• 《Linux/Unix系统编程手册》 时间子系统


    Linux下操作系统编程有两本经典APUE即《Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment》和TLPI《The Linux Programming Interface》,中文版对应《UNIX环境高级编程(第3版)》和《Linux/UNIX系统编程》。

    TLPI洋洋洒洒英文版1506页,中文版1176页;一共64章节,明显是作为工具书使用。通过目录可以了解本书的结构,以及作者的组织形式。

    • 背景知识及概念:共3章分别介绍了UNIX、C、Linux历史;Linux和UNIX基本概念;Linux和UNIX系统编程基本概念。
    • 系统编程接口基本特性:共9章分别介绍了文件I/O、进程、内存分配、用户和组、进程凭证、时间、系统限制和选项、获取系统和进程信息
    • 系统编程接口高级特性:共11章分别介绍了文件I/O缓冲、文件系统、文件属性、扩展属性、访问控制列表、目录和链接、监控文件时间、信号、定时器
    • 进程、程序及线程:共10章分别介绍了进程创建、终止,监控子进程,执行程序;POSIX线程
    • 进程及程序高级主题:共9章分别介绍了进程组、会话及任务控制;进程优先级和进程调度;进程资源;守护进程;编写安全的特权程序;能力;登陆记账;共享库
    • 进程间通信:共13章分别介绍了IPC概览;管道和FIFO;System V IPC消息队列、信号量及共享内存;内存映射;虚拟内存操作;POSIX消息队列、信号量及共享内存;文件锁定
    • 套接字和网络编程:共6章。
    • 高级I/O主题:共3章分别介绍了中断、其他I/O模型、伪终端

    关于本书的示例有两个版本Distribution versionBook version,在这里可以找到他们的详细信息;为了便于使用将其放到https://github.com/arnoldlu/tlpi

    第10章 时间

    1. 日历时间

     常用的获取时间的函数time和gettimeofday两种:

    #include <sys/time.h>
    int gettimeofday(struct timeval *tv, struct timezone *tz);
                          Returns 0 on success, or –1 on error
    
    struct timeval {
        __kernel_time_t        tv_sec;        /* seconds */
        __kernel_suseconds_t    tv_usec;    /* microseconds */
    };
    #include <time.h>
    time_t time(time_t *timep);
            Returns number of seconds since the Epoch,or (time_t) –1 on error

    time函数基于gettimeofday实现,time精度秒级,gettimeofday可以达到微妙。

    2. 时间转换函数

    下图是从内核获取时间的两种方式(time和gettimeofday),以及基于此进行的时间转换(timeval、time_t、tm)。

    time对应的设置时间函数是stime,gettimeofday对应的是gettimeofday。

    time_t和timeval关系,time_t是timeval的秒部分对齐,四舍五入。

    time_t到tm转换:gmtime()、localtime()。

    tm到time_t转换:mktime()。

    time_t到文本:ctime()。

    tm到文本:asctime()、strftime()。

    文本到tm:strptime()。

    3. 时区

    /etc/localtime

    4. 地区

    5. 更新系统时钟

    6. 软件时钟

    7. 进程时间

    #include <sys/times.h>
    clock_t times(struct tms *buf);
            Returns number of clock ticks (sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)) since “arbitrary” time in past on success, or (clock_t) –1 on error

    8. 总结

    第23章 定时器与休眠

    1.间隔定时器setitimer和alarm

    两个重要的结构体:定时器参数struct itimerval和表示时间struct timerval。

    struct itimerval {
        struct timeval it_interval;     /* Interval for periodic timer */
        struct timeval it_value;        /* Current value (time until next expiration) */  为0则是一次性定时器。
    };

    struct timeval {
        time_t      tv_sec;             /* Seconds */
        suseconds_t tv_usec;            /* Microseconds (long int) */
    };

    setitimer和alarm原型:

    #include <sys/time.h>
    int setitimer(int which, const struct itimerval *new_value, struct itimerval *old_value);
        Returns 0 on success, or –1 on error
    int getitimer(int which, struct itimerval *curr_value);
        Returns 0 on success, or –1 on error

    #include <unistd.h>
    unsigned int alarm(unsigned int seconds);
        Always succeeds, returning number of seconds remaining on any previously set timer, or 0 if no timer previously was set

    setitimer可以指定三种不同类型定时器:ITIMER_REAL(SIGALARM)、ITIMER_VIRTUAL(SIGVTALRM)、ITIMER_PROF(SIGPROF)。

    • 进程可以拥有三种定时器,但是每种只能设置一个
    • 只能通过发送信号的方式来通知定时器到期,也不能改变到期信号时产生的信号。
    • alarm()和setitimer()针对同一进程共享同一实时定时器
    • 三种定时器的参考时间不同,ITIMER_REAL(真实时间)、ITIMER_VIRTUAL(进程虚拟时间,用户CPU时间)、ITIMER_PROF(进程的用户和内核时间总和)
    • 如果这些信号不设置处理函数,则默认会终止进程。
    • 如果一个间隔式定时器到期多次,且相应信号遭到阻塞时,那么只会调用一次信号处理函数
    • 分辨率微秒级

    Notes:简单讲alarm基于setitimer,setitimer有三种形式。

    两者的系统调用如下:

    asmlinkage long sys_getitimer(int which, struct itimerval __user *value);
    asmlinkage long sys_setitimer(int which,
                    struct itimerval __user *value,
                    struct itimerval __user *ovalue);
    asmlinkage long sys_alarm(unsigned int seconds);

    对应的原型在:

    kernel/itimer.c
    SYSCALL_DEFINE3(setitimer, int, which, struct itimerval __user *, value,
            struct itimerval __user *, ovalue)
    SYSCALL_DEFINE2(getitimer, int, which, struct itimerval __user *, value)
    
    kernel/timer.c
    SYSCALL_DEFINE1(alarm, unsigned int, seconds)

    从代码看alarm和setitimer之间的关系:

    unsigned int alarm_setitimer(unsigned int seconds)
    {
        struct itimerval it_new, it_old;
    
    #if BITS_PER_LONG < 64
        if (seconds > INT_MAX)
            seconds = INT_MAX;
    #endif
        it_new.it_value.tv_sec = seconds;----------------------------alarm精度是秒级,setitimer是微妙级别。
        it_new.it_value.tv_usec = 0;
        it_new.it_interval.tv_sec = it_new.it_interval.tv_usec = 0;
    
        do_setitimer(ITIMER_REAL, &it_new, &it_old);-----------------从这里可以看出alarm是setitimer的ITIMER_REAL形式,所以两者不能混用。容易造成混乱。
    
        /*
         * We can't return 0 if we have an alarm pending ...  And we'd
         * better return too much than too little anyway
         */
        if ((!it_old.it_value.tv_sec && it_old.it_value.tv_usec) ||
              it_old.it_value.tv_usec >= 500000)
            it_old.it_value.tv_sec++;
    
        return it_old.it_value.tv_sec;
    }

    do_setitimer/do_getitimer都对ITIMER_REAL、ITIMER_VIRTUAL、ITIMER_PROF分别进行了处理。这三个定时器都是内嵌在struct task_struct中:

    ITIMER_REAL:借用task_struct->signal->real_timer,超时函数式it_real_fn。创建以真实时间倒计时的定时器,到期发送SIGALRM给进程。

    ITIMER_VIRTUAL:task_struct->signal->it[CPUCLOCK_VIRT]。创建以进程虚拟时间(用户模式下CPU时间)倒计时的定时器,到期会产生信号SIGVTALRM。

    ITIMER_PROF:task_struct->signal->it[CPUCLOCK_PROF]。创建一个profiling定时器,以进程时间(用户+内核CPU时间总和)倒计时。

    setitimer和alarm异同?

    • alarm是setitimer的ITIMER_REAL形式
    • alarm精度为秒,setitimer为微妙级(但受受限于软件时钟的频率)
    • alarm只提供一次性实时定时器,setitimer可以提供周期性定时器。

     alarm基于setitimer,那么setitimer又是基于什么呢?

      ITIMER_REAL基于hrtimer,ITIMER_VIRTUAL和ITIMER_PROF基于POSIX CPU timer。这里重点看一下hrtimer相关内容。

      task_struct->signal->real_timer是由谁创建的?do_fork-->copy_process-->copy_signal-->hrtimer_init(&sig->real_timer, CLOCK_MONOTONIC, HRTIMER_MODE_REL),超时函数是it_real_fn。

      注意这里hrtimer的两个参数时钟类型是CLOCK_MONOTONIC单调次增,防跳变;timer模式是HRTIMER_MODE_REL是一个相对时间

    enum hrtimer_restart it_real_fn(struct hrtimer *timer)
    {
        struct signal_struct *sig =
            container_of(timer, struct signal_struct, real_timer);
    
        trace_itimer_expire(ITIMER_REAL, sig->leader_pid, 0);
        kill_pid_info(SIGALRM, SEND_SIG_PRIV, sig->leader_pid);--------发送SIFALRM给调用进程。
    
        return HRTIMER_NORESTART;
    }

    测试验证

    • 不同which差异?结果:同时触发,这三者占用的时间ITIMER_REAL< ITIMER_PROF <ITIMER_VIRTUAL,可见后两者受进程调度影响较大。
    • alarm和setitimer冲突问题?结果:alarm和ITIMER_REAL存在冲突,两者是基于同样的setitimer。
    • setitimer定时器只能存在一个?结果:可以三个,同一类型只能一个。

    2.定时器的调度及精度

    • 系统可能会在定时器到期的瞬间之后才去调度其所属进程,这取决于当前负载和对进程的调度。
    • setitimer()定时器虽然可能延迟一定时间,但是后续的定时器仍然按照固定间隔。比如2秒定时器,2.3超时,下一个应该在4.3秒超时。
    • 虽然setitimer精度达到微妙,但是受制于软件时钟频率。比如jiffy为4ms,间隔为19100微妙,实际间隔是20ms。
    • 高分辨率定时器需要内核CONFIG_HIGH_RES_TIMERS。

    3.为阻塞操作设置超时

    4.休眠一段时间

    低分辨率休眠sleep()

    #include <unistd.h>
    unsigned int sleep(unsigned int seconds);
        如果休眠正常结束,返回0。如果被中断,返回剩余秒数。可能由于系统负载调度原因,会在sleep到时候才对进程重新加以调度。

    高分辨率休眠nanosleep()

    #define _POSIX_C_SOURCE 199309
    #include <time.h>
    int nanosleep(const struct timespec *request, struct timespec *remain);
        Returns 0 on successfully completed sleep, or –1 on error or interrupted sleep

    request指定了休眠持续时间,理论上精度可以达到纳秒级,但受制于软件时钟间隔。如果间隔并非间隔值,者向上取整。

    nanosleep()不基于信号实现,但是可以通过型号处理函数来中断,如SIGINT(Ctrl-C)。
    再被中断之后,剩余时间可以通过remain中获取。将remain赋给request,则可以继续睡眠剩余时间。


    Notes: 

    sleep、nanosleep、clock_nanosleep区别?

    • sleep睡眠秒级,nanosleep理论上可以到达纳秒级别(但受制于软件时钟间隔大小,会向上取整)
    • 部分系统sleep基于alram/setitimer来实现,nanosleep则不会使用信号实现函数
    • clock_nanosleep设置flags,TIMER_ABSTIME。
    • clock_nanosleep不同时钟来测量休眠间隔clockid。
    • nanosleep(HRTIMER_MODE_REL、CLOCK_MONOTONIC),clock_nanosleep(HRTIMER_MODE_ABS/ HRTIMER_MODE_REL、CLOCK_REALTIME/CLOCK_MONOTONIC/),TIMER_ABSTIME避免进程嗜睡问题。

    如下sleep、usleep、nanosleep、clock_nanosleep代码可以看出区别:

    libc/unistd/sleep.c
    unsigned int sleep (unsigned int seconds)
    {
        struct timespec ts = { .tv_sec = (long int) seconds, .tv_nsec = 0 };
        sigset_t set;
        struct sigaction oact;
        unsigned int result;
    ...
        /* Run nanosleep, with SIGCHLD blocked if SIGCHLD is SIG_IGNed.  */
        result = nanosleep (&ts, &ts);----------------------------------------基于nanosleep
        if (result != 0) {
            /* Got EINTR. Return remaining time.  */
            result = (unsigned int) ts.tv_sec + (ts.tv_nsec >= 500000000L);
        }
    ...
    }
    
    unsigned int sleep (unsigned int seconds)
    {
        struct sigaction act, oact;
        sigset_t set, oset;
        unsigned int result, remaining;
        time_t before, after;
        int old_errno = errno;
    ...
        remaining = alarm(seconds);--------------------------------------------在没有定义REALTIME相关内容情况下,使用alarm实现。
    ...
        return result > seconds ? 0 : seconds - result;
    }
    
    libc/unistd/usleep.c
    #if defined __UCLIBC_HAS_REALTIME__
    
    int usleep (__useconds_t usec)
    {
            const struct timespec ts = {
                    .tv_sec = (long int) (usec / 1000000),
                    .tv_nsec = (long int) (usec % 1000000) * 1000ul
            };
            return nanosleep(&ts, NULL);-----------------------------------根据REALTIME是否定义,是则基于nanosleep;否则基于select实现。
    }
    #else /* __UCLIBC_HAS_REALTIME__ */
    int usleep (__useconds_t usec)
    {
            struct timeval tv;
    
            tv.tv_sec = (long int) (usec / 1000000);
            tv.tv_usec = (long int) (usec % 1000000);
            return select(0, NULL, NULL, NULL, &tv);
    }
    #endif /* __UCLIBC_HAS_REALTIME__ */
    
    
    kernel/hrtimer.c
    
    SYSCALL_DEFINE2(nanosleep, struct timespec __user *, rqtp,
            struct timespec __user *, rmtp)
    {
        struct timespec tu;
    
        if (copy_from_user(&tu, rqtp, sizeof(tu)))
            return -EFAULT;
    
        if (!timespec_valid(&tu))
            return -EINVAL;
    
        return hrtimer_nanosleep(&tu, rmtp, HRTIMER_MODE_REL, CLOCK_MONOTONIC);---基于hrtimer_nanosleep的CLOCK_MONOTONIC时钟,相对时间。
    }
    
    
    kernel/posix-timer.c
    SYSCALL_DEFINE4(clock_nanosleep, const clockid_t, which_clock, int, flags,
            const struct timespec __user *, rqtp,
            struct timespec __user *, rmtp)
    {
        struct k_clock *kc = clockid_to_kclock(which_clock);
        struct timespec t;
    
        if (!kc)
            return -EINVAL;
        if (!kc->nsleep)
            return -ENANOSLEEP_NOTSUP;
    
        if (copy_from_user(&t, rqtp, sizeof (struct timespec)))
            return -EFAULT;
    
        if (!timespec_valid(&t))
            return -EINVAL;
    
        return kc->nsleep(which_clock, flags, &t, rmtp);------------------------除了POSIX CPU Timer和AlarmTImer外,也是基于hrtimer_nanosleep,但是多了which_clock的选择。
    }

     

    测试验证

    • nanosleep能达到的精度?是多少?受制于hrtimer?用户空间很难精确测量精度,系统调用、进程调度都会影响到实际定时时间段。
    • sleep是否基于nanosleep?根据是否定义REALTIME功能来定。

    通过strace查看sleep和nanosleep可以看出,sleep基于nanosleep实现。


      

    5.POSIX时钟

    POSIX时钟API必须以-lrt选项进行编译,从而与librt函数库链接,主要系统调用包括获取当前值的clock_gettime()、返回时钟分辨率的clock_getres()、以及更新时钟的clock_settime()。

    要测定特定进程或线程所消耗的CPU时间,可以借助clock_getcpuclockid/pthread_getcpuclockid来获取时钟ID,接着再以此返回ID去调用clock_gettime(),从而获得进程或线程耗费的CPU时间。pid为0是,clock_getcpuclockid()返回调用进程的CPU时间时钟ID。

    #define _POSIX_C_SOURCE 199309
    #include <time.h>
    int clock_gettime(clockid_t clockid, struct timespec *tp);
    int clock_getres(clockid_t clockid, struct timespec *res);
        Both return 0 on success, or –1 on error

    int clock_settime(clockid_t clockid, const struct timespec *tp);
        Returns 0 on success, or –1 on error

    int clock_getcpuclockid(pid_t pid, clockid_t *clockid);
        Returns 0 on success, or a positive error number on error

    int pthread_getcpuclockid(pthread_t thread, clockid_t *clockid);
        Returns 0 on success, or a positive error number on error

    int clock_nanosleep(clockid_t clockid, int flags, const struct timespec *request, struct timespec *remain);
        Returns 0 on successfully completed sleep or a positive error number on error or interrupted sleep

    CLOCK_REALTIME时钟是一种系统级时钟,用于度量真实时间。

    CLOCK_MONOTONIC系统启动后就不会发生改变,适用于那些无法容忍系统时钟发生跳跃性变化的应用。Linux上这种时钟对事件的测量食欲系统启动。

    CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID时钟测量调用进程所消耗的用户和系统CPU时间。

    CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID时钟用于测量进程中单条线程的用户和系统CPU时间。

    image

    Linux特有的clock_nanosleep()系统调用也可以暂停调用进程,知道经理一段指定时间,亦或是收到信号才恢复运行。

    int clock_nanosleep(clockid_t clockid, int flags, const struct timespec *request, struct timespec *remain);
    Returns 0 on successfully completed sleep,or a positive error number on error or interrupted sleep

    默认情况下(flags为0),request指定休眠间隔是相对时间;如果flags设定TIMER_ABSTIME,request则表示clockid时钟所测量的绝对时间。

    相对时间嗜睡问题:如果只是先获取当前时间,计算与目标时间差距,再以相对时间进行休眠,进程可能执行到一半就奔抢占了,结果实际休眠时间回避预期要久。如果被信号处理函数中断并使用循环重启休眠,则“嗜睡”问题尤其明显。如果信号频率很高,则按相对时间休眠的进程则会有较大时间误差。

    如何避免嗜睡:先调用clock_gettime()获取时间,加上期望休眠的时间量,再以TIMER_ABSTIME标识调用clock_nanosleep()函数。指定TIMER_ABSTIME,不再使用参数remain。如果信号中断clock_nanosleep()调用,再次调用该函数来重启休眠时,request参数不变。clock_nanosleep()和nanosleep()另一区别在可以选择不同的时钟来测量休眠间隔时间。


    Notes:

    在介绍POSIX时钟和定时器之前,先介绍一下POSIX都有那些类型的时钟。

    CLOCK_REALTIME:可设定的系统级实时时钟。用于度量真实时间。

    CLOCK_MONOTONIC :不可设定的恒定态时钟。系统启动后就不会发生改变。

    CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID:每进程CPU时间的时钟。测量调用进程所消耗的用户和系统CPU时间。

    CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID:每线程CPU时间的时钟。测量调用线程所消耗的用户和系统CPU时间。

    CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW:提供了对纯基于硬件时间的访问。不受NTP时间调整的影响。

    CLOCK_REALTIME_COARSE:类似于CLOCK_REALTIME,适用于希望以最小代价获取较低分辨率时间戳的程序。返回值分辨率为jiffy。

    CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE:类似于CLOCK_MONOTONIC,适用于希望以最小代价获取较低分辨率时间戳的程序。返回值分辨率为jiffy。

    CLOCK_BOOTTIME:

    CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM:

    CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM:

    kernel/posix-timer.c

    SYSCALL_DEFINE2(clock_settime, const clockid_t, which_clock,----------------设置POSIX时间,调用k_clock->clock_set
            const struct timespec __user *, tp)
    SYSCALL_DEFINE2(clock_gettime, const clockid_t, which_clock,----------------获取POSIX时间,调用k_clock->clock_get
            struct timespec __user *,tp)
    SYSCALL_DEFINE2(clock_adjtime, const clockid_t, which_clock,----------------调整时间,调用k_clock->clock_adj
            struct timex __user *, utx)
    SYSCALL_DEFINE2(clock_getres, const clockid_t, which_clock,-----------------获取时钟精度,由硬件决定,调用k_clock->clock_getres
            struct timespec __user *, tp)
    SYSCALL_DEFINE4(clock_nanosleep, const clockid_t, which_clock, int, flags,--睡眠纳秒数,调用k_clock->nsleep
            const struct timespec __user *, rqtp,
            struct timespec __user *, rmtp)

    clock_getcpuclockid

    CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID类型的clock_gettime

    pthread_getcpuclockid

    CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID类型的clock_gettime


    6.POSIX间隔式定时器

    编译时需要使用-lrt选项。

    #define _POSIX_C_SOURCE 199309
    #include <signal.h>
    #include <time.h>
    int timer_create(clockid_t clockid, struct sigevent *evp,timer_t *timerid);
        Returns 0 on success, or –1 on error

    int timer_settime(timer_t timerid, int flags,const struct itimerspec *value, struct itimerspec *old_value);
        Returns 0 on success, or –1 on error

    int timer_gettime(timer_t timerid, struct itimerspec *curr_value);
        Returns 0 on success, or –1 on error

    int timer_delete(timer_t timerid);
        Returns 0 on success, or –1 on error

    int timer_getoverrun(timer_t timerid);
        Returns timer overrun count on success, or –1 on error

    POSIX定时器API生命周期阶段如下:

    • 创建定时器timer_create(),并定义到期时对进程的通知方法,函数返回参数timerid所指向的缓冲区中放置定时器句柄,供后续调用中指代该定时器之用。timer_t用于标识定时器。
    • 启动/停止定时器timer_settime()
    • 获取定时器当前值timer_gettime(),返回由timerid指定的间隔以及剩余时间。
    • 获取定时器溢出值timer_getoverrun()
    • 删除定时器timer_delete(),对于已启动的定时器,会在移除前自动将其停止;如果定时器因到期已经在待定(pending),那么信号会保持这一状态;如果进程终止,会自动删除所有定时器。

     Notes:

    kernel/posix-timers.c中:
    SYSCALL_DEFINE3(timer_create, const clockid_t, which_clock,-----创建timer,时钟基准which_clock
            struct sigevent __user *, timer_event_spec,
            timer_t __user *, created_timer_id)
    SYSCALL_DEFINE2(timer_gettime, timer_t, timer_id,---------------获取timer剩余时间
            struct itimerspec __user *, setting)
    SYSCALL_DEFINE1(timer_getoverrun, timer_t, timer_id)------------获取timer当前值,时间间隔以及剩余时间
    SYSCALL_DEFINE4(timer_settime, timer_t, timer_id, int, flags,---启动或停止timer
            const struct itimerspec __user *, new_setting,
            struct itimerspec __user *, old_setting)
    SYSCALL_DEFINE1(timer_delete, timer_t, timer_id)----------------删除timer

    POSIX定时器分为三类,初始化路径如下:

    init_posix_timers--> posix_timers_register_clock-|-> CLOCK_REALTIME
                                            |-> CLOCK_MONOTONIC
                                            |-> CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW
                                            |-> CLOCK_REALTIME_COARSE
                                            |-> CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE
                                            |-> CLOCK_BOOTTIME
    alarmtimer_init-->posix_timers_register_clock-|->CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM
                                          |->CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM
    init_posix_cpu_timers-->posix_timers_register_clock-|->CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID
                                                |->CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID

    从posix_timers_register_clock可知,每个clock都必须具备clock_get和clock_getres,然后加入posix_clocks。 

    void posix_timers_register_clock(const clockid_t clock_id,
                     struct k_clock *new_clock)
    {
        if ((unsigned) clock_id >= MAX_CLOCKS) {
            printk(KERN_WARNING "POSIX clock register failed for clock_id %d
    ",
                   clock_id);
            return;
        }
    
        if (!new_clock->clock_get) {
            printk(KERN_WARNING "POSIX clock id %d lacks clock_get()
    ",
                   clock_id);
            return;
        }
        if (!new_clock->clock_getres) {---------------------------------------clock_get和clock_getres必备
            printk(KERN_WARNING "POSIX clock id %d lacks clock_getres()
    ",
                   clock_id);
            return;
        }
    
        posix_clocks[clock_id] = *new_clock;----------------------------------posix_clocks保存所有相关timer信息
    }

    结构体k_clock提供了关于clock的操作函数,clock_getres/clock_set/clock_get/clock_adj/nsleep/nsleep_restart对应POSIX时钟系统调用;timer_create/timer_set/timer_del/timer_get对应POSIX定时器。

    struct k_clock {
        int (*clock_getres) (const clockid_t which_clock, struct timespec *tp);
        int (*clock_set) (const clockid_t which_clock,
                  const struct timespec *tp);
        int (*clock_get) (const clockid_t which_clock, struct timespec * tp);
        int (*clock_adj) (const clockid_t which_clock, struct timex *tx);
        int (*timer_create) (struct k_itimer *timer);
        int (*nsleep) (const clockid_t which_clock, int flags,
                   struct timespec *, struct timespec __user *);
        long (*nsleep_restart) (struct restart_block *restart_block);
        int (*timer_set) (struct k_itimer * timr, int flags,
                  struct itimerspec * new_setting,
                  struct itimerspec * old_setting);
        int (*timer_del) (struct k_itimer * timr);
    #define TIMER_RETRY 1
        void (*timer_get) (struct k_itimer * timr,
                   struct itimerspec * cur_setting);
    };

     系统调用和k_clock对应关系:

    syscall

    k_clock

    clock_getres

    clock_getres

    clock_settime

    clock_set

    clock_gettime

    clock_get

    clock_adjtime

    clock_adj

    clock_nanosleep

    nsleep/nsleep_restart

    timer_create

    timer_create

    timer_gettime

    timer_get

    timer_getoverrun

    timer_settime

    timer_set

    timer_delete

    timer_del

    从上面的POSIX定时器初始化可以看出分为三类:POSIX定时器、POSIX Alarm定时器、POSIX CPU时间定时器。

    k_itimer是POSIX定时器结构体,从其it union可以看出有real、cpu、alarm、mmtimer几种类型的定时器。

    struct k_itimer {
        struct list_head list;        /* free/ allocate list */
        spinlock_t it_lock;
        clockid_t it_clock;        /* which timer type */
        timer_t it_id;            /* timer id */
        int it_overrun;            /* overrun on pending signal  */
        int it_overrun_last;        /* overrun on last delivered signal */
        int it_requeue_pending;        /* waiting to requeue this timer */
    #define REQUEUE_PENDING 1
        int it_sigev_notify;        /* notify word of sigevent struct */
        struct signal_struct *it_signal;
        union {
            struct pid *it_pid;    /* pid of process to send signal to */
            struct task_struct *it_process;    /* for clock_nanosleep */
        };
        struct sigqueue *sigq;        /* signal queue entry. */
        union {
            struct {
                struct hrtimer timer;
                ktime_t interval;
            } real;
            struct cpu_timer_list cpu;
            struct {
                unsigned int clock;
                unsigned int node;
                unsigned long incr;
                unsigned long expires;
            } mmtimer;
            struct {
                struct alarm alarmtimer;
                ktime_t interval;
            } alarm;
            struct rcu_head rcu;
        } it;
    };

     kernel/posix-timers.c

    CLOCK_REALTIME/ CLOCK_MONOTONIC/CLOCK_BOOTTIME三种时钟不但提供时钟功能,还提供定时器功能。这三种定时器都是基于hrtimer实现的。

    CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW/CLOCK_REALTIME_COARSE/CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE三种类型的时钟只提供获取时间和获取精度接口。

     kernel/posix-cpu-timers.c

    CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID/ CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID

    只提供了timer_create接口,没有timer_set等。

        struct k_clock process = {
            .clock_getres    = process_cpu_clock_getres,
            .clock_get    = process_cpu_clock_get,
            .timer_create    = process_cpu_timer_create,
            .nsleep        = process_cpu_nsleep,
            .nsleep_restart    = process_cpu_nsleep_restart,
        };
        struct k_clock thread = {
            .clock_getres    = thread_cpu_clock_getres,
            .clock_get    = thread_cpu_clock_get,
            .timer_create    = thread_cpu_timer_create,
        };

     kernel/time/alarmtimer.c

    CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM/CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM 

        struct k_clock alarm_clock = {
            .clock_getres    = alarm_clock_getres,
            .clock_get    = alarm_clock_get,
            .timer_create    = alarm_timer_create,
            .timer_set    = alarm_timer_set,
            .timer_del    = alarm_timer_del,
            .timer_get    = alarm_timer_get,
            .nsleep        = alarm_timer_nsleep,
        };

    系统在suspend时,也会执行alarmtimer设备的suspend。在系统即将进入睡眠时,查找alarm_bases(包括ALARM_REALTIME和ALARM_BOOTTIME)的timerqueue,找出最近一次要超时的timer。将这个timer转换成RTC Timer,这样就会将系统从suspend状态唤醒。

    /* Suspend hook structures */

    static const struct dev_pm_ops alarmtimer_pm_ops = {

           .suspend = alarmtimer_suspend,

    };

    static struct platform_driver alarmtimer_driver = {

           .driver = {

                  .name = "alarmtimer",

                  .pm = &alarmtimer_pm_ops,

           }

    };

    和传统定时器相比POSIX的优势?

    • 传统setitimer定时器只有三种定时器,每种只能设置一个。timer_create可以提供多种类型(include/linux/time.h CLOCK_REALTIME…),每种类型多个定时器共存。
    • 只能通过发送信号来通知定时器到期。timer_create的evp参数决定定时器到期通知方式,SIGEV_NONE、SIGEV_SIGNAL、SIGEV_THREAD、SIGEV_THREAD_ID。可以选择通过执行线程函数来获取定时器通知。
    • 如果一个间隔式定时器到期多次,且响应信号遭到阻塞是,只调用一次信号处理函数。无从知晓定时器是否溢出。timer_getoverrun可以获知超时定时器数目。
    • setitimer定时器分辨率只能达到微妙级。POSIX定时器提供纳秒级。

    下面整理一下不同定时器ID、定时器时钟基准、获取时间函数:

    定时器ID 定时器时钟 延时 时间函数 是否具备唤醒

    是否计算

    suspend时间

    CLOCK_REALTIME HRTIMER_BASE_REALTIME common_nsleep posix_clock_realtime_get X X
    CLOCK_REALTIME_COARSE X X posix_get_realtime_coarse X X
    CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM HRTIMER_BASE_REALTIME alarm_timer_nsleep alarm_clock_get   X
    CLOCK_MONOTONIC HRTIMER_BASE_MONOTONIC common_nsleep posix_ktime_get_ts X X
    CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW X X posix_get_monotonic_raw X X
    CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE X X posix_get_monotonic_coarse X X
    CLOCK_BOOTTIME HRTIMER_BASE_BOOTTIME common_nsleep posix_get_boottime X  
    CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM HRTIMER_BASE_BOOTTIME alarm_timer_nsleep alarm_clock_get    
    CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID X process_cpu_nsleep process_cpu_clock_get X X
    CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID X X thread_cpu_clock_get X X

    测试验证

    • POSIX不同类型的定时器区别?归根结底还是基础时钟的不同,还有是否具备_ALARM。
    • 多个POSIX定时器共存?可以多个定时器共存。

    7.文件描述符定时器:timerfd API

    Linux特有的timerfd API,可以从文件描述符中读取其所创建定时器的到期通知,也可以用使用select()、poll()、epoll()监控。

    #include <sys/timerfd.h>
    int timerfd_create(int clockid, int flags);
    clockid可以设置为CLOCK_REALTIME或者CLOCK_MONOTONIC。
    相当于open创建一个句柄,可以使用close()关闭响应文件描述符。

    int timerfd_settime(int fd, int flags, const struct itimerspec *new_value, struct itimerspec *old_value);
    int timerfd_gettime(int fd, struct itimerspec *curr_value);

    timerfd_settime()启动了定时器,可以通过read()来读取定时器到期信息。read缓冲区必须容纳uint64_t类型,读取返回值是已发生的到期次数。

    执行./demo_timerfd 1:1 100,使用Ctrl-Z将其变成挂起到背景执行,fg拉倒前台,Ctrl-C终止执行。可以看出在背景执行期间有10此到期。

    ./demo_timerfd 1:1 100
    1.000: expirations read: 1; total=1
    2.000: expirations read: 1; total=2
    3.000: expirations read: 1; total=3
    4.000: expirations read: 1; total=4
    ^Z
    [2]+  Stopped                 ./demo_timerfd 1:1 100
    fg
    ./demo_timerfd 1:1 100
    14.734: expirations read: 10; total=14
    15.000: expirations read: 1; total=15
    16.000: expirations read: 1; total=16
    17.000: expirations read: 1; total=17
    18.000: expirations read: 1; total=18
    ^Z
    [2]+  Stopped                 ./demo_timerfd 1:1 100


     

    Notes:

    fs/timerfd.c
    SYSCALL_DEFINE2(timerfd_create, int, clockid, int, flags)--------------------------(1)
    SYSCALL_DEFINE4(timerfd_settime, int, ufd, int, flags,-----------------------------(2)
            const struct itimerspec __user *, utmr,
            struct itimerspec __user *, otmr)
    SYSCALL_DEFINE2(timerfd_gettime, int, ufd, struct itimerspec __user *, otmr)-------(3)

     (1)

    clockid可以设置为:CLOCK_REALTIME或CLOCK_MONOTONIC。

    flags可设置为:TFD_CLOEXEC(Close on Exec,fork不被关闭)或者TFD_NONBLOCK(读操作是非阻塞式的)。

    timerfd使用close关闭。

    (2)flags为哦,则it_value视为始于timer_settime调用时间点的相对值。TFD_TIMER_ABSTIME则将其视为一个绝对时间(从时钟0点开始测量)。

    (3)

    timerfd和POSIX timer异同?

    • timerfd也是基于hrtimer的
    • 可以从文件描述符中获取定时器通知,还可使用select()、poll()、epoll()来监控这些描述符。

    8.总结

    setitimer()和alarm()设定定时器,以便于在经历指定的一段实际时间后收到信号通知。

    sleep()和nano_sleep()指定程序暂停执行一段特定间隔的实际时间。

    POSIX时钟API包括clock_gettime()、clock_getres()、clock_settime()、clock_getcpuclockid()、pthread_getcpuclockid()以及高分辨率clock_nanosleep(),这些函数提供个更丰富的时钟类型。

    POSIX定时器API包括timer_create()、timer_settime()、timer_gettime、timer_getoverrun()、timer_delete,这些函数客服了setitimer()一系列缺陷,可以创建多个timer、获取timer溢出情况、设置不同触发方式。

    timerfd_create()、timerfd_settime()、timerfd_gettime()提供一组创建定时器的接口,允许从文件秒速附中读取特定定时器通知。可以使用read()、select()、poll()、epoll()、close()来操作这些描述符。


    和时间相关的库:

    libc

    librt

    void getnstimeofday(struct timespec *ts)
    {
        unsigned long seq;
        s64 nsecs;
    
        WARN_ON(timekeeping_suspended);
    
        do {
            seq = read_seqbegin(&timekeeper.lock);
    
            *ts = timekeeper.xtime;
            nsecs = timekeeping_get_ns();
            printk("%s ts->tv_sec=%ld, ts->tv_nsec=%9ld, nsecs=%lld", ts->tv_sec, ts->tv_nsec, nsecs);
    
            /* If arch requires, add in gettimeoffset() */
            nsecs += arch_gettimeoffset();
            printk("%s ts->tv_sec=%ld, ts->tv_nsec=%9ld, nsecs=%lld", ts->tv_sec, ts->tv_nsec, nsecs);
        } while (read_seqretry(&timekeeper.lock, seq));
    
        timespec_add_ns(ts, nsecs);
    }
    libc/librt函数名 系统调用 hrtimer_clock_base/mode 是否计入suspend 是否具备唤醒 RUN/IDLE/Suspend 注释

    延                                                                                      时

    sleep nanosleep

    CLOCK_MONOTONIC

    HRTIMER_MODE_REL

    X X    
    usleep X X    
    nanosleep X X    
    clock_nanosleep CLOCK_REALTIME  X X    
    CLOCK_MONOTONIC  X X    
    CLOCK_BOOTTIME   X
       
    CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM    
    CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM
       

    定                                                时                                                器

    alarm

    setitimer

      ITIMER_REAL

    (ITIMER_VIRTUAL、

    ITIMER_PROF)

    ITIMER_REAL基于hrtimer的:

    CLOCK_MONOTONIC/HRTIMER_MODE_REL

      X   X    由do_fork-->copy_process-->copy_signal创建hrtimer
    ...        
    ...        
    timer_create/timer_settime/timer_gettime  CLOCK_REALTIME X X    
     CLOCK_MONOTONIC X X    
     CLOCK_BOOTTIME X    
     CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM    
     CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM    
                 
    获                                取                                时                                间
    time  gettimeofday do_gettimeofday-->getnstimeofday    
    void getnstimeofday(struct timespec *ts)
    {
        unsigned long seq;
        s64 nsecs;
    
        WARN_ON(timekeeping_suspended);
    
        do {
            seq = read_seqbegin(&timekeeper.lock);
    
            *ts = timekeeper.xtime;
            nsecs = timekeeping_get_ns();
    /* If arch requires, add in gettimeoffset() */
            nsecs += arch_gettimeoffset();
        } while (read_seqretry(&timekeeper.lock, seq));
    
        timespec_add_ns(ts, nsecs);
    }

    timekeeper.xtime

    timekeeping_get_ns

    arch_gettimeoffset()

       
    gettimeofday    
    clock_gettime/clock_settime   CLOCK_REALTIME ktime_get_real_ts-->getnstimeofday    
    CLOCK_MONOTONIC ktime_get_ts  
    void ktime_get_ts(struct timespec *ts)
    {
        struct timespec tomono;
        unsigned int seq;
        s64 nsecs;
    
        WARN_ON(timekeeping_suspended);
    
        do {
            seq = read_seqbegin(&timekeeper.lock);
            *ts = timekeeper.xtime;
            tomono = timekeeper.wall_to_monotonic;
            nsecs = timekeeping_get_ns();
            /* If arch requires, add in gettimeoffset() */
            nsecs += arch_gettimeoffset();
    
        } while (read_seqretry(&timekeeper.lock, seq));
    
        set_normalized_timespec(ts, ts->tv_sec + tomono.tv_sec,
                    ts->tv_nsec + tomono.tv_nsec + nsecs);
    }

    timekeeper.xtime

    timekeeper.wall_to_monotonic

    timekeeping_get_ns()

    arch_gettimeoffset()

       
    CLOCK_BOOTTIME get_monotonic_boottime  
    void get_monotonic_boottime(struct timespec *ts)
    {
        struct timespec tomono, sleep;
        unsigned int seq;
        s64 nsecs;
    
        WARN_ON(timekeeping_suspended);
    
        do {
            seq = read_seqbegin(&timekeeper.lock);
            *ts = timekeeper.xtime;
            tomono = timekeeper.wall_to_monotonic;
            sleep = timekeeper.total_sleep_time;
            nsecs = timekeeping_get_ns();
    
        } while (read_seqretry(&timekeeper.lock, seq));
    
        set_normalized_timespec(ts, ts->tv_sec + tomono.tv_sec + sleep.tv_sec,
            (s64)ts->tv_nsec + tomono.tv_nsec + sleep.tv_nsec + nsecs);
    }
     

    timekeeper.xtime
    timekeeper.wall_to_monotonic
    timekeeper.total_sleep_time
    timekeeping_get_ns()

       
    CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW getrawmonotonic  
    void getrawmonotonic(struct timespec *ts)
    {
        unsigned long seq;
        s64 nsecs;
    
        do {
            seq = read_seqbegin(&timekeeper.lock);
            nsecs = timekeeping_get_ns_raw();
            *ts = timekeeper.raw_time;
    
        } while (read_seqretry(&timekeeper.lock, seq));
    
        timespec_add_ns(ts, nsecs);
    }

    timekeeper.raw_time

    timekeeping_get_ns_raw()

       
    CLOCK_REALTIME_COARSE current_kernel_time  
    struct timespec current_kernel_time(void)
    {
        struct timespec now;
        unsigned long seq;
    
        do {
            seq = read_seqbegin(&timekeeper.lock);
    
            now = timekeeper.xtime;
        } while (read_seqretry(&timekeeper.lock, seq));
    
        return now;
    }
     
    timekeeper.xtime
       
     CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE get_monotonic_coarse  
    struct timespec get_monotonic_coarse(void)
    {
        struct timespec now, mono;
        unsigned long seq;
    
        do {
            seq = read_seqbegin(&timekeeper.lock);
    
            now = timekeeper.xtime;
            mono = timekeeper.wall_to_monotonic;
        } while (read_seqretry(&timekeeper.lock, seq));
    
        set_normalized_timespec(&now, now.tv_sec + mono.tv_sec,
                    now.tv_nsec + mono.tv_nsec);
        return now;
    }
     

    timekeeper.xtime
    timekeeper.wall_to_monotonic

       
    CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM ktime_get_real-->getnstimeofday  同CLOCK_REALTIME      
    CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM ktime_get_boottime-->get_monotonic_boottime  同CLOCK_BOOTTIME      
      /proc/uptime

    uptime:do_posix_clock_monotonic_gettime(ktime_get_ts)+monotonic_to_bootbased

    idletime:kernel_cpustat.cpustat[CPUTIMEIDLE]

    uptime:

    idletime:CPU idle时间总和

    timekeeper.xtime

    timekeeper.wall_to_monotonic

    timekeeper.total_sleep_time

    timekeeping_get_ns()

    arch_gettimeoffset()

       

     总结:

    1.上述关于时间获取的函数

    timekeeper.xtime------------------------------------------墙上时间,全局变量struct timekeeper timerkeeper的成员。记录从Epoch到当前的时间差。

    timekeeper.wall_to_monotonic-------------------------monotonic到xtime的偏移量,wall_to_monotonic+xtime等与monotonic时间

    timekeeper.total_sleep_time----------------------------记录系统suspend时间

    timekeeper.raw_time-------------------------------------

    timekeeping_get_ns()------------------------------------clock->cycle_last记录了最近一次时钟读取的cycle数,timekeeping_get_ns返回的是上次读取到本次读取之间的时间差值。

    timekeeping_get_ns_raw()-----------------------------和timekeeping_get_ns类似,只是mult/shift基准不同。

    arch_gettimeoffset()--------------------------------------架构相关调用system_timer->offset(),如未实现则返回0.

      xtime wall_to_monotonic total_sleep_time raw_time timekeeping_get_ns timekeeping_get_ns_raw arch_gettimeoffset  
    time  √        √    √  
    gettimeofday          
    CLOCK_REALTIME          
    CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM          
    CLOCK_MONOTONIC        
    CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW            
    CLOCK_REALTIME_COARSE              
    CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE            
    CLOCK_BOOTTIME        
    CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM        
    /proc/uptime      

    1.1 time、gettimeofday、CLOCK_REALTIME*都包含了睡眠时间,不过精度不同,分别是秒、微妙、纳秒。时间起点是Epoch。

    1.2 CLOCK_BOOTTIME*也包含了睡眠时间,精度为纳秒。时间起点是内核开机。

    1.3 CLOCK_MONOTONIC时间起点也是内核开机,只不过不记录睡眠时间。

    下面是时间一次测试的结果:

     

    2. 关于延时函数

    2.1 sleep精度为秒,nanosleep精度为纳秒。sleep是使用nanosleep还是alarm依赖于库的实现,使用需谨慎。两周都不计入suspend时间,也不能唤醒系统。

    2.2 clock_nanosleep的CLOCK_BOOTTIME计入suspend时间,但是不具备唤醒功能。在超时后,如果系统唤醒立即执行。

     2.3 clock_nanosleep的CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM和CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM计入suspend时间,并且在超时后具备唤醒系统的能力。需要root权限。

    2.4 sleep和nanosleep再被中断频繁中断,然后重新sleep都无法避免嗜睡问题。clock_nanosleep可以通过设置TIMER_ABSTIME来避免嗜睡问题。

    3. 关于定时器

    3.1 alarm()和setitimer()精度分别为秒和微秒。但是由于alarm是调用setitimer,所以两者不能混用。后调用者会覆盖前者。

    3.2 POSIX定时器精度为纳秒,可以多定时器、多种类型定时器共存。

    3.3 POSIX的CLOCK_BOOTTIME将suspend 时间计入,但不具备唤醒功能,超时后只能在系统唤醒后立即执行。

    3.4 POSIX的CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM和CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM都将suspend时间计入,并且能唤醒系统。需要root。


     测试代码:

    #define _POSIX_C_SOURCE 199309
    #include <signal.h>
    #include <sys/time.h>
    #include <time.h>
    #include <stdlib.h>
    #include <stdio.h>
    #include <sys/types.h>
    #include <unistd.h>
    #include <linux/capability.h>
    #include <errno.h>
    
    #define CLOCK_REALTIME                0
    #define CLOCK_MONOTONIC                1
    #define CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID    2
    #define CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID        3
    #define CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW            4
    #define CLOCK_REALTIME_COARSE        5
    #define CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE        6
    #define CLOCK_BOOTTIME                7
    #define CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM        8
    #define CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM        9
    
    
    #define TIMER_SIG SIGRTMAX              /* Our timer notification signal */
    #define BUF_SIZE 256
    
    char *
    currTime(const char *format)
    {
        char buf_local[BUF_SIZE];  /* Nonreentrant */
        time_t t;
        size_t s;
        struct tm *tm;
    
        t = time(NULL);
        tm = localtime(&t);
        if (tm == NULL)
            return NULL;
    
        s = strftime(buf_local, BUF_SIZE, (format != NULL) ? format : "%c", tm);
    
        return (s == 0) ? NULL : buf_local;
    }
    
    void print_buf(char *buf)
    {
        time_t t;
        size_t s;
        struct tm *tm;
    
        t = time(NULL);
        tm = localtime(&t);
        if (tm == NULL)
            return;
    
        s = strftime(buf, sizeof(buf), "%T", tm);
    }
    
    void print_time_t(time_t *t)
    {
        printf("time_t=%ld
    ", *t);    
    }
    
    void print_timeval(struct timeval *tv)
    {
        printf("timeval=%ld.%6ld
    ", tv->tv_sec, tv->tv_usec);    
    }
    
    void print_timespec(char * head, struct timespec *ts)
    {
        printf("%s timespec=%ld.%9ld
    ", head, ts->tv_sec, ts->tv_nsec);    
    }
    
    static void *sleep_func(void *arg)
    {
        printf("[%s] Start %s
    ", currTime("%T"), __func__);
        sleep(60);
        printf("[%s] End %s
    ", currTime("%T"), __func__);
    }
    
    static void *nanosleep_func(void *arg)
    {
        struct timespec request, remain;
        int ret = 0;
        
        printf("[%s] Start %s
    ", currTime("%T"), __func__);
        request.tv_sec = 60;
        request.tv_nsec = 0;
        ret = nanosleep(&request, &remain);
        if (ret != 0 && ret != EINTR)
            printf("Error %s
    ", __func__);
        printf("[%s] End %s
    ", currTime("%T"), __func__);
    }
    
    
    static void *clock_nanosleep_CLOCK_REALTIME_func(void *arg)
    {
        struct timespec request, remain;
        int ret, flags = 0;
        
        
        printf("[%s] Start %s
    ", currTime("%T"), __func__);
        request.tv_sec = 60;
        request.tv_nsec = 0;
        ret = clock_nanosleep(CLOCK_REALTIME, flags, &request, &remain);
        if (ret != 0 && ret != EINTR)
            printf("Error %s
    ", __func__);
        printf("[%s] End %s
    ", currTime("%T"), __func__);
    }
    
    static void *clock_nanosleep_CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM_func(void *arg)
    {
        struct timespec request, remain;
        int ret, flags = 0;
        
        
        printf("[%s] Start %s
    ", currTime("%T"), __func__);
        request.tv_sec = 90;
        request.tv_nsec = 0;
        ret = clock_nanosleep(CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM, flags, &request, &remain);
        if (ret != 0 && ret != EINTR)
            printf("Error %s
    ", __func__);
        printf("[%s] End %s
    ", currTime("%T"), __func__);
    }
    
    static void *clock_nanosleep_CLOCK_MONOTONIC_func(void *arg)
    {
        struct timespec request, remain;
        int ret, flags = 0;
        
        
        printf("[%s] Start %s
    ", currTime("%T"), __func__);
        request.tv_sec = 60;
        request.tv_nsec = 0;
        ret = clock_nanosleep(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, flags, &request, &remain);
        if (ret != 0 && ret != EINTR)
            printf("Error %s
    ", __func__);
        printf("[%s] End %s
    ", currTime("%T"), __func__);
    }
    
    static void *clock_nanosleep_CLOCK_BOOTTIME_func(void *arg)
    {
        struct timespec request, remain;
        int ret, flags = 0;
        
        
        printf("[%s] Start %s
    ", currTime("%T"), __func__);
        request.tv_sec = 60;
        request.tv_nsec = 0;
        ret = clock_nanosleep(CLOCK_BOOTTIME, flags, &request, &remain);
        if (ret != 0 && ret != EINTR)
            printf("Error %s
    ", __func__);
        printf("[%s] End %s
    ", currTime("%T"), __func__);
    }
    
    
    static void *clock_nanosleep_CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM_func(void *arg)
    {
        struct timespec request, remain;
        int ret, flags = 0;
    
        printf("[%s] Start %s
    ", currTime("%T"), __func__);
        request.tv_sec = 60;
        request.tv_nsec = 0;
        ret = clock_nanosleep(CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM, flags, &request, &remain);
        if (ret != 0 && ret != EINTR)
            printf("Error %s
    ", __func__);
        printf("[%s] End %s
    ", currTime("%T"), __func__);
    }
    
    static void alarm_handler(int sig)
    {
        printf("
    [%s] %s sig=%d
    ", currTime("%T"), __func__, sig);
    }
    
    static void realtime_handler(int sig, siginfo_t *si, void *uc)
    {
        timer_t *tidptr;
    
        tidptr = si->si_value.sival_ptr;
        printf("
    [%s] %s sig=%d
    ", currTime("%T"), __func__, sig);
    }
    
    static void monotonic_handler(int sig, siginfo_t *si, void *uc)
    {
        timer_t *tidptr;
    
        tidptr = si->si_value.sival_ptr;
        printf("
    [%s] %s sig=%d
    ", currTime("%T"), __func__, sig);
    }
    
    static void boottime_handler(int sig, siginfo_t *si, void *uc)
    {
        timer_t *tidptr;
    
        tidptr = si->si_value.sival_ptr;
        printf("
    [%s] %s sig=%d
    ", currTime("%T"), __func__, sig);
    }
    
    static void realtime_alarm_handler(int sig, siginfo_t *si, void *uc)
    {
        timer_t *tidptr;
    
        tidptr = si->si_value.sival_ptr;
        printf("
    [%s] %s sig=%d
    ", currTime("%T"), __func__, sig);
    }
    
    static void boottime_alarm_handler(int sig, siginfo_t *si, void *uc)
    {
        timer_t *tidptr;
    
        tidptr = si->si_value.sival_ptr;
        printf("
    [%s] %s sig=%d
    ", currTime("%T"), __func__, sig);
    }
    
    int posix_timer_start(timer_t timer, clockid_t which_clock, struct sigevent *sev, struct itimerspec *ts)
    {
        if (timer_create(which_clock, sev, &timer) == -1)
        {
            printf("Error timer_create %d
    ", which_clock);
            return -1;
        }
        if (timer_settime(timer, 0, ts, NULL) == -1)
        {
            printf("Error timer_settime %d
    ", which_clock);
            return -1;
        }
    }
    
    //#define TEST_TIME
    //#define TEST_SLEEP
    #define TEST_TIMER
    
    int
    main(int argc, char *argv[])
    {
    
    
    #if 0---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------读取进程的capabilities,_ALARM需要WAKEUP能力。
        struct __user_cap_header_struct cap_header;
        struct __user_cap_data_struct cap_data[2];
    
        cap_header.pid = getpid();
        cap_header.version = _LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3;
        if( capget(&cap_header, cap_data) < 0)
        {
            printf("%s
    ", strerror(errno));
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
    
        printf("capheader: %x  %d
    ", cap_header.version, cap_header.pid);  
        printf("capdata: %x  %x  %x
    ", cap_data[0].effective, cap_data[0].permitted, cap_data[0].inheritable);
        printf("capdata: %x  %x  %x
    ", cap_data[1].effective, cap_data[1].permitted, cap_data[1].inheritable);
    #endif
    
    //**********************************************Get time Test********************************************************
    #ifdef TEST_TIME
        struct timespec clock_ts;
        struct timeval tv;
        time_t t;
    
        t = time(NULL); ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------time
        print_time_t(&t);
    
        if(gettimeofday(&tv, NULL) == -1)----------------------------------------------------------------------gettimeofday
            printf("Error gettimeofday.
    ");
        print_timeval(&tv);
    
        clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &clock_ts);  print_timespec("CLOCK_REALTIME", &clock_ts);----------------clock_gettime...
        clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &clock_ts); print_timespec("CLOCK_MONOTONIC", &clock_ts);
        clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW, &clock_ts);  print_timespec("CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW", &clock_ts);
        clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME_COARSE, &clock_ts);  print_timespec("CLOCK_REALTIME_COARSE", &clock_ts);
        clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE, &clock_ts);  print_timespec("CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE", &clock_ts);
        clock_gettime(CLOCK_BOOTTIME, &clock_ts);  print_timespec("CLOCK_BOOTTIME", &clock_ts);
        clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM, &clock_ts);  print_timespec("CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM", &clock_ts);
        clock_gettime(CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM, &clock_ts);  print_timespec("CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM", &clock_ts);
    #endif
    //*******************************************************************************************************************
    
    
    //***********************************************Delay Test**********************************************************
    #ifdef TEST_SLEEP
        pthread_t pthread_sleep, pthread_nanosleep, pthread_clock_nanosleep_1, pthread_clock_nanosleep_2, pthread_clock_nanosleep_3, pthread_clock_nanosleep_4, pthread_clock_nanosleep_5;
        int ret;
        
        ret = pthread_create(&pthread_sleep, NULL, sleep_func, "sleep");----------------------------------------------在不同线程中睡眠
        if(ret != 0)
            printf("pthread_create ret=%d
    ", ret);
        
        ret = pthread_create(&pthread_nanosleep, NULL, nanosleep_func, "sleep");
        if(ret != 0)
            printf("pthread_create ret=%d
    ", ret);
        
        ret = pthread_create(&pthread_clock_nanosleep_1, NULL, clock_nanosleep_CLOCK_REALTIME_func, "sleep");
        if(ret != 0)
            printf("pthread_create ret=%d
    ", ret);
        
        ret = pthread_create(&pthread_clock_nanosleep_2, NULL, clock_nanosleep_CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM_func, "sleep");
        if(ret != 0)
            printf("pthread_create ret=%d
    ", ret);
        
        ret = pthread_create(&pthread_clock_nanosleep_3, NULL, clock_nanosleep_CLOCK_MONOTONIC_func, "sleep");
        if(ret != 0)
            printf("pthread_create ret=%d
    ", ret);
        
        ret = pthread_create(&pthread_clock_nanosleep_4, NULL, clock_nanosleep_CLOCK_BOOTTIME_func, "sleep");
        if(ret != 0)
            printf("pthread_create ret=%d
    ", ret);
        
        ret = pthread_create(&pthread_clock_nanosleep_5, NULL, clock_nanosleep_CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM_func, "sleep");
        if(ret != 0)
            printf("pthread_create ret=%d
    ", ret);    
    #endif
    //*******************************************************************************************************************
    
    //**********************************************Timer Test********************************************************
    #ifdef TEST_TIMER
        struct itimerval itv;
        struct itimerspec ts;
        struct sigaction  sa;
        struct sigevent   sev;
        timer_t *tidlist;
        int sig_no = 0;
    
        tidlist = calloc(5, sizeof(timer_t));
        if (tidlist == NULL)
        {
            printf("Error malloc
    ");
            return -1;
        }
    
        itv.it_value.tv_sec = 0;
        itv.it_value.tv_usec = 0;
        itv.it_interval.tv_sec = 0;
        itv.it_interval.tv_usec = 0;
    
        ts.it_value.tv_sec = 0;
        ts.it_value.tv_nsec = 0;
        ts.it_interval.tv_sec = 0;
        ts.it_interval.tv_nsec = 0;
    
        
        printf("
    [%s] Start timer
    ", currTime("%T"));
    
    //setitimer
        itv.it_value.tv_sec = 20;
        sa.sa_flags = 0;
        sa.sa_handler = alarm_handler;
        sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask);
        if (sigaction(SIGALRM, &sa, NULL) == -1)
        {
            printf("Error sigaction line=%d
    ", __LINE__);
            return -1;
        }
    
        alarm(10);
    
        if(setitimer(ITIMER_REAL, &itv, 0) == -1)------------------------------覆盖前面的alarm()
        {
            printf("Error setitimer line=%d
    ", __LINE__);
            return -1;
        }
    
    //POSIX Timer: CLOCK_REALTIME
        ts.it_value.tv_sec = 40;----------------------------------------------定时器时间
        sig_no = __SIGRTMIN+5;------------------------------------------------自定义信号
        sa.sa_sigaction = realtime_handler;-----------------------------------handler
        sa.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO;
        sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask);
        if (sigaction(sig_no, &sa, NULL) == -1)-------------------------------注册信号处理函数
        {
            printf("Error sigaction line=%d
    ", __LINE__);
            return -1;
        }
    
        sev.sigev_notify = SIGEV_SIGNAL;
        sev.sigev_signo = sig_no;
        sev.sigev_value.sival_ptr = &tidlist[0];
    
        posix_timer_start(tidlist[0], CLOCK_REALTIME, &sev, &ts);------------创建timer
    
    //POSIX Timer: CLOCK_MONOTONIC
        ts.it_value.tv_sec = 60;
        sig_no = __SIGRTMIN+6;
        sa.sa_sigaction = monotonic_handler;
        sa.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO;
        sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask);
        if (sigaction(sig_no, &sa, NULL) == -1)
        {
            printf("Error sigaction line=%d
    ", __LINE__);
            return -1;
        }
    
        sev.sigev_notify = SIGEV_SIGNAL;
        sev.sigev_signo = sig_no;
        sev.sigev_value.sival_ptr = &tidlist[1];
    
        posix_timer_start(tidlist[1], CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &sev, &ts);
    
    //POSIX Timer: CLOCK_BOOTTIME
        ts.it_value.tv_sec = 80;    
        sig_no = __SIGRTMIN+7;
        sa.sa_sigaction = boottime_handler;
        sa.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO;
        sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask);
        if (sigaction(sig_no, &sa, NULL) == -1)
        {
            printf("Error sigaction line=%d
    ", __LINE__);
            return -1;
        }
    
        sev.sigev_notify = SIGEV_SIGNAL;
        sev.sigev_signo = sig_no;
        sev.sigev_value.sival_ptr = &tidlist[2];
    
        posix_timer_start(tidlist[2], CLOCK_BOOTTIME, &sev, &ts);
    
    //POSIX Timer: CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM
        ts.it_value.tv_sec = 100;    
        sig_no = __SIGRTMIN+8;
        sa.sa_sigaction = realtime_alarm_handler;
        sa.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO;
        sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask);
        if (sigaction(sig_no, &sa, NULL) == -1)
        {
            printf("Error sigaction line=%d
    ", __LINE__);
            return -1;
        }
    
        sev.sigev_notify = SIGEV_SIGNAL;
        sev.sigev_signo = sig_no;
        sev.sigev_value.sival_ptr = &tidlist[3];
    
        posix_timer_start(tidlist[3], CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM, &sev, &ts);
    
    //POSIX Timer: CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM
        ts.it_value.tv_sec = 120;    
        sig_no = __SIGRTMIN+9;
        sa.sa_sigaction = boottime_alarm_handler;
        sa.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO;
        sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask);
        if (sigaction(sig_no, &sa, NULL) == -1)
        {
            printf("Error sigaction line=%d
    ", __LINE__);
            return -1;
        }
    
        sev.sigev_notify = SIGEV_SIGNAL;
        sev.sigev_signo = sig_no;
        sev.sigev_value.sival_ptr = &tidlist[4];
    
        posix_timer_start(tidlist[4], CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM, &sev, &ts);
    #endif
    //*****************************************************************************************************************
    //    sleep(250);
    //    printf("[%s] Enter sleep
    ", currTime("%T"));
    //     system("echo mem > /sys/power/state");
    
        for (;;)                            /* Wait for incoming timer signals */
            pause();
    }
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/arnoldlu/p/6681915.html
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