Write-Ahead Log
Provide durability guarantee without the storage data structures to be flushed to disk, by persisting every state change as a command to the append only log.
https://martinfowler.com/articles/patterns-of-distributed-systems/wal.html
Segmented Log
Split log into multiple smaller files instead of a single large file for easier operations.
https://martinfowler.com/articles/patterns-of-distributed-systems/log-segmentation.html
Replicated Log
Keep the state of multiple nodes synchronized by using a write-ahead log that is replicated to all the cluster nodes.
https://martinfowler.com/articles/patterns-of-distributed-systems/replicated-log.html
High-Water Mark
An index in the write ahead log showing the last successful replication.
https://martinfowler.com/articles/patterns-of-distributed-systems/high-watermark.html
Low-Water Mark
An index in the write ahead log showing which portion of the log can be discarded.
https://martinfowler.com/articles/patterns-of-distributed-systems/low-watermark.html
Paxos
Use two consensus building phases to reach safe consensus even when nodes disconnect
https://martinfowler.com/articles/patterns-of-distributed-systems/paxos.html
Quorum
Avoid two groups of servers making independent decisions, by requiring majority for taking every decision.
https://martinfowler.com/articles/patterns-of-distributed-systems/quorum.html
Leader and Followers
Have a single server to coordinate replication across a set of servers.
https://martinfowler.com/articles/patterns-of-distributed-systems/leader-follower.html
Generation Clock
A monotonically increasing number indicating the generation of the server.
https://martinfowler.com/articles/patterns-of-distributed-systems/generation.html
Two Phase Commit
Update resources on multiple nodes in one atomic operation.
https://martinfowler.com/articles/patterns-of-distributed-systems/two-phase-commit.html
The Log: What every software engineer should know about real-time data's unifying abstraction
On Disk IO, Part 1: Flavors of IO
https://medium.com/databasss/on-disk-io-part-1-flavours-of-io-8e1ace1de017
On Disk IO, Part 2: More Flavours of IO
https://medium.com/databasss/on-disk-io-part-2-more-flavours-of-io-c945db3edb13
SkipList
https://www.epaperpress.com/sortsearch/download/skiplist.pdf