JWT(json web token)是一种基于json的身份验证机制，流程如下：
通过登录，来获取Token，再在之后每次请求的Header中追加Authorization为Token的凭据，服务端验证通过即可能获取想要访问的资源。关于JWT的技术，可参考网络上文章，这里不作详细说明，
这篇博文，主要说明在asp.net core 2.0中，基于jwt的web api的权限设置，即在asp.net core中怎么用JWT，再次就是不同用户或角色因为权限问题，即使援用Token，也不能访问不该访问的资源。
基本思路是我们自定义一个策略，来验证用户，和验证用户授权，PermissionRequirement是验证传输授权的参数。在Startup的ConfigureServices注入验证（Authentication），授权（Authorization），和JWT(JwtBearer)
自定义策略：
已封闭成AuthorizeRolicy.JWT nuget包，并发布到nuget上：
https://www.nuget.org/packages/AuthorizePolicy.JWT/
源码如下：
JwtToken.cs
/// <summary>
/// 获取基于JWT的Token
/// </summary>
/// <param name="username"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static dynamic BuildJwtToken(Claim[] claims, PermissionRequirement permissionRequirement)
{
var now = DateTime.UtcNow;
var jwt = new JwtSecurityToken(
issuer: permissionRequirement.Issuer,
audience: permissionRequirement.Audience,
claims: claims,
notBefore: now,
expires: now.Add(permissionRequirement.Expiration),
signingCredentials: permissionRequirement.SigningCredentials
);
var encodedJwt = new JwtSecurityTokenHandler().WriteToken(jwt);
var response = new
{
Status = true,
access_token = encodedJwt,
expires_in = permissionRequirement.Expiration.TotalMilliseconds,
token_type = "Bearer"
};
return response;
}
Permission.cs
/// <summary>
/// 用户或角色或其他凭据实体
/// </summary>
public class Permission
{
/// <summary>
/// 用户或角色或其他凭据名称
/// </summary>
public virtual string Name
{ get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// 请求Url
/// </summary>
public virtual string Url
{ get; set; }
}
PermissionRequirement.cs
1 using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authorization; 2 using Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens; 3 using System; 4 using System.Collections.Generic; 5 6 namespace AuthorizePolicy.JWT 7 { 8 /// <summary> 9 /// 必要参数类 10 /// </summary> 11 public class PermissionRequirement : IAuthorizationRequirement 12 { 13 /// <summary> 14 /// 用户权限集合 15 /// </summary> 16 public List<Permission> Permissions { get; private set; } 17 /// <summary> 18 /// 无权限action 19 /// </summary> 20 public string DeniedAction { get; set; } 21 22 /// <summary> 23 /// 认证授权类型 24 /// </summary> 25 public string ClaimType { internal get; set; } 26 /// <summary> 27 /// 请求路径 28 /// </summary> 29 public string LoginPath { get; set; } = "/Api/Login"; 30 /// <summary> 31 /// 发行人 32 /// </summary> 33 public string Issuer { get; set; } 34 /// <summary> 35 /// 订阅人 36 /// </summary> 37 public string Audience { get; set; } 38 /// <summary> 39 /// 过期时间 40 /// </summary> 41 public TimeSpan Expiration { get; set; } 42 /// <summary> 43 /// 签名验证 44 /// </summary> 45 public SigningCredentials SigningCredentials { get; set; } 46 47 /// <summary> 48 /// 构造 49 /// </summary> 50 /// <param name="deniedAction">无权限action</param> 51 /// <param name="userPermissions">用户权限集合</param> 52 53 /// <summary> 54 /// 构造 55 /// </summary> 56 /// <param name="deniedAction">拒约请求的url</param> 57 /// <param name="permissions">权限集合</param> 58 /// <param name="claimType">声明类型</param> 59 /// <param name="issuer">发行人</param> 60 /// <param name="audience">订阅人</param> 61 /// <param name="signingCredentials">签名验证实体</param> 62 public PermissionRequirement(string deniedAction, List<Permission> permissions, string claimType, string issuer, string audience, SigningCredentials signingCredentials, TimeSpan expiration) 63 { 64 ClaimType = claimType; 65 DeniedAction = deniedAction; 66 Permissions = permissions; 67 Issuer = issuer; 68 Audience = audience; 69 Expiration = expiration; 70 SigningCredentials = signingCredentials; 71 } 72 } 73 }
自定义策略类PermissionHandler.cs
/// <summary>
/// 权限授权Handler
/// </summary>
public class PermissionHandler : AuthorizationHandler<PermissionRequirement>
{
/// <summary>
/// 验证方案提供对象
/// </summary>
public IAuthenticationSchemeProvider Schemes { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// 自定义策略参数
/// </summary>
public PermissionRequirement Requirement
{ get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// 构造
/// </summary>
/// <param name="schemes"></param>
public PermissionHandler(IAuthenticationSchemeProvider schemes)
{
Schemes = schemes;
}
protected override async Task HandleRequirementAsync(AuthorizationHandlerContext context, PermissionRequirement requirement)
{
////赋值用户权限
Requirement = requirement;
//从AuthorizationHandlerContext转成HttpContext，以便取出表求信息
var httpContext = (context.Resource as Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.Filters.AuthorizationFilterContext).HttpContext;
//请求Url
var questUrl = httpContext.Request.Path.Value.ToLower();
//判断请求是否停止
var handlers = httpContext.RequestServices.GetRequiredService<IAuthenticationHandlerProvider>();
foreach (var scheme in await Schemes.GetRequestHandlerSchemesAsync())
{
var handler = await handlers.GetHandlerAsync(httpContext, scheme.Name) as IAuthenticationRequestHandler;
if (handler != null && await handler.HandleRequestAsync())
{
context.Fail();
return;
}
}
//判断请求是否拥有凭据，即有没有登录
var defaultAuthenticate = await Schemes.GetDefaultAuthenticateSchemeAsync();
if (defaultAuthenticate != null)
{
var result = await httpContext.AuthenticateAsync(defaultAuthenticate.Name);
//result?.Principal不为空即登录成功
if (result?.Principal != null)
{
httpContext.User = result.Principal;
//权限中是否存在请求的url
if (Requirement.Permissions.GroupBy(g => g.Url).Where(w => w.Key.ToLower() == questUrl).Count() > 0)
{
var name = httpContext.User.Claims.SingleOrDefault(s => s.Type == requirement.ClaimType).Value;
//验证权限
if (Requirement.Permissions.Where(w => w.Name == name && w.Url.ToLower() == questUrl).Count() <= 0)
{
//无权限跳转到拒绝页面
httpContext.Response.Redirect(requirement.DeniedAction);
}
}
//判断过期时间
if (DateTime.Parse(httpContext.User.Claims.SingleOrDefault(s => s.Type == ClaimTypes.Expiration).Value) >= DateTime.Now)
{
context.Succeed(requirement);
}
else
{
context.Fail();
}
return;
}
}
//判断没有登录时，是否访问登录的url,并且是Post请求，并助是form表单提交类型，否则为失败
if (!questUrl.Equals(Requirement.LoginPath.ToLower(), StringComparison.Ordinal) && (!httpContext.Request.Method.Equals("POST") || !httpContext.Request.HasFormContentType))
{
context.Fail();
return;
}
context.Succeed(requirement);
}
}
新建asp.net core 2.0的web api项目，并在项目添加AuthorizePolicy.JWT如图
先设置配置文件，用户可以定义密匙和发生人，订阅人
"Audience": {
"Secret": "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ1234567890",
"Issuer": "gsw",
"Audience": "everone"
}
在ConfigureServices中注入验证（Authentication），授权（Authorization），和JWT(JwtBearer)
Startup.cs
1 public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services) 2 { 3 var urls = "http://localhost:39287/"; 4 services.AddCors(options => 5 options.AddPolicy("MyDomain", 6 builder => builder.WithOrigins(urls).AllowAnyMethod().AllowAnyHeader().AllowAnyOrigin().AllowCredentials())); 7 8 //读取配置文件 9 var audienceConfig = Configuration.GetSection("Audience"); 10 var symmetricKeyAsBase64 = audienceConfig["Secret"]; 11 var keyByteArray = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(symmetricKeyAsBase64); 12 var signingKey = new SymmetricSecurityKey(keyByteArray); 13 var tokenValidationParameters = new TokenValidationParameters 14 { 15 ValidateIssuerSigningKey = true, 16 IssuerSigningKey = signingKey, 17 ValidateIssuer = true, 18 ValidIssuer = audienceConfig["Issuer"],//发行人 19 ValidateAudience = true, 20 ValidAudience = audienceConfig["Audience"],//订阅人 21 ValidateLifetime = true, 22 ClockSkew = TimeSpan.Zero, 23 RequireExpirationTime = true, 24 25 }; 26 var signingCredentials = new SigningCredentials(signingKey, SecurityAlgorithms.HmacSha256); 27 //这个集合模拟用户权限表,可从数据库中查询出来 28 var permission = new List<Permission> { 29 new Permission { Url="/", Name="admin"}, 30 new Permission { Url="/api/values", Name="admin"}, 31 new Permission { Url="/", Name="system"}, 32 new Permission { Url="/api/values1", Name="system"} 33 }; 34 //如果第三个参数，是ClaimTypes.Role，上面集合的每个元素的Name为角色名称，如果ClaimTypes.Name，即上面集合的每个元素的Name为用户名 35 var permissionRequirement = new PermissionRequirement( 36 "/api/denied", permission, 37 ClaimTypes.Role, 38 audienceConfig["Issuer"], 39 audienceConfig["Audience"], 40 signingCredentials, 41 expiration: TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10)//设置Token过期时间 42 ); 43 services.AddAuthorization(options => 44 { 45 46 options.AddPolicy("Permission", 47 policy => policy.Requirements.Add(permissionRequirement)); 48 49 }).AddAuthentication(options => 50 { 51 options.DefaultAuthenticateScheme = JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme; 52 options.DefaultChallengeScheme = JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme; 53 }) 54 .AddJwtBearer(o => 55 { 56 //不使用https 57 o.RequireHttpsMetadata = false; 58 o.TokenValidationParameters = tokenValidationParameters; 59 o.Events = new JwtBearerEvents 60 { 61 OnTokenValidated = context => 62 { 63 if (context.Request.Path.Value.ToString() == "/api/logout") 64 { 65 var token = ((context as TokenValidatedContext).SecurityToken as JwtSecurityToken).RawData; 66 } 67 return Task.CompletedTask; 68 } 69 }; 70 }); 71 //注入授权Handler 72 services.AddSingleton<IAuthorizationHandler, PermissionHandler>(); 73 services.AddSingleton(permissionRequirement); 74 services.AddMvc(); 75 }
在需要授的Controller上添加授权特性
[Authorize("Permission")]
PermissionController类有两个方法，一个是登录，验证用户名和密码是否正确，如果正确就发放Token，如果失败，验证失败，别一个成功登后的无权限导航action。
1 [Authorize("Permission")] 2 [EnableCors("MyDomain")] 3 public class PermissionController : Controller 4 { 5 /// <summary> 6 /// 自定义策略参数 7 /// </summary> 8 PermissionRequirement _requirement; 9 public PermissionController(PermissionRequirement requirement) 10 { 11 _requirement = requirement; 12 } 13 [AllowAnonymous] 14 [HttpPost("/api/login")] 15 public IActionResult Login(string username, string password, string role) 16 { 17 var isValidated = username == "gsw" && password == "111111"; 18 if (!isValidated) 19 { 20 return new JsonResult(new 21 { 22 Status = false, 23 Message = "认证失败" 24 }); 25 } 26 else 27 { 28 //如果是基于用户的授权策略，这里要添加用户;如果是基于角色的授权策略，这里要添加角色 29 var claims = new Claim[] { new Claim(ClaimTypes.Name, username), new Claim(ClaimTypes.Role, role), new Claim(ClaimTypes.Expiration ,DateTime.Now.AddSeconds(_requirement.Expiration.TotalSeconds).ToString())}; 30 //用户标识 31 var identity = new ClaimsIdentity(JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme); 32 identity.AddClaims(claims); 33 34 var token = JwtToken.BuildJwtToken(claims, _requirement); 35 return new JsonResult(token); 36 } 37 } 38 39 [HttpPost("/api/logout")] 40 public IActionResult Logout() 41 { 42 return Ok(); 43 } 44 45 [AllowAnonymous] 46 [HttpGet("/api/denied")] 47 public IActionResult Denied() 48 { 49 return new JsonResult(new 50 { 51 Status = false, 52 Message = "你无权限访问" 53 }); 54 } 55 }
下面定义一个控制台（.NetFramewrok）程序，用RestSharp来访问我们定义的web api，其中1为admin角色登录，2为system角色登录，3为错误用户密码登录，4是一个查询功能，在startup.cs中，admin角色是具有查询/api/values的权限的，所以用admin登录是能正常访问的，用system登录，能成功登录，但没有权限访问/api/values，用户名密码错误，访问/aip/values，直接是没有授权的
class Program
{
/// <summary>
/// 访问Url
/// </summary>
static string _url = "http://localhost:39286";
static void Main(string[] args)
{
dynamic token = null;
while (true)
{
Console.WriteLine("1、登录【admin】 2、登录【system】 3、登录【错误用户名密码】 4、查询数据 ");
var mark = Console.ReadLine();
var stopwatch = new Stopwatch();
stopwatch.Start();
switch (mark)
{
case "1":
token = AdminLogin();
break;
case "2":
token = SystemLogin();
break;
case "3":
token = NullLogin();
break;
case "4":
AdminInvock(token);
break;
}
stopwatch.Stop();
TimeSpan timespan = stopwatch.Elapsed;
Console.WriteLine($"间隔时间：{timespan.TotalSeconds}");
}
}
static dynamic NullLogin()
{
var loginClient = new RestClient(_url);
var loginRequest = new RestRequest("/api/login", Method.POST);
loginRequest.AddParameter("username", "gswaa");
loginRequest.AddParameter("password", "111111");
//或用用户名密码查询对应角色
loginRequest.AddParameter("role", "system");
IRestResponse loginResponse = loginClient.Execute(loginRequest);
var loginContent = loginResponse.Content;
Console.WriteLine(loginContent);
return Newtonsoft.Json.JsonConvert.DeserializeObject(loginContent);
}
static dynamic SystemLogin()
{
var loginClient = new RestClient(_url);
var loginRequest = new RestRequest("/api/login", Method.POST);
loginRequest.AddParameter("username", "gsw");
loginRequest.AddParameter("password", "111111");
//或用用户名密码查询对应角色
loginRequest.AddParameter("role", "system");
IRestResponse loginResponse = loginClient.Execute(loginRequest);
var loginContent = loginResponse.Content;
Console.WriteLine(loginContent);
return Newtonsoft.Json.JsonConvert.DeserializeObject(loginContent);
}
static dynamic AdminLogin()
{
var loginClient = new RestClient(_url);
var loginRequest = new RestRequest("/api/login", Method.POST);
loginRequest.AddParameter("username", "gsw");
loginRequest.AddParameter("password", "111111");
//或用用户名密码查询对应角色
loginRequest.AddParameter("role", "admin");
IRestResponse loginResponse = loginClient.Execute(loginRequest);
var loginContent = loginResponse.Content;
Console.WriteLine(loginContent);
return Newtonsoft.Json.JsonConvert.DeserializeObject(loginContent);
}
static void AdminInvock(dynamic token)
{
var client = new RestClient(_url);
//这里要在获取的令牌字符串前加Bearer
string tk = "Bearer " + Convert.ToString(token?.access_token);
client.AddDefaultHeader("Authorization", tk);
var request = new RestRequest("/api/values", Method.GET);
IRestResponse response = client.Execute(request);
var content = response.Content;
Console.WriteLine($"状态：{response.StatusCode} 返回结果：{content}");
}
}
运行结果：
源码：https://github.com/axzxs2001/AuthorizePolicy.JWT