之前分析的MyTest1程序是比较简单的程序，接来下我们将再用一个程序来巩固一下对JVM字节码的理解：
package com.leolin.jvm.bytecode;
public class MyTest2 {
String str = "Welcome";
private int x = 5;
public static Integer in = 10;
private Object obj = new Object();
public MyTest2() {
}
public MyTest2(int a) {
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
MyTest2 myTest2 = new MyTest2();
myTest2.setX(8);
in = 20;
}
private synchronized void setX(int x) {
this.x = x;
}
private void test(String str) {
synchronized (obj) {
System.out.println("str:" + str);
}
}
static {
System.out.println("hello");
}
}
上面的代码如果从Java语言层面来看，是比较简单的，但是经过编译之后，对应的字节码文件，就不一定了。这里我们编译后再用javap -verbose -p来看看反编译之后的方法，这里之所比相比以前加上一个-p，是因为如果单单使用-verbose不会打印我们另外两个私有方法。反编译结果如下：
D:Fjava_spacejvm-lecture argetclasses>javap -verbose -p com.leolin.jvm.bytecode.MyTest2
Classfile /D:/F/java_space/jvm-lecture/target/classes/com/leolin/jvm/bytecode/MyTest2.class
Last modified 2020-5-14; size 1578 bytes
MD5 checksum e247d6b8aea41e469b1ebcd282f8eabb
Compiled from "MyTest2.java"
public class com.leolin.jvm.bytecode.MyTest2
minor version: 0
major version: 52
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_SUPER
Constant pool:
#1 = Methodref #5.#53 // java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
#2 = String #54 // Welcome
#3 = Fieldref #7.#55 // com/leolin/jvm/bytecode/MyTest2.str:Ljava/lang/String;
#4 = Fieldref #7.#56 // com/leolin/jvm/bytecode/MyTest2.x:I
#5 = Class #57 // java/lang/Object
#6 = Fieldref #7.#58 // com/leolin/jvm/bytecode/MyTest2.obj:Ljava/lang/Object;
#7 = Class #59 // com/leolin/jvm/bytecode/MyTest2
#8 = Methodref #7.#53 // com/leolin/jvm/bytecode/MyTest2."<init>":()V
#9 = Methodref #7.#60 // com/leolin/jvm/bytecode/MyTest2.setX:(I)V
#10 = Methodref #61.#62 // java/lang/Integer.valueOf:(I)Ljava/lang/Integer;
#11 = Fieldref #7.#63 // com/leolin/jvm/bytecode/MyTest2.in:Ljava/lang/Integer;
#12 = Fieldref #64.#65 // java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
#13 = Class #66 // java/lang/StringBuilder
#14 = Methodref #13.#53 // java/lang/StringBuilder."<init>":()V
#15 = String #67 // str:
#16 = Methodref #13.#68 // java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
#17 = Methodref #13.#69 // java/lang/StringBuilder.toString:()Ljava/lang/String;
#18 = Methodref #70.#71 // java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
#19 = String #72 // hello
#20 = Utf8 str
#21 = Utf8 Ljava/lang/String;
#22 = Utf8 x
#23 = Utf8 I
#24 = Utf8 in
#25 = Utf8 Ljava/lang/Integer;
#26 = Utf8 obj
#27 = Utf8 Ljava/lang/Object;
#28 = Utf8 <init>
#29 = Utf8 ()V
#30 = Utf8 Code
#31 = Utf8 LineNumberTable
#32 = Utf8 LocalVariableTable
#33 = Utf8 this
#34 = Utf8 Lcom/leolin/jvm/bytecode/MyTest2;
#35 = Utf8 (I)V
#36 = Utf8 a
#37 = Utf8 main
#38 = Utf8 ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
#39 = Utf8 args
#40 = Utf8 [Ljava/lang/String;
#41 = Utf8 myTest2
#42 = Utf8 setX
#43 = Utf8 test
#44 = Utf8 (Ljava/lang/String;)V
#45 = Utf8 StackMapTable
#46 = Class #59 // com/leolin/jvm/bytecode/MyTest2
#47 = Class #73 // java/lang/String
#48 = Class #57 // java/lang/Object
#49 = Class #74 // java/lang/Throwable
#50 = Utf8 <clinit>
#51 = Utf8 SourceFile
#52 = Utf8 MyTest2.java
#53 = NameAndType #28:#29 // "<init>":()V
#54 = Utf8 Welcome
#55 = NameAndType #20:#21 // str:Ljava/lang/String;
#56 = NameAndType #22:#23 // x:I
#57 = Utf8 java/lang/Object
#58 = NameAndType #26:#27 // obj:Ljava/lang/Object;
#59 = Utf8 com/leolin/jvm/bytecode/MyTest2
#60 = NameAndType #42:#35 // setX:(I)V
#61 = Class #75 // java/lang/Integer
#62 = NameAndType #76:#77 // valueOf:(I)Ljava/lang/Integer;
#63 = NameAndType #24:#25 // in:Ljava/lang/Integer;
#64 = Class #78 // java/lang/System
#65 = NameAndType #79:#80 // out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
#66 = Utf8 java/lang/StringBuilder
#67 = Utf8 str:
#68 = NameAndType #81:#82 // append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
#69 = NameAndType #83:#84 // toString:()Ljava/lang/String;
#70 = Class #85 // java/io/PrintStream
#71 = NameAndType #86:#44 // println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
#72 = Utf8 hello
#73 = Utf8 java/lang/String
#74 = Utf8 java/lang/Throwable
#75 = Utf8 java/lang/Integer
#76 = Utf8 valueOf
#77 = Utf8 (I)Ljava/lang/Integer;
#78 = Utf8 java/lang/System
#79 = Utf8 out
#80 = Utf8 Ljava/io/PrintStream;
#81 = Utf8 append
#82 = Utf8 (Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
#83 = Utf8 toString
#84 = Utf8 ()Ljava/lang/String;
#85 = Utf8 java/io/PrintStream
#86 = Utf8 println
{
java.lang.String str;
descriptor: Ljava/lang/String;
flags:
private int x;
descriptor: I
flags: ACC_PRIVATE
public static java.lang.Integer in;
descriptor: Ljava/lang/Integer;
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
private java.lang.Object obj;
descriptor: Ljava/lang/Object;
flags: ACC_PRIVATE
public com.leolin.jvm.bytecode.MyTest2();
descriptor: ()V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=3, locals=1, args_size=1
0: aload_0
1: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
4: aload_0
5: ldc #2 // String Welcome
7: putfield #3 // Field str:Ljava/lang/String;
10: aload_0
11: iconst_5
12: putfield #4 // Field x:I
15: aload_0
16: new #5 // class java/lang/Object
19: dup
20: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
23: putfield #6 // Field obj:Ljava/lang/Object;
26: return
LineNumberTable:
line 9: 0
line 4: 4
line 5: 10
line 7: 15
line 10: 26
LocalVariableTable:
Start Length Slot Name Signature
0 27 0 this Lcom/leolin/jvm/bytecode/MyTest2;
public com.leolin.jvm.bytecode.MyTest2(int);
descriptor: (I)V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=3, locals=2, args_size=2
0: aload_0
1: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
4: aload_0
5: ldc #2 // String Welcome
7: putfield #3 // Field str:Ljava/lang/String;
10: aload_0
11: iconst_5
12: putfield #4 // Field x:I
15: aload_0
16: new #5 // class java/lang/Object
19: dup
20: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
23: putfield #6 // Field obj:Ljava/lang/Object;
26: return
LineNumberTable:
line 12: 0
line 4: 4
line 5: 10
line 7: 15
line 13: 26
LocalVariableTable:
Start Length Slot Name Signature
0 27 0 this Lcom/leolin/jvm/bytecode/MyTest2;
0 27 1 a I
public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
descriptor: ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=2, args_size=1
0: new #7 // class com/leolin/jvm/bytecode/MyTest2
3: dup
4: invokespecial #8 // Method "<init>":()V
7: astore_1
8: aload_1
9: bipush 8
11: invokespecial #9 // Method setX:(I)V
14: bipush 20
16: invokestatic #10 // Method java/lang/Integer.valueOf:(I)Ljava/lang/Integer;
19: putstatic #11 // Field in:Ljava/lang/Integer;
22: return
LineNumberTable:
line 17: 0
line 18: 8
line 19: 14
line 20: 22
LocalVariableTable:
Start Length Slot Name Signature
0 23 0 args [Ljava/lang/String;
8 15 1 myTest2 Lcom/leolin/jvm/bytecode/MyTest2;
private synchronized void setX(int);
descriptor: (I)V
flags: ACC_PRIVATE, ACC_SYNCHRONIZED
Code:
stack=2, locals=2, args_size=2
0: aload_0
1: iload_1
2: putfield #4 // Field x:I
5: return
LineNumberTable:
line 23: 0
line 24: 5
LocalVariableTable:
Start Length Slot Name Signature
0 6 0 this Lcom/leolin/jvm/bytecode/MyTest2;
0 6 1 x I
private void test(java.lang.String);
descriptor: (Ljava/lang/String;)V
flags: ACC_PRIVATE
Code:
stack=3, locals=4, args_size=2
0: aload_0
1: getfield #6 // Field obj:Ljava/lang/Object;
4: dup
5: astore_2
6: monitorenter
7: getstatic #12 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
10: new #13 // class java/lang/StringBuilder
13: dup
14: invokespecial #14 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder."<init>":()V
17: ldc #15 // String str:
19: invokevirtual #16 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
22: aload_1
23: invokevirtual #16 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
26: invokevirtual #17 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.toString:()Ljava/lang/String;
29: invokevirtual #18 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
32: aload_2
33: monitorexit
34: goto 42
37: astore_3
38: aload_2
39: monitorexit
40: aload_3
41: athrow
42: return
Exception table:
from to target type
7 34 37 any
37 40 37 any
LineNumberTable:
line 27: 0
line 28: 7
line 29: 32
line 30: 42
LocalVariableTable:
Start Length Slot Name Signature
0 43 0 this Lcom/leolin/jvm/bytecode/MyTest2;
0 43 1 str Ljava/lang/String;
StackMapTable: number_of_entries = 2
frame_type = 255 /* full_frame */
offset_delta = 37
locals = [ class com/leolin/jvm/bytecode/MyTest2, class java/lang/String, class java/lang/Object ]
stack = [ class java/lang/Throwable ]
frame_type = 250 /* chop */
offset_delta = 4
static {};
descriptor: ()V
flags: ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=0, args_size=0
0: bipush 10
2: invokestatic #10 // Method java/lang/Integer.valueOf:(I)Ljava/lang/Integer;
5: putstatic #11 // Field in:Ljava/lang/Integer;
8: getstatic #12 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
11: ldc #19 // String hello
13: invokevirtual #18 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
16: return
LineNumberTable:
line 6: 0
line 33: 8
line 34: 16
}
SourceFile: "MyTest2.java"
首先，我们来分析两个构造方法：
public com.leolin.jvm.bytecode.MyTest2();
descriptor: ()V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=3, locals=1, args_size=1
0: aload_0
1: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
4: aload_0
5: ldc #2 // String Welcome
7: putfield #3 // Field str:Ljava/lang/String;
10: aload_0
11: iconst_5
12: putfield #4 // Field x:I
15: aload_0
16: new #5 // class java/lang/Object
19: dup
20: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
23: putfield #6 // Field obj:Ljava/lang/Object;
26: return
LineNumberTable:
line 9: 0
line 4: 4
line 5: 10
line 7: 15
line 10: 26
LocalVariableTable:
Start Length Slot Name Signature
0 27 0 this Lcom/leolin/jvm/bytecode/MyTest2;
public com.leolin.jvm.bytecode.MyTest2(int);
descriptor: (I)V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=3, locals=2, args_size=2
0: aload_0
1: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
4: aload_0
5: ldc #2 // String Welcome
7: putfield #3 // Field str:Ljava/lang/String;
10: aload_0
11: iconst_5
12: putfield #4 // Field x:I
15: aload_0
16: new #5 // class java/lang/Object
19: dup
20: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
23: putfield #6 // Field obj:Ljava/lang/Object;
26: return
LineNumberTable:
line 12: 0
line 4: 4
line 5: 10
line 7: 15
line 13: 26
LocalVariableTable:
Start Length Slot Name Signature
0 27 0 this Lcom/leolin/jvm/bytecode/MyTest2;
0 27 1 a I
第一个是无参构造方法，但很奇怪的是，第一个构造方法的参数数量args_size为1。这是因为Java在调用实例方法时，每个方法的第一个参数都是接收一个this，而Java会隐式的帮我们把当前对象传入实例方法。比如下面的A类：
class A {
public void test() {
}
}
当我们调用一个A的实例方法test时，会转换成这样的形式：A.test(this)，同理构造方法。这样我们也就能够理解，为什么MyTest2第二个构造方法的的参数数量args_size为2。第一个是Java帮我们隐式传入的this，第二个是我们显式声明的int类型变量a。我们知道，如果我们在类里为成员变量赋值，这些赋值的动作其实是在构造方法里完成。这里我们可以看到，两个构造方法中对应的字节码指令其实是一样的，也就是说，给成员变量赋值的字节码指令，会在每一个构造方法中冗余一份。我们来看下构造方法中的字节码指令：
0: aload_0 1: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V 4: aload_0 5: ldc #2 // String Welcome 7: putfield #3 // Field str:Ljava/lang/String; 10: aload_0 11: iconst_5 12: putfield #4 // Field x:I 15: aload_0 16: new #5 // class java/lang/Object 19: dup 20: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V 23: putfield #6 // Field obj:Ljava/lang/Object; 26: return
在构造方法中，先执行aload_0指令加载this的引用到栈顶，再执行invokespecial指令调用this的父类Object的构造方法，完成父类的初始化。执行完偏移0和1的指令之后，this引用会从栈中弹出，所以在此执行aload_0加载this到栈顶，然后执行ldc指令，加载常量池的元素第二个元素：Welcome到栈顶。putfield指令接收一个参数，即要在对象中设置值的字段，然后从栈中弹出两个元素，即是this引用和Welcome，完成成员变量str的赋值，这是偏移4到7所做的事。接着在偏移10到12完成字段x的赋值。在偏移15到23之间，依旧是加载this到栈顶，用new指令创建一个Object的对象然后推至栈顶，接着调用dup指令，根据栈顶的Object对象引用再次创建一份引用推至栈顶，至此栈顶有连续两个同一Object对象的引用，执行invokespecial指令，会调用Object对象的构造方法，然后弹出Object对象的引用，此时栈顶还有一个Object对象和this对象的引用，执行putfield指令，将栈中的两个引用弹出，把Object对象的引用设置进this对象的obj字段中。最后，执行偏移26的指令return，构造方法结束。
接着，我们分析main方法：
public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
descriptor: ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=2, args_size=1
0: new #7 // class com/leolin/jvm/bytecode/MyTest2
3: dup
4: invokespecial #8 // Method "<init>":()V
7: astore_1
8: aload_1
9: bipush 8
11: invokespecial #9 // Method setX:(I)V
14: bipush 20
16: invokestatic #10 // Method java/lang/Integer.valueOf:(I)Ljava/lang/Integer;
19: putstatic #11 // Field in:Ljava/lang/Integer;
22: return
LineNumberTable:
line 17: 0
line 18: 8
line 19: 14
line 20: 22
LocalVariableTable:
Start Length Slot Name Signature
0 23 0 args [Ljava/lang/String;
8 15 1 myTest2 Lcom/leolin/jvm/bytecode/MyTest2;
因为main方法是静态方法，静态方法就不像之前的实例方法，会隐式传入一个this，所以main方法设定传入一个数组参数，args_size即为1。首先，偏移0~7完成将创建的MyTest2实例压入栈顶，复制一份实例的引用压入栈顶，然后弹出引用执行构造方法，之后执行astore_1弹出MyTest2实例，将其保存在局部变量表索引为1的位置，，至此，操作数栈中不存在任何元素。
然后在偏移8到11之间，先执行aload_1，将局部变量表索引为1的引用加载到栈顶，这里是之前创建的MyTest2实例，再执行bipush，将一个字节长度的数字推送到栈顶，这里是8。之后调用invokespecial，从栈中弹出两个元素，将8作为参数传入MyTest2实例的方法setX(int x)。
最后在偏移14到22之间，执行bipush，将20推送至栈顶，然后调用invokestatic指令，执行Integer类中的静态方法valueOf(String s)，将原先栈顶的元素20弹出传入该方法中，得到一个Integer对象后压入栈顶。执行putstatic，从栈顶弹出Integer对象，这只为类中静态变量in的值。
接下来，我们来看我们定义的方法setX(int x)和void text()，这两个都是同步方法：
……
private synchronized void setX(int);
descriptor: (I)V
flags: ACC_PRIVATE, ACC_SYNCHRONIZED
Code:
stack=2, locals=2, args_size=2
0: aload_0
1: iload_1
2: putfield #4 // Field x:I
5: return
……
private void test(java.lang.String);
descriptor: (Ljava/lang/String;)V
flags: ACC_PRIVATE
Code:
stack=3, locals=4, args_size=2
0: aload_0
1: getfield #6 // Field obj:Ljava/lang/Object;
4: dup
5: astore_2
6: monitorenter
7: getstatic #12 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
10: new #13 // class java/lang/StringBuilder
13: dup
14: invokespecial #14 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder."<init>":()V
17: ldc #15 // String str:
19: invokevirtual #16 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
22: aload_1
23: invokevirtual #16 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
26: invokevirtual #17 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.toString:()Ljava/lang/String;
29: invokevirtual #18 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
32: aload_2
33: monitorexit
34: goto 42
37: astore_3
38: aload_2
39: monitorexit
40: aload_3
41: athrow
42: return
……
首先是setX(int x)，我们在方法的声明处加上synchronized，因此方法的访问标志就有ACC_SYNCHRONIZED。当有多个线程调用setX(int x)方法时，该方法是通过对MyTest2的class对象加锁和释放锁来实现的同步。
而在test()方法中，我们是通过synchronized块对实例内的对象obj上锁来实现同步的，这里有两个我们之前没见过的命令monitorenter和monitorexit。每个对象都会关联一个监视器，监视器有个条目计数，执行monitorenter指令时进入对象的监视器，如果监视器的条目计数为0，则设置为1，当前线程为监视器的所有者。线程还可以进入其他的synchronized块，如果synchronized块上锁的对象所关联的监视器归当前线程所拥有，会对监视器的条目计数加1。其他线程如果想拥有监视器的所有权，必须等到监视器条目为0的时候，才可以获取监视器的所有权。
那我们很容易想到monitorexit的作用，当线程离开一个synchronized块时，synchronized块所关联的监视器的条目计数就会减1。当监视器的条目计数减为0时，代表监视器此时无无主的状态，其他因为监视器而陷入阻塞的线程就能获得该监视器的所有权。我们注意到，上面的monitorenter指令只有一条，而monitorexit却不止一条。这是因为synchronized块的入口只有一个，出口却可以有好几个，如果代码没有异常的话，synchronized块应该是从上执行到下，先执行monitorenter对监视器的条目计数加1，最后执行monitorexit对监视器条目减1，这是最理想的状态。但是我们的程序是有可能抛出异常的，当异常抛出时，我们也要对监视器的条目计数减1，这就要求Java要能观察出程序中所有有可能抛出异常的地方，当异常发生要对监视器的条目计数减1，否则其他需要监视器的线程将永远陷入阻塞的状态。
最后是我们的静态代码块，在一个类中，会在一个名为clinit的静态方法中去执行所有静态变量的赋值、以及静态代码块的执行。根据之前类加载机制，我们知道类的加载和链接，只是完成静态变量内存的分配，以及赋予静态变量默认值，比如int的默认值为0，对象的默认值为null。但是在初始化的时候，才会将程序员赋予变量的值，赋予静态变量，即在clinit中。
……
static {};
descriptor: ()V
flags: ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=0, args_size=0
0: bipush 10
2: invokestatic #10 // Method java/lang/Integer.valueOf:(I)Ljava/lang/Integer;
5: putstatic #11 // Field in:Ljava/lang/Integer;
8: getstatic #12 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
11: ldc #19 // String hello
13: invokevirtual #18 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
16: return
LineNumberTable:
line 6: 0
line 33: 8
line 34: 16
……
在MyTest2这个类中，我们声明了一个Integer类型的静态变量in，而且还有一个静态代码块，静态代码块中我们打印了一个hello。可以看到，上面偏移0到5和偏移8到13分别对应静态变量in赋值为10和获取IO流打印hello。至此，MyTest2的方法分析完毕。