a. 利用sys.stdout将print行导向到你定义的日志文件中,例如:
import sys
# make a copy of original stdout route
stdout_backup = sys.stdout
# define the log file that receives your log info
log_file = open("message.log", "w")
# redirect print output to log file
sys.stdout = log_file
print "Now all print info will be written to message.log"
# any command line that you will execute
...
log_file.close()
# restore the output to initial pattern
sys.stdout = stdout_backup
print "Now this will be presented on screen"
b. 利用logging模块(规范化日志输出,推荐!!)
由于logging模块的功能比较多,下面就放一些文档里介绍的简单的例子,更详细具体的用法请戳这里
需求 | 最好的实现方式 |
---|---|
故障调查或者状态监测 | logging.info()或logging.debug()(后者常用于针对性检测诊断的目的) |
特定运行事件发出警告 | logging.warning() |
报告错误抑制不出发异常(常见于长时间运行的服务器进程的错误处理程序) | logging.error(), logging.exception()或者logging.critical() |
而以下是根据事件的严重性程度而应采取的logging函数的建议:
程度 | 使用场景 |
---|---|
DEBUG | 获得诊断问题是具体的信息 |
INFO | 确认程序是否按正常工作 |
WARNING | 在程序还正常运行时获取发生的意外的信息,这可能会在之后引发异常(例如磁盘空间不足) |
ERROR | 获取程序某些功能无法正常调用这类严重异常的信息 |
CRITICAL | 获取程序无法继续运行的这类最严重异常信息 |
默认的等级是WARNING,也就是说logging函数在没有特别配置的前提下只追踪比WARNING程度更严重的异常。
下面就用一些例子来具体说明如何用logging函数记录日志信息:
# this is a simple example
import logging
# define the log file, file mode and logging level
logging.basicConfig(filename='example.log', filemode="w", level=logging.DEBUG)
logging.debug('This message should go to the log file')
logging.info('So should this')
logging.warning('And this, too')
查看example.log文件可以看到以下信息:
DEBUG:root:This message should go to the log file
INFO:root:So should this
WARNING:root:And this, too
从多个文件记录日志
# myapp.py
import logging
import mylib
def main():
logging.basicConfig(filename='myapp.log', level=logging.INFO)
logging.info('Started')
mylib.do_something()
logging.info('Finished')
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
# mylib.py
import logging
def do_something():
logging.info('Doing something')
输出的信息为
INFO:root:Started
INFO:root:Doing something
INFO:root:Finished
改变默认输出信息的格式
import logging
# output format: output time - logging level - log messages
logging.basicConfig(format='%(asctime)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
logging.warning('This message will appear in python console.')
在python console中直接打印以下输出:
2016-8-2 2:59:11, 510 - WARNING - This message will appear in python console
logging高级用法
可以通过构建logger或者读取logging config文件对logging函数进行任意配置。
- 构建logger法
import logging
# create logger
logger = logging.getLogger('simple_example')
logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
# create console handler and set level to debug
ch = logging.StreamHandler()
ch.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
# create formatter
formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
# add formatter to ch
ch.setFormatter(formatter)
# add ch to logger
logger.addHandler(ch)
# 'application' code
logger.debug('debug message')
logger.info('info message')
logger.warn('warn message')
logger.error('error message')
logger.critical('critical message')
以上程序结果会输出到python console中:
$ python simple_logging_module.py
2005-03-19 15:10:26,618 - simple_example - DEBUG - debug message
2005-03-19 15:10:26,620 - simple_example - INFO - info message
2005-03-19 15:10:26,695 - simple_example - WARNING - warn message
2005-03-19 15:10:26,697 - simple_example - ERROR - error message
2005-03-19 15:10:26,773 - simple_example - CRITICAL - critical message
- 读取配置文件法
import logging
import logging.config
logging.config.fileConfig('logging.conf')
# create logger
logger = logging.getLogger('simpleExample')
# 'application' code
logger.debug('debug message')
logger.info('info message')
logger.warn('warn message')
logger.error('error message')
logger.critical('critical message')
其中logging.conf文件格式为:(其实就是将前一种方法的各项配置参数写到logging.conf文件中)
[loggers]
keys=root,simpleExample
[handlers]
keys=consoleHandler
[formatters]
keys=simpleFormatter
[logger_root]
level=DEBUG
handlers=consoleHandler
[logger_simpleExample]
level=DEBUG
handlers=consoleHandler
qualname=simpleExample
propagate=0
[handler_consoleHandler]
class=StreamHandler
level=DEBUG
formatter=simpleFormatter
args=(sys.stdout,)
[formatter_simpleFormatter]
format=%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s
datefmt= '%m/%d/%Y %I:%M:%S %p'
与前面一样,上述文件输出结果为:
$ python simple_logging_config.py
2005-03-19 15:38:55,977 - simpleExample - DEBUG - debug message
2005-03-19 15:38:55,979 - simpleExample - INFO - info message
2005-03-19 15:38:56,054 - simpleExample - WARNING - warn message
2005-03-19 15:38:56,055 - simpleExample - ERROR - error message
2005-03-19 15:38:56,130 - simpleExample - CRITICAL - critical message