com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage parseFrom(
        com.google.protobuf.ByteString data,
        com.google.protobuf.ExtensionRegistryLite extensionRegistry)
        throws com.google.protobuf.InvalidProtocolBufferException {
      return PARSER.parseFrom(data, extensionRegistry);
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    public static com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage parseFrom(byte[] data)
        throws com.google.protobuf.InvalidProtocolBufferException {
      return PARSER.parseFrom(data);
    }
    public static com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage parseFrom(
        byte[] data,
        com.google.protobuf.ExtensionRegistryLite extensionRegistry)
        throws com.google.protobuf.InvalidProtocolBufferException {
      return PARSER.parseFrom(data, extensionRegistry);
    }
    public static com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage parseFrom(java.io.InputStream input)
        throws java.io.IOException {
      return com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3
          .parseWithIOException(PARSER, input);
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    public static com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage parseFrom(
        java.io.InputStream input,
        com.google.protobuf.ExtensionRegistryLite extensionRegistry)
        throws java.io.IOException {
      return com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3
          .parseWithIOException(PARSER, input, extensionRegistry);
    }
    public static com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage parseDelimitedFrom(java.io.InputStream input)
        throws java.io.IOException {
      return com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3
          .parseDelimitedWithIOException(PARSER, input);
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    public static com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage parseDelimitedFrom(
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        com.google.protobuf.ExtensionRegistryLite extensionRegistry)
        throws java.io.IOException {
      return com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3
          .parseDelimitedWithIOException(PARSER, input, extensionRegistry);
    }
    public static com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage parseFrom(
        com.google.protobuf.CodedInputStream input)
        throws java.io.IOException {
      return com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3
          .parseWithIOException(PARSER, input);
    }
    public static com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage parseFrom(
        com.google.protobuf.CodedInputStream input,
        com.google.protobuf.ExtensionRegistryLite extensionRegistry)
        throws java.io.IOException {
      return com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3
          .parseWithIOException(PARSER, input, extensionRegistry);
    }

    @java.lang.Override
    public Builder newBuilderForType() { return newBuilder(); }
    public static Builder newBuilder() {
      return DEFAULT_INSTANCE.toBuilder();
    }
    public static Builder newBuilder(com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage prototype) {
      return DEFAULT_INSTANCE.toBuilder().mergeFrom(prototype);
    }
    @java.lang.Override
    public Builder toBuilder() {
      return this == DEFAULT_INSTANCE
          ? new Builder() : new Builder().mergeFrom(this);
    }

    @java.lang.Override
    protected Builder newBuilderForType(
        com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3.BuilderParent parent) {
      Builder builder = new Builder(parent);
      return builder;
    }
    /**
     * Protobuf type {@code MyMessage}
     */
    public static final class Builder extends
        com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3.Builder<Builder> implements
        // @@protoc_insertion_point(builder_implements:MyMessage)
        com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessageOrBuilder {
      public static final com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.Descriptor
          getDescriptor() {
        return com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.internal_static_MyMessage_descriptor;
      }

      @java.lang.Override
      protected com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3.FieldAccessorTable
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        return com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.internal_static_MyMessage_fieldAccessorTable
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      // Construct using com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage.newBuilder()
      private Builder() {
        maybeForceBuilderInitialization();
      }

      private Builder(
          com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3.BuilderParent parent) {
        super(parent);
        maybeForceBuilderInitialization();
      }
      private void maybeForceBuilderInitialization() {
        if (com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3
                .alwaysUseFieldBuilders) {
        }
      }
      @java.lang.Override
      public Builder clear() {
        super.clear();
        dataType_ = 0;

        dataBodyCase_ = 0;
        dataBody_ = null;
        return this;
      }

      @java.lang.Override
      public com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.Descriptor
          getDescriptorForType() {
        return com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.internal_static_MyMessage_descriptor;
      }

      @java.lang.Override
      public com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage getDefaultInstanceForType() {
        return com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage.getDefaultInstance();
      }

      @java.lang.Override
      public com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage build() {
        com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage result = buildPartial();
        if (!result.isInitialized()) {
          throw newUninitializedMessageException(result);
        }
        return result;
      }

      @java.lang.Override
      public com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage buildPartial() {
        com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage result = new com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage(this);
        result.dataType_ = dataType_;
        if (dataBodyCase_ == 2) {
          if (studentBuilder_ == null) {
            result.dataBody_ = dataBody_;
          } else {
            result.dataBody_ = studentBuilder_.build();
          }
        }
        if (dataBodyCase_ == 3) {
          if (workerBuilder_ == null) {
            result.dataBody_ = dataBody_;
          } else {
            result.dataBody_ = workerBuilder_.build();
          }
        }
        result.dataBodyCase_ = dataBodyCase_;
        onBuilt();
        return result;
      }

      @java.lang.Override
      public Builder clone() {
        return super.clone();
      }
      @java.lang.Override
      public Builder setField(
          com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.FieldDescriptor field,
          java.lang.Object value) {
        return super.setField(field, value);
      }
      @java.lang.Override
      public Builder clearField(
          com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.FieldDescriptor field) {
        return super.clearField(field);
      }
      @java.lang.Override
      public Builder clearOneof(
          com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.OneofDescriptor oneof) {
        return super.clearOneof(oneof);
      }
      @java.lang.Override
      public Builder setRepeatedField(
          com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.FieldDescriptor field,
          int index, java.lang.Object value) {
        return super.setRepeatedField(field, index, value);
      }
      @java.lang.Override
      public Builder addRepeatedField(
          com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.FieldDescriptor field,
          java.lang.Object value) {
        return super.addRepeatedField(field, value);
      }
      @java.lang.Override
      public Builder mergeFrom(com.google.protobuf.Message other) {
        if (other instanceof com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage) {
          return mergeFrom((com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage)other);
        } else {
          super.mergeFrom(other);
          return this;
        }
      }

      public Builder mergeFrom(com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage other) {
        if (other == com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage.getDefaultInstance()) return this;
        if (other.dataType_ != 0) {
          setDataTypeValue(other.getDataTypeValue());
        }
        switch (other.getDataBodyCase()) {
          case STUDENT: {
            mergeStudent(other.getStudent());
            break;
          }
          case WORKER: {
            mergeWorker(other.getWorker());
            break;
          }
          case DATABODY_NOT_SET: {
            break;
          }
        }
        this.mergeUnknownFields(other.unknownFields);
        onChanged();
        return this;
      }

      @java.lang.Override
      public final boolean isInitialized() {
        return true;
      }

      @java.lang.Override
      public Builder mergeFrom(
          com.google.protobuf.CodedInputStream input,
          com.google.protobuf.ExtensionRegistryLite extensionRegistry)
          throws java.io.IOException {
        com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage parsedMessage = null;
        try {
          parsedMessage = PARSER.parsePartialFrom(input, extensionRegistry);
        } catch (com.google.protobuf.InvalidProtocolBufferException e) {
          parsedMessage = (com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage) e.getUnfinishedMessage();
          throw e.unwrapIOException();
        } finally {
          if (parsedMessage != null) {
            mergeFrom(parsedMessage);
          }
        }
        return this;
      }
      private int dataBodyCase_ = 0;
      private java.lang.Object dataBody_;
      public DataBodyCase
          getDataBodyCase() {
        return DataBodyCase.forNumber(
            dataBodyCase_);
      }

      public Builder clearDataBody() {
        dataBodyCase_ = 0;
        dataBody_ = null;
        onChanged();
        return this;
      }


      private int dataType_ = 0;
      /**
       * <pre>
       *用data_type来标识传的时哪一个枚举
       * </pre>
       *
       * <code>.MyMessage.DataType data_type = 1;</code>
       * @return The enum numeric value on the wire for dataType.
       */
      @java.lang.Override public int getDataTypeValue() {
        return dataType_;
      }
      /**
       * <pre>
       *用data_type来标识传的时哪一个枚举
       * </pre>
       *
       * <code>.MyMessage.DataType data_type = 1;</code>
       * @param value The enum numeric value on the wire for dataType to set.
       * @return This builder for chaining.
       */
      public Builder setDataTypeValue(int value) {
        
        dataType_ = value;
        onChanged();
        return this;
      }
      /**
       * <pre>
       *用data_type来标识传的时哪一个枚举
       * </pre>
       *
       * <code>.MyMessage.DataType data_type = 1;</code>
       * @return The dataType.
       */
      @java.lang.Override
      public com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage.DataType getDataType() {
        @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
        com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage.DataType result = com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage.DataType.valueOf(dataType_);
        return result == null ? com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage.DataType.UNRECOGNIZED : result;
      }
      /**
       * <pre>
       *用data_type来标识传的时哪一个枚举
       * </pre>
       *
       * <code>.MyMessage.DataType data_type = 1;</code>
       * @param value The dataType to set.
       * @return This builder for chaining.
       */
      public Builder setDataType(com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage.DataType value) {
        if (value == null) {
          throw new NullPointerException();
        }
        
        dataType_ = value.getNumber();
        onChanged();
        return this;
      }
      /**
       * <pre>
       *用data_type来标识传的时哪一个枚举
       * </pre>
       *
       * <code>.MyMessage.DataType data_type = 1;</code>
       * @return This builder for chaining.
       */
      public Builder clearDataType() {
        
        dataType_ = 0;
        onChanged();
        return this;
      }

      private com.google.protobuf.SingleFieldBuilderV3<
          com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Student, com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Student.Builder, com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.StudentOrBuilder> studentBuilder_;
      /**
       * <code>.Student student = 2;</code>
       * @return Whether the student field is set.
       */
      @java.lang.Override
      public boolean hasStudent() {
        return dataBodyCase_ == 2;
      }
      /**
       * <code>.Student student = 2;</code>
       * @return The student.
       */
      @java.lang.Override
      public com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Student getStudent() {
        if (studentBuilder_ == null) {
          if (dataBodyCase_ == 2) {
            return (com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Student) dataBody_;
          }
          return com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Student.getDefaultInstance();
        } else {
          if (dataBodyCase_ == 2) {
            return studentBuilder_.getMessage();
          }
          return com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Student.getDefaultInstance();
        }
      }
      /**
       * <code>.Student student = 2;</code>
       */
      public Builder setStudent(com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Student value) {
        if (studentBuilder_ == null) {
          if (value == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException();
          }
          dataBody_ = value;
          onChanged();
        } else {
          studentBuilder_.setMessage(value);
        }
        dataBodyCase_ = 2;
        return this;
      }
      /**
       * <code>.Student student = 2;</code>
       */
      public Builder setStudent(
          com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Student.Builder builderForValue) {
        if (studentBuilder_ == null) {
          dataBody_ = builderForValue.build();
          onChanged();
        } else {
          studentBuilder_.setMessage(builderForValue.build());
        }
        dataBodyCase_ = 2;
        return this;
      }
      /**
       * <code>.Student student = 2;</code>
       */
      public Builder mergeStudent(com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Student value) {
        if (studentBuilder_ == null) {
          if (dataBodyCase_ == 2 &&
              dataBody_ != com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Student.getDefaultInstance()) {
            dataBody_ = com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Student.newBuilder((com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Student) dataBody_)
                .mergeFrom(value).buildPartial();
          } else {
            dataBody_ = value;
          }
          onChanged();
        } else {
          if (dataBodyCase_ == 2) {
            studentBuilder_.mergeFrom(value);
          }
          studentBuilder_.setMessage(value);
        }
        dataBodyCase_ = 2;
        return this;
      }
      /**
       * <code>.Student student = 2;</code>
       */
      public Builder clearStudent() {
        if (studentBuilder_ == null) {
          if (dataBodyCase_ == 2) {
            dataBodyCase_ = 0;
            dataBody_ = null;
            onChanged();
          }
        } else {
          if (dataBodyCase_ == 2) {
            dataBodyCase_ = 0;
            dataBody_ = null;
          }
          studentBuilder_.clear();
        }
        return this;
      }
      /**
       * <code>.Student student = 2;</code>
       */
      public com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Student.Builder getStudentBuilder() {
        return getStudentFieldBuilder().getBuilder();
      }
      /**
       * <code>.Student student = 2;</code>
       */
      @java.lang.Override
      public com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.StudentOrBuilder getStudentOrBuilder() {
        if ((dataBodyCase_ == 2) && (studentBuilder_ != null)) {
          return studentBuilder_.getMessageOrBuilder();
        } else {
          if (dataBodyCase_ == 2) {
            return (com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Student) dataBody_;
          }
          return com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Student.getDefaultInstance();
        }
      }
      /**
       * <code>.Student student = 2;</code>
       */
      private com.google.protobuf.SingleFieldBuilderV3<
          com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Student, com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Student.Builder, com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.StudentOrBuilder> 
          getStudentFieldBuilder() {
        if (studentBuilder_ == null) {
          if (!(dataBodyCase_ == 2)) {
            dataBody_ = com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Student.getDefaultInstance();
          }
          studentBuilder_ = new com.google.protobuf.SingleFieldBuilderV3<
              com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Student, com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Student.Builder, com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.StudentOrBuilder>(
                  (com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Student) dataBody_,
                  getParentForChildren(),
                  isClean());
          dataBody_ = null;
        }
        dataBodyCase_ = 2;
        onChanged();;
        return studentBuilder_;
      }

      private com.google.protobuf.SingleFieldBuilderV3<
          com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Worker, com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Worker.Builder, com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.WorkerOrBuilder> workerBuilder_;
      /**
       * <code>.Worker worker = 3;</code>
       * @return Whether the worker field is set.
       */
      @java.lang.Override
      public boolean hasWorker() {
        return dataBodyCase_ == 3;
      }
      /**
       * <code>.Worker worker = 3;</code>
       * @return The worker.
       */
      @java.lang.Override
      public com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Worker getWorker() {
        if (workerBuilder_ == null) {
          if (dataBodyCase_ == 3) {
            return (com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Worker) dataBody_;
          }
          return com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Worker.getDefaultInstance();
        } else {
          if (dataBodyCase_ == 3) {
            return workerBuilder_.getMessage();
          }
          return com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Worker.getDefaultInstance();
        }
      }
      /**
       * <code>.Worker worker = 3;</code>
       */
      public Builder setWorker(com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Worker value) {
        if (workerBuilder_ == null) {
          if (value == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException();
          }
          dataBody_ = value;
          onChanged();
        } else {
          workerBuilder_.setMessage(value);
        }
        dataBodyCase_ = 3;
        return this;
      }
      /**
       * <code>.Worker worker = 3;</code>
       */
      public Builder setWorker(
          com.github.bjlhx15.netty.demo.netty.codec2.ProtoDataEntity.Worker.Builder builderForValue) {
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    descriptor = com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.FileDescriptor
      .internalBuildGeneratedFileFrom(descriptorData,
        new com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.FileDescriptor[] {
        });
    internal_static_MyMessage_descriptor =
      getDescriptor().getMessageTypes().get(0);
    internal_static_MyMessage_fieldAccessorTable = new
      com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3.FieldAccessorTable(
        internal_static_MyMessage_descriptor,
        new java.lang.String[] { "DataType", "Student", "Worker", "DataBody", });
    internal_static_Student_descriptor =
      getDescriptor().getMessageTypes().get(1);
    internal_static_Student_fieldAccessorTable = new
      com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3.FieldAccessorTable(
        internal_static_Student_descriptor,
        new java.lang.String[] { "Id", "Name", });
    internal_static_Worker_descriptor =
      getDescriptor().getMessageTypes().get(2);
    internal_static_Worker_fieldAccessorTable = new
      com.google.protobuf.GeneratedMessageV3.FieldAccessorTable(
        internal_static_Worker_descriptor,
        new java.lang.String[] { "Name", "Id", });
  }

  // @@protoc_insertion_point(outer_class_scope)
}

客户端发送代码整体如上，修改如下：

public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
        int random = new Random().nextInt(3);
        ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage myMessage=null;

        if(0==random){
            myMessage=ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage.newBuilder()
                    .setDataType(ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage.DataType.StudentType)
                    .setStudent(ProtoDataEntity.Student.newBuilder().setId(3).build())
                    .build();
        }else{

            myMessage=ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage.newBuilder()
                    .setDataType(ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage.DataType.WorkerType)
                    .setWorker(ProtoDataEntity.Worker.newBuilder().setId(30).build())
                    .build();
        }
    }

服务端接收

    @Override
    protected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext channelHandlerContext, ProtoDataEntity.MyMessage msg) throws Exception {
        switch (msg.getDataType()) {
            case StudentType:
                System.out.println("学生："+msg.getStudent().toString());
                break;
            case WorkerType:
                System.out.println("工人："+msg.getWorker().toString());
                break;
            case UNRECOGNIZED:
                System.out.println("类型不对："+msg.toString());
                break;
        }
    }

二、Netty入站出站机制

　　Netty是基于组件设计的，主要组件有Channel、EventLoop、ChannelFuture、ChannelHandler、ChannelPipeline等

　　ChannelHandler充当了处理入站和出站数据的应用程序逻辑容器。如，实现ChannelInboundHandler接口（或ChannelInboundhandlerAdapter）就可以接收入站事件和数据，以及冲刷数据，业务通常卸载一个或多个ChannelInboundHandler中。ChannelOutboundHandler原理一样。处理出站数据。

2.1、ChannelPipeline提供了ChannelHandler链的容器。

　　

　　数据类型不一致，就会跳过对应的handler处理器；在进行编解码时，需要判断缓存去ByteBuf的数据是否足够，否则接收到的结果会与期望不一致

 2.1.1、编解码器

　　当Netty发送或者接收一个消息的时候，就会发生一次数据转换。入站消息会被解码；从字节转换为另一种格式（比如java对象）；如果是出站，它会被编码程字节

　　Netty提供了一系列实用的编解码器，它们都实现了ChannelInboundHandler或者channelOutboundHandler接口。在这些类中，channelRead方法已经被重写了。他将调用由解码器所提供的decode()方法进行解码，并将已经解码的字节转发给ChannelPipeline中的下一个ChannelInboundHandler。

1）ByteToMessageDecoder解码器

　　由于不可能知道远程节点是否会一次性发送一个完整额信息，tcp有可能出现粘包拆包的问题，直到它准备好被处理。

　　

实例：

public class ToIntegerDecoder extends ByteToMessageDecoder {
    @Override
    protected void decode(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ByteBuf in, List<Object> out) throws Exception {
        if (in.readableBytes() >= 4) {
            out.add(in.readInt());
        }
    }
}

 　每次入站从ByteBuffer中读取4字节，将其解码为一个int，然后将它添加到下一list中，当没有更多元素添加可以添加到该LIst中时，他的内容将会被发送给下一个ChannelInboundHandler。

2.1.2、编解码图示说明

实例：

2.1.3、其他编解码器

1）解码器-ReplayingDecoder

public abstract class ReplayingDecoder<S> extends ByteToMessageDecoder

ReplayingDecoder扩展了ByteToMessageDecoder，使用这个类不必调用readableBytes()方法，参数S指定了用户状态类型，其中Void代表不需要状态管理

使用比较方便，有些缺点：不是所有的ByteBuf操作都被支持，如果调用了一个不被支持的方法，将会抛出一个UnsupportedOperationException。某些情况下慢于ByteToMessageDecoder，如网络缓慢并且消息格式复杂，消息将被拆成了多个碎片，速度变慢。

2）LineBasedFrameDecoder

使用行尾控制字符（ 或 ）作为分隔符来解析数据

3）DelimiterBasedFrameDecoder

使用自定义字符作为消息的分隔符

4）HttpObjectDecoder

一个http数据的解码包

5）LengthFieldBasedFrameDecoder

通过指定长度来标识整包消息，这样就能自动处理黏包和半包消息

6）其他

Zlib等 

三、netty与log结合

3.1、Log4j整合netty

pom

        <dependency>
            <groupId>log4j</groupId>
            <artifactId>log4j</artifactId>
            <version>1.2.12</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
            <artifactId>slf4j-api</artifactId>
            <version>1.7.25</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
            <artifactId>slf4j-log4j12</artifactId>
            <version>1.7.25</version>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
            <artifactId>slf4j-simple</artifactId>
            <version>1.7.25</version>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>

添加log4j.properties

log4j.rootLogger=DEBUG, stdout
log4j.appender.stdout=org.apache.log4j.ConsoleAppender
log4j.appender.stdout.layout=org.apache.log4j.PatternLayout
log4j.appender.stdout.layout.ConversionPattern=[%p] %C{1} - %m%n

定时