collections模块
在内置数据类型(dict、list、set、tuple)的基础上,collections模块还提供了几个额外的数据类型:Counter、deque、defaultdict、namedtuple和OrderedDict等。
1.namedtuple: 生成可以使用名字来访问元素内容的tuple
# from collections import Iterator #迭代器
# from collections import Iterable #可迭代对象
point1 = (1, 2) x = point1[0] y = point1[1] print(x) print(y) # from collections import namedtuple # P = namedtuple('Point',['x','y']) # p1 = P(1,2) # print(p1.x) # print(p1.y) # p2 = P(3,4) # print(p2.x) # print(p2.y)
例子:
from collections import namedtuple
Card = namedtuple('card',['suits','rank'])
(card,描述性的字符串,没什么用)
c1 = Card("红桃", "2")
print(c1.suits)
# 描述一类东西的时候,这一类东西都有相同的特征。
# 想直接用特征的名字就描述这个值的时候,就可以用可命名元祖
# 面向对象的时候还会再讲
# 生日:年月日 (2011,11,11)
#练习:
from collections import namedtuple brithday = namedtuple('brd', ['year', 'month', 'day']) lifu = brithday("1995", "3", "29") print(lifu.year) print(lifu.month) print(lifu.day)
2.deque: 双端队列,可以快速的从另外一侧追加和推出对象
deque是为了高效实现插入和删除操作的双向列表,
#队列:先进先出
import queue #队列_多线程多进程 q = queue.Queue() q.put([1]) q.put(2) #处理任务 q.put(300) q.put('aaa') q.put('wahaha') print(q.qsize()) 输出; 5 # print(q.get()) 输出: [1] # print(q.get()) 输出: 2 # print(q.get()) 输出: 300 # print(q.get()) 输出: aaa # print(q.get()) #hold住的功能 输出: wahaha # print(q.qsize()) 输出: 0 # print(q.get_nowait()) #如果没有不会hold住,且会报错
from collections import deque dq = deque() dq.append('a') dq.append('b') dq.appendleft('c') print(dq) print(dq.popleft()) 输出: deque(['c', 'a', 'b']) c
3.Counter: 计数器,主要用来计数 Counter类的目的是用来跟踪值出现的次数。它是一个无序的容器类型,以字典的键值对形式存储,其中元素作为key,其计数作为value。计数值可以是任意的Interger(包括0和负数)。Counter类和其他语言的bags或multisets很相似。
from collections import Counter c = Counter('abcdeabcdabcaba') print(c) 输出:Counter({'a': 5, 'b': 4, 'c': 3, 'd': 2, 'e': 1})
4.OrderedDict: 有序字典
d = dict([('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3)])
print(d)
输出:
{'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
from collections import OrderedDict od = OrderedDict([('a', [1,2,3,4]), ('b', 2), ('c', 3)]) print(od) 输出: OrderedDict([('a', [1, 2, 3, 4]), ('b', 2), ('c', 3)])
# from collections import OrderedDict # od = OrderedDict([('a', [1,2,3,4]), ('b', 2), ('c', 3)]) # for k in od: # print(k,od[k]) 输出: a [1, 2, 3, 4] b 2 c 3
from collections import OrderedDict od = OrderedDict([('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3)]) for key in od: print(key) 输出: a b c od["key"] = "value" for key in od: print(key) 输出: a b c key
5.defaultdict: 带有默认值的字典
l = [11,22,33,44,55,66,77,88,99,90] dic = {"k1":[], "k2":[]} for i in l: if i > 66: dic["k1"].append(i) else: dic["k2"].append(i) print(dic) # l = [11,22,33,44,55,66,77,88,99,90] # dic = {} l = [11,22,33,44,55,66,77,88,99,90] dic = {} for i in l: if i > 66: if "k1" in dic: dic["k1"].append(i) else: dic["k1"] = [] dic["k1"].append(i) print(dic) from collections import defaultdict values = [11, 22, 33,44,55,66,77,88,99,90] my_dict = defaultdict(list) for value in values: if value>66: my_dict['k1'].append(value) else: my_dict['k2'].append(value) print(my_dict)