Docker基础篇使用笔记
Docker是一种遵从Apache2.0协议开源的Linux容器管理解决方案,它通过进程和进程通信技术对操作系统的文件资源和网络的进行隔离,实现了包含文件资源、系统资源(shell环境等)以及网络资源的容器创建和管理。
可简单理解为一种沙盒 。每个容器内运行一个应用,不同的容器之间相互隔离,容器之间也可以建立通信机制。容器的创建和停止都十分快速,资源需求远远低于虚拟机。
镜像,类似虚拟机镜像,比较精简
容器,镜像运行实例
仓库,存放镜像
Centos 7下Docker的安装
官方文档https://docs.docker.com/engine/install/
#通过 **uname -r** 命令查看你当前的内核版本,内核版本要高于3.10
uname -r
#使用 root 权限登录 Centos。确保 yum 包更新到最新。
sudo yum update
#卸载旧版本(如果安装过旧版本的话)
sudo yum remove docker docker-common docker-selinux docker-engine
#安装需要的软件包, yum-util 提供yum-config-manager功能,另外两个是devicemapper驱动依赖的
sudo yum install -y yum-utils device-mapper-persistent-data lvm2
#设置yum源
sudo yum-config-manager --add-repo https://download.docker.com/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo
#可以查看所有仓库中所有docker版本,并选择特定版本安装
yum list docker-ce --showduplicates | sort -r
#安装docker,例如sudo yum install docker-ce-17.12.1.ce
sudo yum install <FQPN>
#启动并加入开机启动
sudo systemctl start docker
sudo systemctl enable docker
#管理服务
systemctl start|stop|restart docker
#验证安装是否成功(有client和service两部分表示docker安装启动都成功了)
docker version
docker-compose安装,通过docker-compose.yml可以便捷的批量管理docker容器
#安装太慢可以用梯子离线下载安装
sudo curl -L "https://github.com/docker/compose/releases/download/1.26.0/docker-compose-$(uname -s)-$(uname -m)" -o /usr/local/bin/docker-compose
sudo chmod +x /usr/local/bin/docker-compose
#如果docker-compose命令运行失败,链接安装路径
sudo ln -s /usr/local/bin/docker-compose /usr/bin/docker-compose
安装完成后查看版本
配置阿里云容器镜像加速地址(注册阿里云-->控制台-->容器镜像服务)
sudo mkdir -p /etc/docker
sudo tee /etc/docker/daemon.json <<-'EOF'
{
"registry-mirrors": ["https://xxxxx.mirror.aliyuncs.com"]
}
EOF
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl restart docker
Docker使用
docker常用镜像命令
#查看docker信息
docker info
#搜索镜像
docker search [IMAGE_NAME]
#拉取docker镜像
docker pull [IMAGE_NAME]:[tag]
#查看本地镜像
docker images -a
#删除镜像
docker rmi -f [IMAGE_ID|IMAGE_NAME]
#删除多个镜像,清空docker rmi -f $(docker images -qa)
docker rmi -f [IMAGE_NAME1]:[tag1] [IMAGE_NAME2]:[tag2]
docker常用容器命令
docker [run|ps] --help
[OPTIONS] | docker run [OPTIONS] IMAGE [COMMAND] [ARGS...] |
---|---|
--name "容器名” | 为容器指定一个名称 |
-d, --detach | Run container in background and print container ID(后台守护式启动) |
-i, --interactive | Keep STDIN open even if not attached(交互模式启动容器) |
-t, --tty | Allocate a pseudo-TTY(-it,运行时新建伪终端容器内部) |
-p, --publish list | Publish a container's port(s) to the host (随机端口映射) |
-P --publish-all | Publish all exposed ports to random ports(指定端口映射) |
(run没加-d参数交互式运行时,exit容器停止退出,Ctrl+P+Q不停止退出)
[OPTIONS] | docker ps [OPTIONS] |
---|---|
-a, --all | Show all containers (default shows just running) |
-n, --last int | Show n last created containers (includes all states) (default -1) |
-l, --latest | Show the latest created container (includes all states) |
--no-trunc | list Don't truncate output |
-q, --quiet | Only display numeric IDs |
-s, --size | Display total file sizes |
常用命令
docker [start|stop|restart|rm|kill] [容器id|[容器NAME]
docker run -d [IMAGE_ID]
#-t加入时间戳,-f跟随最新日志打印,--tail显示最后打印多少条
docker logs -f -t --tail [容器id]
#查看容器内运行的进程
docker top [容器id]
#查看容器Json描述细节
docker inspect [容器id]
#进去容器内部 Exit退出
docker exec -it [容器id] bash #容器外部执行查看docker exec -t d8488064b282 ls -l /var
docker attach [容器id]
#文件从容器复制到宿主机
docker cp 容器ID/容器name:容器目录 当前宿主机的文件
#宿主机文件到容器
docker cp 当前宿主机的文件 容器ID或者容器name:容器目录
#example:docker pull nginx
#启动容器复制配置文件
docker run --name nginx-test -p 80:80 -d nginx
mkdir -p ~/docker/nginx/www ~/docker/nginx/logs ~/docker/nginx/conf ~/docker/nginx/conf.d
docker cp 容器id:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf ~/docker/nginx/conf
docker cp 容器id:/etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf ~/docker/nginx/conf.d
docker cp 容器id:/usr/share/nginx/html/index.html ~/docker/nginx/www
#运行容器,-v数据卷映射配置,启动nginx容器时,一定要加--net host参数(解释:容器将不会虚拟出自己的网卡,配置自己的IP等,而是使用宿主机的IP和端口,如果不加此参数,nginx相当于是代理nginx镜像的IP及端口,nginx镜像也是独立的虚机)
docker run -d --name nginx-server -p 80:80 --net host -v ~/docker/nginx/conf/nginx.conf:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf -v ~/docker/nginx/logs:/var/log/nginx -v ~/docker/nginx/www:/usr/share/nginx/html -v ~/docker/nginx/conf.d/default.conf:/etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf nginx
docker [OPTIONS] COMMAND
#docker [OPTIONS] COMMAND
docker --help
A self-sufficient runtime for containers
Options:
--config string Location of client config files (default "/root/.docker")
-c, --context string Name of the context to use to connect to the daemon (overrides
DOCKER_HOST env var and default context set with "docker context use")
-D, --debug Enable debug mode
-H, --host list Daemon socket(s) to connect to
-l, --log-level string Set the logging level ("debug"|"info"|"warn"|"error"|"fatal") (default "info")
--tls Use TLS; implied by --tlsverify
--tlscacert string Trust certs signed only by this CA (default "/root/.docker/ca.pem")
--tlscert string Path to TLS certificate file (default "/root/.docker/cert.pem")
--tlskey string Path to TLS key file (default "/root/.docker/key.pem")
--tlsverify Use TLS and verify the remote
-v, --version Print version information and quit
Management Commands:
builder Manage builds
config Manage Docker configs
container Manage containers
context Manage contexts
engine Manage the docker engine
image Manage images
network Manage networks
node Manage Swarm nodes
plugin Manage plugins
secret Manage Docker secrets
service Manage services
stack Manage Docker stacks
swarm Manage Swarm
system Manage Docker
trust Manage trust on Docker images
volume Manage volumes
Commands:
attach Attach local standard input, output, and error streams to a running container
build Build an image from a Dockerfile
commit Create a new image from a container's changes
cp Copy files/folders between a container and the local filesystem
create Create a new container
diff Inspect changes to files or directories on a container's filesystem
events Get real time events from the server
exec Run a command in a running container
export Export a container's filesystem as a tar archive
history Show the history of an image
images List images
import Import the contents from a tarball to create a filesystem image
info Display system-wide information
inspect Return low-level information on Docker objects
kill Kill one or more running containers
load Load an image from a tar archive or STDIN
login Log in to a Docker registry
logout Log out from a Docker registry
logs Fetch the logs of a container
pause Pause all processes within one or more containers
port List port mappings or a specific mapping for the container
ps List containers
pull Pull an image or a repository from a registry
push Push an image or a repository to a registry
rename Rename a container
restart Restart one or more containers
rm Remove one or more containers
rmi Remove one or more images
run Run a command in a new container
save Save one or more images to a tar archive (streamed to STDOUT by default)
search Search the Docker Hub for images
start Start one or more stopped containers
stats Display a live stream of container(s) resource usage statistics
stop Stop one or more running containers
tag Create a tag TARGET_IMAGE that refers to SOURCE_IMAGE
top Display the running processes of a container
unpause Unpause all processes within one or more containers
update Update configuration of one or more containers
version Show the Docker version information
wait Block until one or more containers stop, then print their exit codes
Run 'docker COMMAND --help' for more information on a command.
docker镜像打包提交
docker镜像又一层一层文件系统套娃组成,层级文件系统UnionFS
#将容器打包成镜像
docker commit -a="作者名字" -m="提交信息" 容器id xxxx/nginx:1.01
#IMAGE_ID删除,可能冲突,可以使用IMAGE_NAME删除
docker rmi xxxx/nginx:1.01
Dockerfile构建镜像
构建docker镜像的一系列命令和参数构成的脚本
- 每条保留字指令必须为大写字母且后面要跟随至少一个参数
- 指令安装从上到下,顺序执行
- 每条指令都会创建一个新的镜像层,并对镜像进行提交
执行大致流程:dockerfile --> docker build (多层打包)--> docker run
- docker从基础镜像运行一个容器
- 执行一条指令并对容器做修改
- 执行类似docker commit的操作提交一个新的镜像层
- docker再基于刚提交的镜像运行一个新的容器
- 执行dockerfile中的下一条指令直到所有指令都执行完成
FROM ubuntu
VOLUME ["~/dateVolumeContainer1","~/dateVolumeContainer2"]
CMD echo "dinished,-------success"
CMD /bin/bash
docker build -f /root/Dockerfile -t jibny/ubuntu:1.01 .
docker run -it --name ubuntu1 jibny/ubuntu:1.01
#--volumes-from,多容器继承共享文件
docker run -it --name ubuntu2 --volumes-from ubuntu1 jibny/ubuntu:1.01
FROM | 构建时基于的基础镜像 |
---|---|
MAINTAINER | 镜像维护者姓名和邮箱地址 |
RUN | 容器构建时需要运行的命令 |
EXPOSE | 当前容器对外暴露出的端口 |
WORKDIR | 指定在创建容器后,终端默认登录的目录 |
ENV | 构建镜像时设置环境变量 |
ADD | 将宿主机目录下的文件拷贝到镜像中,且自动处理URL和解压 |
COPY | 类似ADD,但是不会解压处理,例:COPY src dest|COPY ["src","dest"] |
VOLUME | 容器数据卷,用于数据保存和持久化工作 |
CMD | 指定容器启动时运行的命令,可以有多个CMD命令只有最后一个生效,会被docker run后面的参数替换 |
ENTRYPOINT | 指定容器启动时运行的命令,docker run后追加 |
ONBUILD | 当构建一个被继承的Dockerfile时运行该命令,父镜像被子镜像继承后父镜像的ONBUILD触发 |
dockerfile脚本简单编写
FROM centos
MAINTAINER Jibny<zhanjibin99@gmail.com>
ENV MYPATH /usr/local
WORKDIR $MYPATH
RUN yum -y install vim
RUN yum -y net-tools
EXPOSE 80
CMD echo $MYPATH
CMD echo "success----------ok"
CMD /bin/bash
docker build -f ~/DockerfileCentos -t mycentos:1.01 .
启动容器,测试登录的目录和vim命令
基于centos自定义tomcat镜像
FROM centos
MAINTAINER jibny<zhanjibin99@gmail.com>
#把宿主机当前上下文的c.txt拷贝到容器/usr/local/路径下
COPY java.txt /usr/local/java.txt
#把java与tomcat添加到容器中
ADD jdk-8u221-linux-x64.tar.gz /usr/local/
ADD apache-tomcat-9.0.36.tar.gz /usr/local/
#安装vim编辑器
RUN yum -y install vim
#设置工作访问时候的WORKDIR路径,登录落脚点
ENV MYPATH /usr/local
WORKDIR $MYPATH
#配置java与tomcat环境变量
ENV JAVA_HOME /usr/local/jdk1.8.0_221
ENV CLASSPATH $JAVA_HOME/lib/dt.jar:$JAVA_HOME/lib/tools.jar
ENV CATALINA_HOME /usr/local/apache-tomcat-9.0.36
ENV CATALINA_BASE /usr/local/apache-tomcat-9.0.36
ENV PATH $PATH:$JAVA_HOME/bin:$CATALINA_HOME/lib:$CATALINA_HOME/bin
#容器运行时监听的端口
EXPOSE 8080
#启动时运行tomcat
# ENTRYPOINT ["$CATALINA_HOME/bin/startup.sh"]
# CMD ["$CATALINA_HOME/bin/catalina.sh","run"]
CMD $CATALINA_HOME/bin/startup.sh && tail -F $CATALINA_HOME/bin/logs/catalina.out
#构建镜像
docker build -f dockerfile -t mytomcat9:1.01 .
#运行
docker run -d --name mytomcat9 -p 8023:8080 -v ~/docker/tomcat9/webapps:/usr/local/apache-tomcat-9.0.36/webapps -v ~/docker/tomcat9/logs:/usr/local/apache-tomcat-9.0.36/logs --privileged=true mytomcat9:1.01
docker镜像推送云仓库
$ sudo docker login --username=用户名 registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com
$ sudo docker tag [ImageId] registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/jibny/mycentos:[镜像版本号]
$ sudo docker push registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/jibny/mycentos:[镜像版本号]
#拉取镜像
docker pull registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/jibny/mycentos:[镜像版本号]
docker-compose编排管理多个组件
docker-compose的使用非常类似于docker命令的使用,compose命令都需要到docker-compose.yml文件所在的目录下才能执行。
#常用命令
docker-compose up #命令聚合每个容器的输出,命令退出时,所有容器都将停止。
docker-compose up -d #在后台启动容器并使它们保持运行。
docker-compose logs -f #查看该容器的启动的日志打印(日志从头打印)。
docker logs -f container_id #查看某一容器的启动的日志打印(日志从头打印)。
docker logs -f --tail 数量词 container_id #查看某一容器的启动的日志打印(查看最后n条日志打印)。 例:docker logs -f --tail 50 44b
docker-compose stop #停止compose服务。
docker-compose restart #重启compose服务。
docker-compose kill #kill compose服务。
docker-compose ps #查看compose服务状态。
docker-compose rm #删除compose服务。
编写docker-compose.yml
( nginx|tomcat|redis|mysql )(密码:abc.123456)
注意:需要提前拷贝三个配置文件(可以先docker run 镜像,再从容器拷贝到宿主机) 下载
- ./nginx/conf/nginx.conf
- ./nginx/conf.d/default.conf
- ./redis/conf/redis.conf
version: '3'
services:
nginx:
restart: always
image: nginx
container_name: nginx
ports:
- 80:80
- 443:443
network_mode: "host"
volumes:
- ./nginx/conf/nginx.conf:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
- ./nginx/logs:/var/log/nginx
- ./nginx/www:/usr/share/nginx/html
- ./nginx/conf.d/default.conf:/etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
tomcat:
restart: always
image: tomcat
container_name: tomcat
ports:
- 8023:8080
volumes:
- ./tomcat/webapps/:/usr/local/tomcat/webapps/
environment:
TZ: Asia/Shanghai
redis:
restart: always
image: redis
container_name: redis
ports:
- 6379:6379
command: redis-server /etc/redis/redis.conf
volumes:
- ./redis/conf:/etc/redis
- ./redis/data:/data
- ./redis/log:/var/log/redis
mysql:
restart: always
image: mysql:5.7.30
container_name: mysql
ports:
- 3306:3306
environment:
TZ: Asia/Shanghai
MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: abc.123456
command:
--character-set-server=utf8mb4
--collation-server=utf8mb4_general_ci
--explicit_defaults_for_timestamp=true
--lower_case_table_names=1
--max_allowed_packet=128M
--sql-mode="STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION,NO_ZERO_DATE,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO"
volumes:
- ./mysql/mysql-data:/var/lib/mysql
当前目录docker-compose up -d 启动测试
Docker基础篇完结,复习了一遍,又花了一天多的时间。无论是dockerfile打包镜像还是docker-compose批量的管理镜像,在组件变多集群部署时候都有点麻烦,期待后面加深学习能解决吧。